Tropical Journal of Natural Product Research Original Research Article Medicinal Plants of Moulay Yaâcoub Province in Morocco: An Ethnobotanical and Biodiversity Survey

Abstract

Currently, many medicinal plants continue to be utilized for the treatment and prevention of
diseases. Numerous studies conducted in Morocco indicate that aromatic and medicinal plants
(MAPs) have been used for centuries to cure various ailments. The distribution of therapeutic
herbs through herbal markets plays a crucial role in preserving cultural heritage. this study was
conducted among residents of the Moulay Yaâcoub province with the aim of documenting
ethnobotanical knowledge and identifying different medicinal and aromatic plants used in
traditional herbal medicine by this community. To identify a diverse range of medicinal and
aromatic plants characteristic of the target area, open-ended interviews were conducted with locals
using semi-structured questionnaires in the form of ethnobotanical surveys. Ethnobotanical
indices, including relative frequency of citations, use value, relative importance, and informant
consensus factor, were employed to quantify the use and cultural significance of medicinal and
aromatic plants in the province of Moulay Yaâcoub. The data were analyzed using different
statistical parameters. According to the research results; the population of the Moulay Yaakoub
province utilizes 93 species of vascular plants from 41 botanical families. The most prevalent
families are Lamiaceae (17.20%), Asteraceae (8.60%), Apiaceae (7.53%), Brassicaceae,
Euphorbiaceae, and Zingiberaceae, each accounting for 4.30% of the species mentioned. This
ethnobotanical study conducted in the Moulay Yaâcoub province allows for the selection of
various medicinal and aromatic plants used in traditional phytotherapy by the local population.
Consequently, further research is needed, the main focus is on isolating and identifying particular
bioactive compounds found in plant extracts.
Keywords: Medicinal plants; Morocco; Moulay Yaâcoub; Plants; Phytotherapy

Full text

Trop J Nat Prod Res, August 2023; 7(8):3590-3601 ISSN 2616-0684 (Print)
ISSN 2616-0692 (Electronic)
3590
© 2023 the authors. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
Tropical Journal of Natural Product Research
Available online at https://www.tjnpr.org
Original Research Article
Medicinal Plants of Moulay Yaâcoub Province in Morocco: An Ethnobotanical and
Biodiversity Survey
Adil M. Mahraz*, Chihbi. Elhachmia, Zakia. Rais, Mustapha Taleb
Laboratory of Engineering, Electrochemistry, Modeling and Environment (LIEME), Faculty of Scienc, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, 30003
Morocco.
Introduction
Ecological ethno botany is the study of the relationship
between humans and plants. Traditional medicine is a practice based on
various cultures' theories, beliefs, and experiences, which relies on
natural resources and the knowledge and skills required to utilize them.1
Plants have played a crucial role in human history as traditional
remedies across generations. 2 the use of herbal medicine continues to
increase globally, with many people using these products to treat
various diseases in different healthcare settings.3,5 indigenous
knowledge of plants as medicines is often passed down orally from one
generation to another.6 Botanical surveys in the form of a well-
structured questionnaire are considered an essential tool for recognizing
and documenting medicinal plants.7, 8 Morocco has a high ecological
and flora diversity, which constitutes a rich plant reserve, with more
than 4500 species of about 940 genera and 135 families. 9 this
biodiversity translates into a wealth of medicinal and aromatic plants
that are sources of natural products used in various areas, such as food,
cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and perfumery.10, 11 mountainous regions
are known for their high levels of endemism,36,37 making them
biodiversity hotspots.
*Corresponding author. E mail: mohamedadil.mahraz@usmba.ac.ma
Tel: +212613235334
Citation: Mahraz AM, Elhachmia C, Rais Z, Taleb M. Medicinal Plants of
Moulay Yaâcoub Province in Morocco: An Ethnobotanical and Biodiversity
Survey. Trop J Nat Prod Res. 2023; 7(8):3590-3601
http://www.doi.org/10.26538/tjnpr/v7i8.3
Official Journal of Natural Product Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy,
University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
Morocco in particular, holds a privileged position among
Mediterranean countries due to its rich biodiversity and long-standing
medical traditions based on the use of medicinal plants.38 Phytotherapy
has always played a significant role in Morocco's healthcare practices,
and the province of Moulay Yaâcoub in the Fes-Meknes region serves
as a prime example.
However, an analysis of Moroccan medicinal literature reveals that
information on regional medicinal plants is often fragmented and
scattered. The recorded number of medicinal plant species does not
exceed 600, which accounts for only 14.28% of Morocco's total flora
36. Recognizing the importance of this medicinal plant heritage, we
hold the belief that consistent monitoring and evaluation, encompassing
quality and quantity aspects, are essential.
The aim of this survey was to assess the knowledge and use of medicinal
and aromatic plants in the treatment of various diseases in the province
of Moulay Yaâcoub. The goal was to promote the development of this
underdeveloped region of the country and to support future scientific
validation of the effectiveness of these plants. Unfortunately, there have
been few ethnobotanical studies conducted in the province of Moulay
Yaâcoub. In this context, we first established an inventory of traditional
indigenous medical knowledge as a valuable resource for natural
medicine, with the intention of sharing it with the disadvantaged
population who cannot afford modern medication.
The data collected will be analyzed using various quantitative indices,
including value of use (UV), relative frequency of citation (RFC), level
of reliability (LF), and informant consensus factor (ICF).
Material and Methods
Study area
The province of Taounate is located to the north, while the prefecture
of Fez is situated to the east and south. To the south, one can find the
ARTI CL E I NF O
ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received 23 April 2023
Revised 17 July 2023
Accepted 10 August 2023
Published online 01 September 2023
Currently, many medicinal plants continue to be utilized for the treatment and prevention of
diseases. Numerous studies conducted in Morocco indicate that aromatic and medicinal plants
(MAPs) have been used for centuries to cure various ailments. The distribution of therapeutic
herbs through herbal markets plays a crucial role in preserving cultural heritage. this study was
conducted among residents of the Moulay Yaâcoub province with the aim of documenting
ethnobotanical knowledge and identifying different medicinal and aromatic plants used in
traditional herbal medicine by this community. To identify a diverse range of medicinal and
aromatic plants characteristic of the target area, open-ended interviews were conducted with locals
using semi-structured questionnaires in the form of ethnobotanical surveys. Ethnobotanical
indices, including relative frequency of citations, use value, relative importance, and informant
consensus factor, were employed to quantify the use and cultural significance of medicinal and
aromatic plants in the province of Moulay Yaâcoub. The data were analyzed using different
statistical parameters. According to the research results; the population of the Moulay Yaakoub
province utilizes 93 species of vascular plants from 41 botanical families. The most prevalent
families are Lamiaceae (17.20%), Asteraceae (8.60%), Apiaceae (7.53%), Brassicaceae,
Euphorbiaceae, and Zingiberaceae, each accounting for 4.30% of the species mentioned. This
ethnobotanical study conducted in the Moulay Yaâcoub province allows for the selection of
various medicinal and aromatic plants used in traditional phytotherapy by the local population.
Consequently, further research is needed, the main focus is on isolating and identifying particular
bioactive compounds found in plant extracts.
Keywords: Medicinal plants; Morocco; Moulay Yaâcoub; Plants; Phytotherapy
Copyright: © 2023 Mahraz et al. This is an open-
access article distributed under the terms of the
Creative Commons Attribution License, which
permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction
in any medium, provided the original author and
source are credited.

Trop J Nat Prod Res, August 2023; 7(8):3590-3601 ISSN 2616-0684 (Print)
ISSN 2616-0692 (Electronic)
3591
© 2023 the authors. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
provinces of Sefrou and Elhajeb, and to the west, there are the
prefectures of Meknes and the province of Sidi Kacem.25, 26, 27
The province of Moulay Yaâcoub Figure 1 and 2 boasts thermal springs,
which are conveniently located near Fez, just 20 kilometers to the
northwest. The sulfurous spring, which emerges from a depth of 1500
meters at a temperature of 52°C, is renowned for its health benefits. The
discovery of hyper thermal sulfurous seawater's potential to relieve
many illnesses such as skin problems and rheumatic diseases
additionally, the province's topography is challenging, featuring
plateaus and hills with elevations ranging from 350 to 500 meters, as
well as agricultural plains and mountains, including Zalagh and Tghat,
with peaks reaching around 910 meters. The province of Zouagha
Moulay Yaâcoub has a continental climate, with temperatures ranging
from a minimum of 10°C to a maximum of over 30°C. A random survey
of villages revealed that 80% of the respondents use and value species
of the Capparis spinosa, Marrubium vulgare. The individuals
interviewed have revealed the frequent use of certain plants for various
categories of illnesses. Notably, the Capparis spinosa plant stands out
as a significant remedy for multiple ailments, including rheumatism,
anemia, backache, female infertility, diabetic disorders, and more.
On the other hand, the Marrubium vulgare plant is commonly employed
for wound healing, acting as a skin anti-scarring agent. It is also utilized
as a disinfectant and in the treatment of diabetes, high blood pressure,
and respiratory diseases such as coughs, asthma, and bronchitis.
Scientific research confirms the effectiveness of these plants. 39, 40, 41
Thus, the size of the sample can be determined using the following
formula 4:
  
 󰇛  󰇜 (Eqn.1)
N: represents the sample size,
Z: is the confidence level according to the normal distribution (for a
95% confidence level, z = 1.96, for a 99% confidence level, z = 2.575).
P: is the estimated proportion of the population with the characteristic
(an unknown proportion of the population: p = 0.5) and d represent the
tolerated margin of error.
D: a margin of error of 5%
The result is as follows:
  
 = 384, 16
Ethnobotanical survey and data collection
Between November 2020 and May 2021, a study was conducted in the
province of Moulay Yaâcoub to explore medicinal and aromatic plants
(MAPs). The research involved conducting open interviews with local
residents to identify different MAPs, followed by administering surveys
to gather information on the therapeutic uses and preparation methods
of these plants. The surveys included questions about the gender, age,
education level, and family status of the informants, as well as details
regarding the specific plant parts used and the methods of
administration. A total of 400 surveys were collected, and the data was
processed using Excel and Minitab software to generate tables and
graphs.
Plant species identification was conducted at the Laboratory of
Engineering, Electrochemistry, Modeling, and Environment (LIEME).
This is situated at the Faculty of Science, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah
University in Fes, Morocco.
Data analysis
Use Value (UV)
The Use Value (UV) is another index commonly used in Ethnobotanical
studies to assess the relative importance of a plant species in a given
area. It takes into account both the number of citations and the cultural
significance of each use. The formula is  
 where Ui is the
number of uses mentioned for a particular plant species and Ni is the
number of informants who mentioned it. A higher UV value indicates a
higher cultural importance of the plant species in the study area.28, 29, 30
 
 (Eqn. 2)
Where U is the number of uses mentioned by each informant and N
stands for the number of informants.
The ethnobotanical questionnaire used in the province of Moulay
Yaâcoub, Morocco.
Figure 1: Geographical location of the survey area, Moulay
Yaâcoub, Morocco
Relative Frequency Citation (RFC)
The collected information was analyzed by using a relative frequency
citation index (RFC) which reflects the local importance of each species
as follows:
 
 (Eqn. 3)
(0 < RFC < 1)
The term FC, or Frequency of Citation, represents the number of
informants who report the use of a specific plant species in
Ethnobotanical surveys. It indicates how frequently a particular plant is
mentioned by the informants. 12, 13
Fidelity Level (FL)
FL is applied to identify the most appropriate species to use in treating
a specific ailment .14 the fidelity level was determined as follows:
 
 (Eqn. 4)
The abbreviation NP stands for the Number of Informants who reported
using a specific species for a particular disease remedy, while N
represents the total number of informants for the application of that
species.
Informant Consensus Factor (ICF)
The ICF (Informant Consensus Factor) is a measure of the agreement
among informants on the most important plants used for a particular
purpose. 35 It is calculated as the difference between the number of use
citations (Nur) and the number of species used (Nt), divided by the
number of use citations minus one (Nur-1). The formula is
 . A

Trop J Nat Prod Res, August 2023; 7(8):3590-3601 ISSN 2616-0684 (Print)
ISSN 2616-0692 (Electronic)
3592
© 2023 the authors. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
high ICF value indicates a high level of agreement among informants
on the most important plants used for a particular purpose. 15
 
 (Eqn. 5)
Where Nur designates the number of use records for each disease
category and Nt refers to the number of taxa used for a particular use
category.
Statistical analysis
The knowledge scores were analyzed using statistical software
packages including XLSTAT, Minitab (for social sciences), and Excel.
These analyses aimed to assess the influence of factors such as gender,
education level, and age on ethno medicine knowledge. Various
statistical parameters were calculated, and the data were transformed
into appropriate graphical representations to facilitate the study and
significance of the results.
Results and Discussion
Demographic characteristics of interviewees
In this study, 200 of the 400 participants use solely traditional medicine,
95 only modern medications, and 105 utilize both phytotherapy and
contemporary medicine. There are 289 people who use medicinal and
aromatic plants, according to the survey (72.25 %).
Use of medicinal plants by age
The data presented in Figure 3 indicates that individuals between the
ages of 40 and 50 were ranked highest, with a 43% frequency of
medicinal herb usage. Following them, those aged between 30 and 40
years accounted for 18 percent of the respondents.
People under the age of 20 make relatively little use of medicinal plants,
ranking last with 4%. This reflects the younger generation's lack of
familiarity with traditional herbal medicine.
It can be seen that the 30-50 age group represents a very high percentage
of all respondents. Traditional knowledge of medicinal plants is passed
down orally from generation to generation and, if not preserved, is
increasingly under threat. As a result, the main source of information
on traditional herbal therapies is people aged between 30 and 50. 16
Use of medicinal plants by gender and education level
In the study region, 75% of the women interviewed utilized medicinal
plants, while only 25% of men did so. Additionally, women were found
to be more knowledgeable about ethno botany than men.31, 32 Figure 4
illustrated that the majority of respondents were illiterate, with a 36%
usage rate of medicinal plants. Information is generally passed down
orally from generation to generation, particularly among the
uneducated. Respondents with primary education showed a higher
usage rate of traditional medicine at 28%, followed by those with
secondary or university education that had a usage rate of 4% and 10%,
respectively. The use of plants without proper knowledge of their
origin, dosage, and impact on the body can be dangerous to human
health, as they may have negative health consequences such as digestive
issues, cardiovascular, neurological, respiratory problems, and even
death. It is important to note that plants are not always safe and may be
toxic or fatal to humans, despite being labeled natural or organic does
not imply that they are free of toxins.
Source of information
The community of Moulay Yaâcoub has access to. There are multiple
sources of information available. Ancestral experience is the most
significant source, accounting for 55% of the total, indicating the
transmission of traditional knowledge orally from generation to
generation. The second most important source is herbalists (21.10%),
followed by reading and research (4.41%), doctors and pharmacists
(2.94%), and the end-user (0.98%). It is worth noting that the study also
focused on aromatic plants, which are widely used by the local
population for their fragrance and flavor, as well as for their medicinal
properties.
Figure 2: Distribution of survey points in the study area.
Figure 3: Frequency of plant use by education level
Figure 4: Frequency of plant use by education level.
Distribution of medicinal plants
The investigation of species diversity revealed that the population of
Moulay Yaâcoub uses 93 vascular species from 41 botanical families
(as shown in Table 1). The most commonly represented families in the
region are Lamiaceae (16 species), Asteraceae (8 species), Apiaceae (7
species), and Brassicaceae, Euphorbiaceae, and Zingiberaceae each
have 4 species. Together, these families make up 35 species, or
approximately 37.11% of the total. The prevalence of Lamiaceae and
4%
13%
18%
43%
16% 6%
<20 ans 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 >60ans
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
No level Primary College Secondary University

Trop J Nat Prod Res, August 2023; 7(8):3590-3601 ISSN 2616-0684 (Print)
ISSN 2616-0692 (Electronic)
3593
© 2023 the authors. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
Asteraceae aligns with Ethnobotanical research conducted in other
North African countries, including Algeria .17, 18
Commonly treated diseases and remarkable plants
Table 2 shows a diversification of medicinal and aromatic plants that
characterize the targeted region (province of Moulay Yaâcoub) used for
the treatment of several diseases. However, it is important to note that
the most frequently mentioned diseases include gastrointestinal pain
(18.02%), respiratory diseases (9.01%), Osteoarticular disorders.
(8.11%), cosmetic uses for skin and hair care (17.12%), oral diseases
(7.21%), skin disorders (8.11%), diabetes (11.71%), cardiovascular
diseases (5.41%), fever (12.61%), and neurological disorders (2.70%).
Some examples of the medicinal and aromatic plants most cited by the
local population in Moulay Yaakoub province during the botanical
survey period
Based on the number of citations, Salvia officinalis (98 citations) and
Rosmarinus officinalis (70 citations) are the most commonly used
species. Salvia officinalis leaves in decoction are used to treat digestive
disorders, and it is a digestive plant with multiple medicinal properties.
Sage has been used for the regulation of perspiration, menstrual cycles,
sore throats, gingivitis, and wound disinfection. Numerous researchers
have conducted several studies on the chemical constituents of Salvia
officinalis, revealing the presence of various compounds such as: α-
thujone, β-thujone, and camphor, Cineole, Humulene, α-pinene,
Camphene, and Limonene. The leaf extract of Salvia officinalis has
been found to have anti-inflammatory, anti-diarrheal, and antipyretic
activities.19
Parts of used plants
The examination of the data in Figure 5 revealed that leaves are the most
commonly used part, accounting for 29.3 percent, followed by aerial
parts (26.7%), fruits (16%), seeds (16%), and roots (8%). These
findings are in line with other Ethnobotanical research that found leaves
and seeds to be the most commonly employed parts in the treatment of
various diseases. The increased use of leaves can be attributed to their
simplicity and the speed with which they can be harvested. In addition,
leaves serve as the primary site of photosynthesis in plants and, in some
cases, a storage site for organic compounds responsible for the plant's
biological characteristics. These factors contribute to the widespread
use of leaves in various applications and remedies. 20, 33, 34
Various methods of preparing the plants
The analysis of the collected information in Figure 6 showed that the
most commonly used method of preparation is infusion, accounting for
45%, followed by decoction (26%), powder form (24%), The remaining
methods, namely Compress, Poultice, Raw State, and Maceration,
represent a very low percentage, each being less than 5%. Infusion and
decoction are the preferred methods, as they extract the most active
compounds and cancel out the undesirable effects of certain recipes.
21,22. Infusion is a method of extracting the active principles or aromas
of a plant by dissolving it in initially boiling liquid that is then left to
cool. The term also refers to drinks prepared by this method, such as
herbal teas or regular tea. Decoction, on the other hand, is a method of
extracting the active principles and/or flavours of a preparation, usually
a plant, by dissolving it in boiling water. It is typically used for the
harder parts of plants such as roots, seeds, bark, and wood. It is used in
herbal medicine, dyeing, brewing, and cooking. 23 the term also refers
to the preparations obtained by this method. Powders are obtained
through drying and grinding. The whole plant retains its quality well
after drying, as plant cells are adapted to water scarcity. However,
grinding has the potential to affect the stability of active ingredients
over time. The quality of grinding is an important factor in achieving a
high-quality powder, ideally as fine as possible (using hammer,
scissors, or disc grinding).
Table 1: Medicinal plants employed within the region of Moulay Yaâcoub in Morocco
Family
Scientific name
Arabic name
Used part
Preparation mode
Traditional use
Amaranthaceae
Spinacia oleracea L.
201Am 01 So 001
Sabanikh
Aerial part
Other
Digestion, immune system
Aizoaceae
Malephora lutea
(Haw) Schwanthes
202Az 01 Ml 001
Lghassoul
Stem/Leaf
Decoction
Hair care, cosmetics
Amaryllidaceae
Allium sativum L.
203Li 01 As 001
Touma
Fruit
Other
Hair care, Appetite
stimulant
Apiaceae
Ammi visnaga L.
204Ap 01 Av 001
Khila
Aerial part
Infusion
Digestive problems,
respiratory system
Pimpinella anisum L.
205Ap 02 Pa 001
Habbat hlawa
Entire plant
Decoction
sciatica
Foeniculum vulgare
P.Mill
206Ap 03 Fv 001
Nafaa
Entire plant
Powder
Obesity, stomach pain,
intestinal diseases
Petroselinum sativum
Hoffm.
207Ap 04 Ps 001
Lmaadnouss
Stem, leaf
Decoction
Kidney stones
Foeniculum dulce
D.C
208Ap 05 Fd 001
Bessbass
Fruit
Powder/decoction
Difficult digestions or
stomach aches
Eryngium
tricuspidatum L.
209Ap 06 Et 001
Mghizela
Sheet
Powder
Fever

Trop J Nat Prod Res, August 2023; 7(8):3590-3601 ISSN 2616-0684 (Print)
ISSN 2616-0692 (Electronic)
3594
© 2023 the authors. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
Cuminum cyminum
L.
210Ap 07 Cc 001
Kamoun
Fruit
Infusion / powder
Tiredness, activation of
blood circulation,
regulation of hormones
Asteraceae
Artemisia absinthium
L.
211As 01 Aa 001
Chiba
Aerial part
Infusion
stomach ache, tiredness
Inula viscosa Ait.
(Dittrichia viscosa L.
Greuter)
212As02 Iv 001
Inula
(magramane)
Aerial part
Infusion / decoction
anti-inflammatories
Helichrysum italicum
218As07 Iv 001
Limortel
Aerial part /
Entire plant
Decoction /infusion
promotes the disappearance
of rosacea and varicose
veins, against burning
Chamaemelum nobile
L.
213As 03 Cn 001
Babounj
Sheet
Decoction
Indigestion
Artemisia herba alba
Asso
214As 04 Aha 001
Chih
Sheet
Infusion/ maceration /
decoction
digestive problems, joint
and muscle pain
Echinops spinosus L.
215As 05 Es 001
Taskra
Root
Infusion/ decoction
regulate the menstrual
period, increase the sperm
count
Stevia rebaudiana
Bertoni
216As 06 Sr 001
Stivia
Aerial part/
Sheet
Infusion/ decoction
Antidiabetic
Anacyclus pyrethrum
L.
217As 07 Ap 001
Ginass
Root
Powder
against tiredness, activation
of blood circulation,
regulation of hormones
Brassicaceae
Lepiduim sativum L.
218Br 01 Ls 001
hab rechad
Fruit
Infusion/cataplasm
Reduces the effects of
anemia, memory
lepidium meyenni
Walp.
219Br 02 Lm 001
ochbat maka
Sheet / Root
Infusion/ decoction
Tiredness - stress
Brassica nigra L.
220Br 03 Bn 001
Bouhamou
Aerial part
Powder
Difficulty of digestion
Nasturtium officinale
R. Br.
221Br 04 No 001
Grnounch
Aerial part
Other
strengthen hair, cosmetics
Cactaceae
Opuntia ficus indica
(L.) Mill.
222Ca 01 Opi 001
Zeaboul
Flower/fruit
Infusion/other
cosmetics
Capparaceae
Capparis spinosa L.
223Cp 01 Cs 001
Kbar
Fruit
Powder
antidiabetic
Caryophyllaceae
Corrigiola
telephiifolia Pour.
224Cr 01 Ct 001
sarghina/fowa
Root
Powder /infusion
strengthen the immune
system

Trop J Nat Prod Res, August 2023; 7(8):3590-3601 ISSN 2616-0684 (Print)
ISSN 2616-0692 (Electronic)
3595
© 2023 the authors. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
Chenopodiaceae
Chenopodium
Ambrosioides L.
225Ch 01 Ca 001
Mkhineza
Aerial part /
Entire plant
Infusion, Powder
Diarrhea, fever
Ambrosioides
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbia falcate L.
226Eu 01 Ef 001
hayat noufous
Entire plant
Infusion
Increase sexual desire
Euphorbia
officinarum L. ssp.
Echinus Vindt.
227Eu 02 Eo 001
Dghmouss
Stem
Raw
strengthen the immune
system, cancer
Ricinus communis L.
228Eu 03 Rc 001
Khrawae
Aerial part
Decoction/infusion
Hair, cosmetics
Mercurialis annua L.
229Eu 04 Ma 001
Hriga
Aerial part
Infusion/ other
strengthen the immune
system, the intestine
Fabaceae
Trigonella foenum-
graecum L.
230Fa 01 Tfg 001
Halba
Seed
Decoction / Powder
weight increase, immune
Phaseolus aureus
Roxb.
240Fa 02 Pa 001
Soja
Entire plant
Oil
kidney disease
Glycyrrhiza glabra L.
241Fa 03 Gg 001
Aarq souss
Root
Powder
Cholecystitis, cough,
asthma,
Lamiaceae
Ocimum basilicum
242Lm 01 Ob 001
Hebak
Aerial part
Infusion
Anti-nausea, antispasmodic
of the digestive tract
Calamintha
officinalis Moench.
243Lm 02 Co 001
Maneta
Aerial part
Infusion/ Powder
Digestive disorder, stress,
psychological fatigue
Lavandula officinalis
L.
244Lm 03 Lo 001
Khezama
Sheet
Infusion
anti-inflammatory,
rheumatism, cramp
Lavandula stoechas
L.
246Lm 04 Ls 001
Helhal
Sheet / stem
Infusion/decoction
antidiabetic
Origanum majorana
L.
247Lm 05 Om 001
mredoudech
Aerial part
Infusion/decoction
headache
Teucrium polium L.
250Lm 06 Tp 001
Al’khiyyata
Sheet /stem
Infusion/decoction
Anti-inflammatory-
antitoxic
Marrubium vulgare
L.
251Lm 07 Mv 001
Mreout
Aerial part
Infusion
antitussive ; anti-infectious,
disinfectant
Mentha x piperita L.
252Lm 08 Mxp 001
naenaae abdi
Aerial part
Infusion
Urinary disorders, Coughs
and colds, respiratory
problems
Mentha pelugium L.
253Lm 09 Mp 001
Fliou
Aerial part
Infusion/decoction
Fever/cold

Trop J Nat Prod Res, August 2023; 7(8):3590-3601 ISSN 2616-0684 (Print)
ISSN 2616-0692 (Electronic)
3596
© 2023 the authors. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
Mentha rotundifolia
Auct.
254Lm 10 Mr 001
Mressita
Aerial part
Infusion/powder
Stomach disease, digestive
problems
Origanum
compactum Benth.
255Lm 11 Oc 001
Zaatar
Aerial part
Infusion
Strengthen the immune
system
Rosmarinus
officinalis L.
256Lm 12 Ro 001
Azir
Aerial part /
Sheet
Infusion
Urinary infections, painful
periods, rheumatism, colds
Salvia officinalis L.
257Lm 13 So 001
Salmia
Aerial part
Infusion
Astringent and antiseptic,
anti-inflammatory
Thymus maroccanus
Ball.
258Lm 14 Tm 001
Zeitra
Aerial part
Infusion
stomach problems,
digestion problems
Thymus Zygis L.
259Lm 15 Tz 001
Zeitra
Aerial part
Infusion
Stomach problems,
digestion problems
Vitex agnus-castus L.
260Lm 16 Vac 001
Kharwâe
Sheet/seed
Infusion/ powder
Hair loss, cosmetics
Lauraceae
Cinnamomun
zeylanicum Nees.
261Lr 01 Cz 001
Karefa
Bark
Powder
Antidiabetic, weight
reduction
Linaceae
Linum usitatissimum
L.
262Ln 01 Lu 001
zeriaat ktan
Fruit/Seed
Infusion
weight reduction,
antidiabetic
Myrtaceae
Myrtus communis L.
263My 01 Mc 001
Rihan
Entire
Plant/Leafs
Infusion
Cancer, anti-stress
Syzygium
aromaticum L.
264My 02 Sa 001
Krenefel
Fruit
Powder /decoction
Nausea, indigestion,
headache
Oleaceae
Olea europaea L.
265Ol 01 Oe 001
Zitoun
Sheet
Powder /infusion
Diabetes
Jasminum officinale
L.
266Ol 02 Jo 001
Yasamin
Aerial part
Infusion
Trouble falling asleep,
soothe tension, calm nerves
Papaveraceae
Papaver rhoeas L.
267Pv 01 Pr 001
Belâaman
Fruit
Powder
soothes coughs and throat
irritations
Fumeterre officinale
Fumaria officinalis
L.
268Pv 02 Fo 001
bakalat malik
Aerial part
Infusion/decoction
Skin disease, liver regulator
Papaver somniferum
L.
269Pv 03 Ps 001
Kherchacha
Fruit
Powder
Digestion problems
Pinaceae
Pinus halepensis
Mill.
270Pin 01 Ph 001
Tayda
Bark
Powder
Respiratory tract diseases,
treatment of bronchitis

Trop J Nat Prod Res, August 2023; 7(8):3590-3601 ISSN 2616-0684 (Print)
ISSN 2616-0692 (Electronic)
3597
© 2023 the authors. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
Piperaceae
Piper nigrum L.
271Pip 01 Pn 001
Ibzar
Seed
Powder
Digestive stimulant, anti-
inflammatory
Poaceae
Agropyrum repens P.
Beauv.
272Poa01 Ar 001
Nejam
Root/rhizome
Decoction
Urinary inflammation
Sorghum vulgare
273Poa 02 Sv 001
Dora rafiaa
Entire
plant/Leafs
Infusion/ powder
Cosmetics for skin and hair
Panicum miliaceum
L.
Ou
Penisetum typhoides
Burm.
274Po 03 P 001
Ilane
Fruit
Infusion
Nutritional properties
Ranunculaceae
Nigella sativa L.
275Ran01 Ns 001
Sanouj
Seed
Powder
Immune system, skin and
hair problems
Ranunculus bullatus
L.
276Ran 02 Rb 001
wdan lhalouf
Root
Powder
Pregnancy
Salicaceae
Populus alba L.
277Sal 01 Pa 001
Safsaf
Sheet
Decoction
Fever/weight loss/teeth pain
Populus nigra L.
278Sal 02 Pn 001
Safsaf
Sheet
Decoction
Fever/weight loss/teeth pain
Solanaceae
Datura stramonium
L.
279Sol 01 Ds 001
chedak jmal
Seed
Smoking
Muscle relaxation
Capsicum annuum L.
280Sol 02 Ca 001
felfla hamera
Fruit
Powder
Digestion problem
Mandragora
automnalis Bertol.
281Sol 03 Ma 001
Mandragore
Aerial part
Decoction
Anti-inflammatory
Capsicum frutescens
282Sol 04 Cf 001
Flifla
Fruit
Powder
Digestive problems, flu,
colds
Thymelaeaceae
Thymelaea hirsute
283Thy 01 Th 001
Mtnane
Entire
plant/leaf
Infusion
Reduction in the rate of
hyperglycemia
Verbenaceae
Aloysia triphylla
Britt.
284Veb 01 At 001
Louiza
Sheet
Infusion
Anti-Stress, easy sleep
Xanthorrhoeaceae
Asphodelus fistulosus
L.
285Xan 01 Af 001
Brewag
Root
Infusion/maceration
Care for wounds
Zingiberaceae
Alpinia officinarum
Hance
286Zin 01 Ao 001
Khedanjel
Rhizome
Infusion
reduce rheumatic pain or
arthritis

Trop J Nat Prod Res, August 2023; 7(8):3590-3601 ISSN 2616-0684 (Print)
ISSN 2616-0692 (Electronic)
3598
© 2023 the authors. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
Elettaria
cardamomum White
& Maton
287Zin 02 Ec 001
habat hil
Seed
Infusion/ decoction
Perfume for tea or coffee,
against grapes
Zingiber officinale
Rosc.
288Zin 03 Zo 001
Skin jbir
Rhizome
Powder / decoction
Rheumatism, colds, fever,
diabetes
Zingiber officinale
Zanjabil
Rhizome
Powder
Digestive problems
Malvaceae
Malva sylvestris L.
289Mal 01 Ms 001
Lkhobbiza
Sheet
Decoction
Urinary infections, diarrhea
Musaceae
Musa acuminata
Colla
290Mus 01 Ma 001
Banan
Barking
Cataplasm
Dental hygiene
Rosaceae
Rosa centifolia Mill.
291Ros 01 Rc 001
Lward
Flowers
Cataplasm
hair loss
Crataegus monogyna
Jacq.
292Ros 02 Cm 001
ochbat zoror
Sheet
Infusion
Heart disease
Rubiaceae
Rubia tinctorum L.
293Rub 01 Rt 001
Lfowwa
Root
Powder
anemia
Rutaceae
Citrus limon (L.)
Risso
294Rut 01 Cl 001
Alhamad
Fruit
Juice
kidney disease
Ruta chalepensis L.
295Rut 02 Rc 001
Fijal
Sheet/ Aerial
part
Infusion/decoction
Anti-inflammatory, coffee
flavoring
Amaranthaceae
Atriplex halimus L.
296Ama 01 Ah 001
Katf
Sheet / Entire
plant
Powder /infusion
Cancer
Punicaceae
Punica granatum L.
297Pun 01 PG 001
qchor arraman
Exterior shell
Infusion/decoction
anti-inflammatory, cancer,
digestive problems
Geraniaceae
Pelargonium sp
298Ger 01 Psp 001
Gharnok
Aerial part
Infusion/decoction
skin problems, cosmetic,
anti-scar
Scrophulariaceae
Verbascum thapsus
L.
299Scr 01 Vt 001
maslah ndar
Aerial part
Infusion/decoction
Dry cough, sore throat
Goldcrest
Cupressus
macrocarpa
300Cup 01 Cm 001
sipri citron
Aerial part
Infusion/decoction
Calm persistent coughs
Meliaceae
Azadirachta indica
A. Juss.
301Mel 01 Ai 001
ochbat nim
Sheet
Infusion/decoction
Strengthen the immune
system
Ginkgoaceae
Ginkgo biloba L.
302Gin X Gb 001
ochbat jinko
Ginkgoaceae
Ginkgo biloba L.
302Gin X Gb 001
ochbat jinko
Anacardiaceae
Pistacia lentiscus L.
303Ana 01 Pl 001
Drow
Sheet
Infusion/decoction
colds, for the stomach

Trop J Nat Prod Res, August 2023; 7(8):3590-3601 ISSN 2616-0684 (Print)
ISSN 2616-0692 (Electronic)
3599
© 2023 the authors. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
Use value (UV) and relative frequency of citation (RFC)
According to the survey, Salvia officinalis emerged as the most
extensively utilized plant species, exhibiting the highest UV index (0,
35) and RFC coefficient (0,245). Rosmarinus officinalis stood out as
another noteworthy medicinal species, ranking second in terms of UV
index (0.28) and RFC coefficient (0.26). Capparis spinosa secured the
third position among medicinal species, displaying a UV index of
(0.085) and an RFC coefficient of (0, 0375). Other medicinal species
frequently reported, albeit with lesser usage, include Ruta (UV = 0.055;
RFC = 0.045), Verbascum Thapsus (UV = 0.0475; RFC = 0.0375).
The frequent mentions of these species by numerous informants
contribute to their high UV index. The UV index is directly influenced
by the number of informants who report using a particular plant for
medicinal purposes. Medicinal plant species with a high UV index
require more in-depth phytochemical analysis in order to search for and
extract the bioactive molecules that characterize the species for the
manufacture of drugs, as described in reference. 45 additionally, these
species should be prioritized for conservation since their preferred uses
may pose a threat to their populations due to overexploitation.
Figure 5: Frequency of used plant parts
Figure 6: Plant preparation methods
Fidelity level (FL)
The outcomes are presented in the supplementary file, where the fidelity
level is indicated. In this file, the particular disease treated by a species
is highlighted in bold. The degree of fidelity signifies the preferred
species reported by informants in the study area for treating specific
diseases. The following plants had the highest LF values (100%) :
Salvia officinals, Rosmarinus officinalis, Malva sylvestris, Rosa canina,
Rubia tinctorum, Citrus limon, Elettaria cardamomum, Zingiber
officinale Roscoe, Aloysia triphylla/veirvine, Capsicum annuum,
Jasminum, Linum usitatissimum, Myrtus communis, Syzygium
aromaticum, Vitex agnus-castus, Thymus maroccanus, and Thymus
Zygis.
In general, when the FL (Fidelity Level) of a specific plant is 100%, it
indicates that all reports of its use mentioned the same method of plant
use for treatment.44
Informant Consensus Factors (ICF)
For each condition category, the ICF was determined, and the range was
(0.989 -0.950) (Table 2). The ICF values discovered were close to 1,
indicating a high level of know homogeneity among the informants. GI
difficulties (0.989), skin and hair problems (0.989), diabetes problems
(0.987), and respiratory problems all had the highest informant
consensus factor values (0.983). Other studies found the same result as
Morocco in terms of the greatest ICF of gastrointestinal issues. 24
The results of the ICF analysis demonstrated that common diseases in
the Moulay Yaakoub province had the highest level of consensus
among the informants. These high ICF values indicate a reasonable
reliability of the informants regarding the use of plant species for
treating specific ailments. 42
The consensus values of the informants also indicated that they shared
knowledge about the most important medicinal plant species for
treating the most frequently encountered diseases in the study region.
Therefore, plant species with high ICF values should be prioritized for
further pharmacological and phytochemical studies. 43
Conclusion
An Ethnobotanical study carried out in the province of Moulay Yaâcoub
has highlighted the significance of traditional phytotherapy. The study
identified 93 medicinal plant species belonging to 41 botanical groups,
which are used to treat a variety of ailments. The study revealed that
people aged between 30 and 50 have the most knowledge of traditional
herbal medicine, and that the majority of herbal medicine users are
uneducated. The study also indicates that leaves processed into
decoction and infusions are the most commonly used, and are taken
orally. Digestive and respiratory diseases are the most frequently
mentioned ailments in these traditional remedies. These findings
provide a valuable database for future scientific research aimed at in-
depth evaluation and scientific validation, while preserving this
important cultural heritage. In addition, Biodiversity in the province of
Moulay Yaâcoub has an environmental value of considerable Socio-
economic significance, which needs to be preserved from haphazard
exploitation.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Authors’ Declaration
The authors hereby declare that the work presented in this article is
original and that any liability for claims relating to the content of this
article will be borne by them.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to express their gratitude to the Laboratory of
Engineering of Organometallic Materials, Molecular and Environment,
Faculty of Science Dhar El Mahraz, University Sidi Mohamed Ben
Abdellah, for providing support for this project. The authors also wish
to extend their appreciation to all organizations that provided valuable
feedback and insights that contributed to the successful completion of
this work.
Dr. Mohamed Adil Mahraz would like to express my gratitude to the
residents of Moulay Yaâcoub province for their invaluable assistance in
enabling me to conduct the survey and identify various aromatic and
medicinal plants. My heartfelt appreciation also goes out to the students
residing in the province of Moulay Yaâcoub.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Aerial
parts
Fruits Seeds Roots Leaves Steams whole
plant
Infusion
45%
Decocotion
26%
Powder
24%
Compress
1%
Poultice
2%
Raw state
1%
Maceraction
1%

Trop J Nat Prod Res, August 2023; 7(8):3590-3601 ISSN 2616-0684 (Print)
ISSN 2616-0692 (Electronic)
3600
© 2023 the authors. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
Table 2: Factor of consensus of informant
Category
Number of used reports
Percentage of used
reports
Number of taxa
ICF
Gastro intestinal
2000
33.4
23
0.989
Respiratory problems
300
5.0
6
0.983
Osteoarticular diseases
180
3.0
7
0.966
Skin and hair
1600
26.7
19
0.989
Dental and oral diseases
130
2.2
4
0.977
Skin disorders
182
3.0
9
0.956
Diabetes
400
6.7
6
0.987
Cardiovascular diseases
110
1.8
6
0.954
Fever
986
16.5
20
0.981
Neurological disorders
101
1.7
6
0.950
References
1. Gou Y, Li Z, Fan R, Qiu Z, Wang L, Wang C, Wang. Ethno
botanical survey of plants traditionally used against
hematophagous invertebrates by ethnic groups in the
mountainous area of Xishuangbanna; Southwest China. Plant
Divers.2020; 42:415-426.
2. Abdullah A. Trends and challenges of traditional medicine in
Africa. Afr J Tradit. 2011;8: 115–123.
3. Who Guidelines on Safety Monitoring of Herbal Medicines
in Pharmacovigilance Systems.Geneva, Switzerland: World
Health Organization. 2004.
4. Chelghoum M, Khitri W, Bouzid S, Lakermi A. New trends
in the use of medicinal plants by Algerian diabetic patients,
considerations of herb-drug interactions. J. Ethnopharmacol.
2021; 274: 113-118.
5. Ncubea S, Ndagurwaa. G, Mundya P, Sibandac S, Dlodlod
M. Ethno botanical knowledge and use-value of
Harpagophytum (Devil’s claw) in Matabeleland, Zimbabwe;
S. Afr. J. Bot. 2022; 144: 134-144.
6. Palabas Uzun S, Koca C. Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal
plants traded in herbal markets of Kahramanmaraş; Plant
Divers.2020; 42:443-454.
7. Mahwasane S, Middleton L, Boaduo N. An ethnobotanical
survey of indigenous knowledge on medicinal plants used by
the traditional healers of the Lwamondo area, Limpopo
Province, South Africa. S. Afr. J. Bot. 2013; 88: 69-75.
8. Chaachouay N, Benkhnigue O, Zidane L. Ethnobotanical
Study Aimed at Investigating the Use of Medicinal Plants to
Treat Nervous System Diseases in the Rif of Morocco. J.
Chiropr. Med. 2020; 19: 70-81.
9. Fakchich J, Elachouri M. An overview on ethnobotanico-
pharmacological studies carried out in Morocco, from 1991
to 2015: Systematic review (part 1). J. Ethnopharmacol.
2021; 267: 113- 200.
10. Jeddi M, Benziane Z, Ouaritini, Fikri-Benbrahim K.
Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in northern
Morocco (Taounate) case of Mernissa. Ethnobot. Res.
Appl.2021; 21: 1-23.
11. Toneu I, Martin G, Ouhammou A, Puri R, Hawkins j. An
ethnomedicinal survey of a Tashelhit-speaking community
in the high atlas, Morocco. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2016; 188:
96-110.
12. Najem M, Harouak H, bijbijen J, Nassiri L.Oral disorders
and ethnobotanical treatments: A field study in the central
Middle Atlas (Morocco). Heliyon. 2020; 6:1-11.
13. Tardío J, Santayana M.Cultural importance indices: a
comparative analysis based on the useful wild plants of
southern Cantabria (northern Spain), Econ. Bot. 2008; 62:
24-39.
14. Ahmad M, Zafar M, Shahzadi N, Yaseen G, Murphey M,
Sultana S. Ethnobotanical importance of medicinal plants
traded in herbal markets of Rawalpindi-Pakistan. J. Herb.
Med. 2017; 11 :78-89
15. Idm’hand E, Msanda F, Cherif K. Ethnobotanical study and
biodiversity of medicinal plants used in the Tarfaya
Province, Morocco. Acta Ecol. Sin. 2020; 40:134–144.
16. Upadhyay B, Singh K, Kumar U.Ethno-veterinary uses and
informants consensus factor of medicinal plants of Sariska
region, Rajasthan India. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2011; 133: 14–
25.
17. Blanco J, Carrière S. Sharing local ecological knowledge as
a human adaptation strategy to arid environments evidence
from an ethnobotany survey in Morocco. J. Arid Environ.
2016; 127: 30-43.
18. Miara M, Bendif H, Aït Hammou.M, Teixidor I.
Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used by nomadic
peoples in the Algerian steppe. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2018;
219: 248-256.
19. Ghorbani A, Esmaeilizadeh M. Pharmacological properties
of Salvia officinalis and its components. J. Tradit.
Complement. Med. 2017;5: 433-440.
20. Djamel M, Bendif H, Ouabeda.A, Rebbas K, Ait hammou M,
Amirat M, Greene A, Teixidor I. Ethnoveterinary remedies
used in the Algerian steppe: Exploring the relationship with
traditional human herbal medicine. J. Ethnopharmacol .2019;
244:112-164.
21. Chaachouay N, Benkhnigue O, Fadli M, El Ibaoui H, Zidane
L. Ethnobotanical and ethnopharmacological studies of
medicinal and aromatic plants used in the treatment of
metabolic diseases in the Moroccan Rif. Heliyon. 2019; 5:
21-91.
22. Bencheikh N, Elbouzidi A, Kharchoufa L, Ouassou H,
Merrouni I, Mechchate H, Es-safi I, Hano C, Addi M,
Bouhrim M, Eto B, Elachouri M. Inventory of Medicinal
Plants Used Traditionally to Manage Kidney Diseases in
North-Eastern Morocco. Ethnobotanical Fieldwork and
Pharmacological Evidence. Plants. 2021; 5: 21-91.
23. Abubakar R, Haque M. Preparation of Medicinal Plants:
Basic Extraction and Fractionation Procedures for
Experimental Purposes. j. pharm. Bioallied. Sci. 2020; 2: 1-
10.
24. El-Ghazouani F, El-Ouahmani N, Teixidor-Toneu I, Yacoubi
B, Zekhnini A. A survey of medicinal plants used in
traditional medicine by women and herbalists from the city
of Agadir, southwest of Morocco. Eur. J. Integr. Med. 2021;
42: 10-12.
25. Lahouiti K, El Ouali A, Maniar S, Bekhti K. Seasonal
fluctuations of phlebotomines sand fly populations (Diptera:
Psychodidae) in the Moulay Yacoub province, centre

Trop J Nat Prod Res, August 2023; 7(8):3590-3601 ISSN 2616-0684 (Print)
ISSN 2616-0692 (Electronic)
3601
© 2023 the authors. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
Morocco: Effect of ecological factors. Afr. j. environ. Sci.
technol .2013; 7: 1028-1036.
26. Lahouiti K, Bekhti K, Fadil M, El Ouali A. Entomological
investigations in moulay Yaacoub, leishmaniasis focus in the
center of Morocco. Asian J. 2016; 9: 340-5.
27. El Khomsi M, Dandani Y, Chaachouay N, Hmouni D.
Ethnobotanical study of plants used for medicinal, cosmetic,
and food purposes in the region of Moulay Yacoub,
Northeast of Morocco. J. Pharm. Pharmacogn. Res. 2022; 10:
13-29.
28. Panyadee P, Wangpakapattanawong P, Inta A, Balslev H.
Very High Food Plant Diversity among Ethnic Groups in
Northern Thailand. Diversity .2023; 15:1-18.
29. Torres C, Rebolledo F, Aguirre J, Ramirez A, Chávez .M,
Aguillón D, Camacho L, Ramirez N, Hernández S, Aguilar
C. Medicinal plants used by rural communities in the arid
zone of Viesca and Parras Coahuila in northeastern Mexico.
Saudi pharm j. 2023; 1 :21-28.
30. Kareti R, Haran H, Rajpoot V. Ethnomedicinal plant
diversity among tribal communities of Anuppur district,
Madhya Pradesh, Central India. J. Herbs Spices Med. 2023;
6: 1-23.
31. Ali Shah I,Burni T, Badshah L, Ul Uza N. Indigenous
knowledge and conservation status of wild plants collected
from Garyaum, NorthWaziristan, Pakistan. Ethnobot. Res.
Appl. 2023; 25:1-17
32. Flores A, Cuevas R, Olvera M. Ethnobotanical Knowledge
of Edible Plants amongst Children from Two Rural
Communities in Western Mexico. Hum. Ecol .2023;51: 397–
407.
33. Eichert T, Fernandez V. Uptake and release of elements by
leaves and other aerial plant parts. Marschner's Mineral
Nutrition of Higher Plants. 2023; 6:105-129.
34. Tamang a S, Singh a. A, Bussmann R, Shukla V, Nautiyal
M. Ethno-medicinal plants of tribal people: A case study in
Pakyong subdivision of East Sikkim, India. Acta Ecol. Sin.
2023;43 :34-46.
35. Tchetan E, Pascal A, Dehouegnon T, Bertrand E, Josette F,
Marcel F, Sylvie A. Ethnoveterinary knowledge of sheep and
goat farmers in Benin (West Africa): effect of socioeconomic
and environmental factors. Helion. 2021; 7:1-14.
36. Ministry of Territorial Planning, Urbanism, Housing, and
Environment of Morocco, Report on the State of the
Environment of Morocco, National Environmental
Observatory of Morocco, Rabat, Morocco (2001)
37. Aafi A, El Abid A. Diversit et valorisation des principales
plantes aromatiques et mdicinales (PAM) de l’cosysteme
cdraie au Maroc. Acta Bot. Malacit..2005 ;30 :127-138.
38. Scherrera A, Mottib R, Caroline S. Traditional plant use in
the areas of Monte Vesole and Ascea, Cilento National Park
(Campania, Southern Italy). J Ethnopharmacol. 2005; 97:129
– 143.
39. Eddouks M, Hebi M, Ajebli M, El Hidani A, Sulpice T,
Burcelin R. Study of Antidiabetic Effect of Capparis spinosa
L. And Calamintha officinalis Moench in Diabetic Mice.
Phytothérapie.2017;16:211-219.
40. Lan Cao y, Li X, Zheng M. Capparis spinosa protects against
oxidative stress in systemic sclerosis dermal fibroblasts.
Arch. Dermatol. Res .2009; 5:349-55.
41. Boutabia L, Telaïlia S, Ménaa M. Thérapeutique
traditionnelle utilisations de Marrubiumvulgaire L. par
localpopulations dans leRégion de Haddada (SoukAhras,
Algérie). Ethnobot. Res. Appl. 2020 ; 44 :1-11.
42. Lin J, Puckree T, Mvelase P. Anti-diarrhoeal evaluation of
some medicinal plants used by Zulu traditional healers. J.
Ethnopharmacol. 2002; 79: 53–56.
43. Njoroge N, Bussmann W. Traditional management of ear,
nose and throat (ENT) diseases in Central Kenya. J.
ethnobiol. ethnomed. 2006; 2:2-54.
44. Srithi K, Balslev H., Wangpakapattanawong P, Srisanga P,
Trisonthi C. Medicinal plant knowledge and its erosion
among the Mien (Yao) in northern Thailand. J.
Ethnopharmacol. 2009; 123:335–342.
45. Vitalini S, Iriti M, Puricelli C,Ciuchi D, Segale A, Fico G.
Traditional knowledge on medicinal and food plants used in
Val San Giacomo (Sondrio, Italy)—an alpine ethnobotanical
study. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2013; 145:517-529.
46.