M.O. Ozoje

University of Agriculture, Abeokuta · Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics

Aims: This study was carried out to evaluate the evolutionary relationship of a family of cold shock proteins (CSP) in ten mammalian species using bioinformatics tools and soft wares such as Genbank, FASTA, BLAST and MEGA 5. Sample: Twenty protein sequences of both RBM3 and CIRP proteins of some selected mammalian species were downloaded from NCBI...

Research on the role of nasal microbiome on the pathogenesis of PPR viral disease in goats

After the groundbreaking eradication of rinderpest, peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is currently the target for global eradication by 2030. Understanding the factors affecting its prevalence is imperative for effective, evidence-based planning for the eradication of the disease. Genetic and non-genetic factors affecting PPR prevalence in sheep and...

Weekly body weight data from 133 offspringsof Bovan Nera (NB), 93 of White Leghorn (WL), 105 of Giriraja(GR), 197 of Naked Neck (NN), 164 of Frizzle Feather (FF), 186 of Normal Feather (NF) and 115 of improved indigenous FUNAAB Alpha chicken (BA) were used for the study. The birds were individually wing tagged at day old for proper identification p...

Stress is a state of disturbed homeostasis evoking a multiplicity of somatic and mental adaptive reactions resulting from any of the five freedoms of animals being violated. Many environmental forces disrupt homeostasis in farm animals, such as extreme temperatures, poor nutrition, noise, hunger, and thirst. During stressful situations, neuronal ci...

This research was carried out to characterize single nucleotide polymorphism at the myostatin gene locus in indigenous and Nigerian locally adapted exotic turkeys. A total of 220-day-old poults comprising 120 local and 100 locally adapted exotic turkeys were sourced from reputable hatchery and were managed for 20 weeks under intensive management sy...

The possibility of modeling growth with the aim of visualizing growth patterns over time, and generating equations that can be used to predict the expected weight of the animal at specific age could be an impetus for optimization of farmer's livelihood. The weekly body weight of 993 Bertalanffy growth model using the procedure of NLIN (Marquart alg...

Article can be accessed at www.aabrjournalaaua.org.ng

Feather colours are used by avian species for defense, adaptation and signaling. Melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) gene is one of the genes responsible for feather colour. This study identified selection signatures in MC1R gene of Nigerian indigenous turkeys (NIT) using British United turkeys (BUT) as control breed to investigate the evolutionary proc...

Characterisation of fear response in turkey breeds could bring important beneficial information for future breeding, animal welfare and preservation of breeds. The two major turkey breeds raised presently in Nigeria are Hybrid Converter turkey (HCT) and Nigerian indigenous turkey (NIT). The HCT has been selected for fast growth and can adapt to dif...

Nigerian indigenous chickens possess immunity from endemic diseases and have a better survival rate than commercial hybrid strains under local production conditions. FUNAAB Alpha chicken was developed by improving Nigerian indigenous chickens through crossbreeding and selection. This study compared the mitochondrial d-loop of FUNAAB Alpha and Niger...

The effects of plumage colour on different behaviours have been reported in several avian species, but there are only few studies for Nigerian indigenous turkeys (NIT). Fear is a negative affective state that is indicative of suffering and associated with adverse effects on welfare and productivity of livestock species. This study compared fear beh...

To better understand susceptibility and/ or tolerance of locally adapted turkey to salmonellosis, we compared bodyweight, antibody titres and physiological traits based on genotype and sex of salmonella-infected turkeys. Three hundred poults from two genotypes (160 local and 140 exotic turkeys) were raised for twenty weeks. Bodyweight (BW), rectal...

El estudio determinó el efecto de diferentes métodos de apareamiento en el desarrollo embrionario de huevos de gallinas autóctonas. Noventa, 27 semanas de edad criadores de pollos autóctonos con plumas normales, que comprendían 72 gallinas y 18 machos, se asignaron a tres métodos de apareamiento: apareamiento en corrales (PM), machos alternos (AM)...

Growth is explained mathematically by models that have parameters with biological interpretations. This study was conducted to compare five non-linear growth models (Gompertz, Brody, Logistics, Von Bertalanffy and Negative exponential) in order to describe growth in the three genotypes (normal feather, naked neck and frizzle feather) of the dual pu...

Newcastle disease and heat stress reduce the productivity of local chickens of Nigeria (LCN). This study compared the antibody response to Newcastle disease and heat tolerance among different LCN genotypes in hot humid tropics using multivariate discriminant analysis. A total of 299 birds were used for the study. Geometric mean titre against Newcas...

The bronze locus, identified as melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) gene, is involved in body coloration. We examined polymorphisms, haplotype variability and deviation from neutrality of bronze locus in Nigerian Indigenous Turkeys (NIT) using British United Turkeys (BUT) as control breed. Single-exon coding region of MC1R was sequenced. Polymorphisms w...

Infection due to Salmonella spp is one of the threatening diseases to poultry industry because it can cause economic losses through mortality, morbidity and reduction in egg production. One hundred and sixty poults comprising 80 local and 80 exotic (Nicholas white) were used to examine the variations in haematological response to Salmonella spp in...

The interferon regulatory factor gene family encodes transcription factors with multiple biological functions, which include reproduction, cell differentiation and immunity. Interferon regulatory factor-5 (IRF-5) gene is involved in immune defence against virus, stress response, activation of type I interferon genes, cell differentiation and growth...

The survey of indigenous chicken was carried out in 8 states comprising 119 local government of South Western Nigeria between October 1994 and May 1995 to evaluate colour variation relative to performance characteristics as selection criteria for development of improved indigenous poultry types for the Nigerian market. The colours recorded were tho...

Abstract Background and Objective: Demand for poultry and livestock products in general has increased significantly because of the dietary importance of meat and egg that they produced. In this study, the genetic relationship of three local chicken breeds in South-South Nigeria (frizzle feather, normal feather and naked neck) was evaluated. Materi...

The experiment was designed to evaluate the effect of egg size on hatching quality and post-hatch growth performance of normal feathered indigenous chickens. Hatchable eggs, grouped into three sizes: medium/control, small and large, were incubated to obtain day-old chicks. One hundred and eighty (180) day-old chicks were allotted to three treatment...

This study focused on changes in doe live weight during lactation in West African dwarf (WAD) and Red Sokoto (RS) goats intensively managed within the humid zone of South-western Nigeria. The data analysed was based on 202 weekly records. from 17 lactations of 8 WAD and 9 RS goats from year 2000-2002. Mean live weight for RS does (21.16+0.34 kg) wa...

There are three main breeds of goat in Nigeria: The West African Dwarf (WAD), the Red Sokoto and the Sahel. Goats are renowned for their hardiness and can survive in most environments. The goats sampling was carried out from farms and markets across different states in Nigeria, according to the geographical distribution of the breeds published by B...

Reproductive data from 24 does (Chinchilla X New Zealand White) of twenty weeks, were analyzed to determine the effect of generation, housing systems and season on the reproductive performance of rabbits raised in the humid tropics. The experiment was carried out during four seasons namely: early dry season (EDS-September to November), late dry sea...

Performance record of 76 West African Dwarf (WAD) and WAD X Red Sokoto (RS) kid were compared for efficiency of growth in skeletal dimensions. Genotype (P<0.01) affected all the measurement studied. Halfbred kids were superior in all body parts from birth till 150 day of age. Maternal effect did not contribute to better performance among the halfbr...

An investigations was carried out to determine the effect of the major genes of frizzling and naked neck on the external and internal egg quality traits of the Nigerian local chicken. Egg weight significantly (P < 0.01) favoured the frizzled local chicken and the naked-necked local chicken over the fully feathered (normal ) local chicken. The frizz...

Individual growth curve parameters are suitable phenotypic variable for the assessment of growth course and early maturity. This study focused on the analyses of growth curves parameters of N’Dama cows derived from the Richarads growth function. Data consist of field records of weight measurements from birth to 36 months old of 98 N’Dama cows born...

A comparative study of the gametes of two species of Giant African Land Snails; Archachatinu marginata and Achatina achatina was carried out. Three groups of snails weighing 80-100,101-150 and 151-250 g were used in a 3x2 factorial design, with 5 replicates, involving a total of 30 snails. Albumen gland, little hermaphrodite duct, spermotheca and o...

In a completely randomized design, sixteen (16) West African Dwarf (WAD) rams aged between 10-15 months with an average pre-trial body weight of 14.5 kg were used to study the influence of a compounded concentrate diet (Diet 1), malted sorghum sprout (MSP) (Diet 2), shrimp waste meal (SWM) (Diet 3) and Tephrosia bracteolata hay (Diet 4) as suppleme...

Linear dimensions of WAD lambs and kids were compared under traditional management system from birth to weaning age of 3 months. At hirth, male and female lambs were comparable to their kid counter parts in body length (BL) and Height-at-withers (HW) but inferior to kids in Heart Girth (HG),, Mean HG for lambs at birth was 23.09cm while that of kid...

The effect of coat pigmentation on live weight and various body measurements (body length, shoulder width, head width, leg length, neck girth, heart girth, abdominal girth, heart depth and height at withers) of the West African Dwarf (WAD) goats were studied. Coat pigmentation significantly (P<0.05) affected live weight with the white and or tan (A...

Three non-linear growth models were used to fit weight-age data for seven chicken genotypes: Comparisons were made among these models for goodness of fit, biological interpretability and computational case. Monomolecular and Richards Models overestimated body weight at the early phases of growth. All the three models underestimated the asymptotic m...

This study focused on comparing growth traits (body weights at birth, 3-month weaning and 6-month post-weaning) as well as growth curves of Kalahari Red (KR), a newly introduced goat breed in Nigeria and West African Dwarf (WAD) goat semi-intensively managed. Data on growth traits and weekly live weights were collected from 124 kids consisting of 6...

Improvement in fertility is possible through gene assisted selection. Cattle fertility and genes underlying it should be thoroughly studied and exploited to find solution to declining cattle fertility. Reprimo (RPRM) gene is a pleiotropic gene involved in suppression of cancer, regulation of mitotic cell cycle, cell cycle arrest and regulation of s...

A total of ninety-six (96) weaner rabbits (Chinchilla and New Zealand White crossbred) were use for this study and were divided into forty-eight (48) per generation. These fortyeight weaner rabbits were further divided into three replicates of four males (12) and four females each (12) housed in cage (24) and deep litter system (24).This experiment...

Genetic variation from a combination of four breeds of chickens (Anak Titan, Alpha, Giriraja and Normal indigenous chickens) were examined for importance of sire, dam, season and sex on growth traits using a Mixed-model Least-Squares and Maximum LIkelihood computer program. The results show that sire and dam genotypes significantly (P<0.05) affecte...

A total of 48 New Zealand White (NZW) rabbit was used for the phenotypic estimation study. After two weeks of birth, the kittens were introduced to commercial grower mash (CGM) and were fed solely on the commercial grower mash diets with the following characteristics; 17.5% crude protein, 16% crude fibre and 2500 kcal/kg diet digestible energy ad l...

The two major turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) breeds raised presently in Nigeria are Hybrid Converter and Nigerian indigenous turkeys. The Hybrid Converter turkey is a heavy breed that can adapt to different environmental and management conditions. Hybrid Converter turkeys have been selected for increased body weight while Nigerian indigenous turkeys...

Molecular-based assay is reported to efficiently detect higher levels of subacute infection of the African Animal Trypanosomosis (AAT). Based on our previous research data, this study reports the detection of subacute Trypanosoma vivax (T. vivax) infection, sequel to polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assay diagnosis in four extant Nigerian shee...

In this study the effect of coat colour, dam live weight, week of lactation and udder circumference on milk yield in West African Dwarf (WAD) goats was investigated. Twenty-eight WAD does of different coat colour (black, brown, and combinations of black and white, brown and black, and brown and white) were further grouped on live weight basis into...

This study focused on the assessment of genetic diversity in African tilapia fish (Oreochromis niloticus) obtained from two populations (Domita in South-South and Odeda in South-West, Nigeria) using the displacement loop (D-loop) and cytochrome B region of the mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid (mtDNA). A total of 28 samples (15 from South-South a...

Immune genes are under acute selective pressure in order to resist pathogenic attacks. It is not really clear the type of selective force that acts on immune genes because of diverse pathogen load and host population density, so this experiment studied the selective force acting on exon 3 of IRF-5 gene in Nigerian indigenous chickens. DNA was extra...

Preeclampsia is a multifactorial disorder that is influenced by many factors that include genes, race and parity. The Renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) is vital in the regulation of blood pressure and has been implicated in the pathophysiology of preeclampsia among certain populations but such studies have been not reported in Nigeria. An...

Trypanosomosis remains a major challenge to livestock production in much of tropical Sub-Saharan Africa, while diagnosis and treatment still depends on inefficient parasitological techniques. Endemic infections of trypanosomosis depend on animal reservoirs with sub-clinical parasitemia. We report molecular diagnosis of sub-clinical Trypanosoma viva...

Trypanosomosis remains a major challenge to livestock production in much of tropical Sub- Saharan Africa, while diagnosis and treatment still depends on inefficient parasitological techniques. Endemic infections of trypanosomosis depend on animal reservoirs with sub-clinical parasitemia. We report molecular diagnosis of sub-clinical Trypanosoma viv...

Pregnancy associated glycoptotein-1 (PAG-1) gene belong to a large family of aspartic peptidases expressed exclusively by different placental cells of mammalian species. This study was conducted to characterize exon 4 (the most polymorphic exon) of PAG-l gene in White Fulani, Muturu and N’Dama breeds of cattle. Blood samples from seventy-four (74)...

Egeria radiata is a benthic species of bivalves which inhabits freshwater bodies along the coast of Nigeria. It’s an edible species with shells of nutrient value used in animal feeds and healthcare industries. This research was undertaken to investigate its species diversity in some coastal populations in Nigeria. Partial sequence of Cytochrome b r...

Background: Primary open-angle glaucoma is one of the commonest causes of blindness due to optic nerves damage because of elevated intraocular pressure and it is the commonest form of glaucoma. We determined the frequency of CYP1B1 gene mutations spectrum among families with open-angle glaucoma in Calabar. Methods: Ophthalmologists examined the rec...

Background: Primary congenital glaucoma (PCG) is an inherited ocular congenital anomaly of the trabecular meshwork and anterior chamber angle, which results in optic nerve damage due to increase intraocular pressure if not properly managed. We explore CYPIBI gene mutations in three cases of primary congenital glaucoma, their family members in Calab...

Background: Primary open-angle glaucoma is one of the commonest causes of blindness due to optic nerves damage because of elevated intraocular pressure and it is the commonest form of glaucoma. We determined the frequency of CYP 1 B 1 gene mutations spectrum among families with open-angle glaucoma in Calabar. Methods: Ophthalmologists examined the...

Aims: This study was carried out to evaluate the evolutionary relationship of a family of cold shock proteins (CSP) in ten mammalian species using bioinformatics tools and soft wares such as Genbank, FASTA, BLAST and MEGA 5. Sample: Twenty protein sequences of both RBM3 and CIRP proteins of some selected mammalian species were downloaded from NCBI...

Mitochondrial DNA hypervariable region 1 diversity in Nigerian goats – CORRIGENDUM - Moses Okpeku, Sunday O. Peters, Ikhide G. Imumorin, Kyle C. Caires, Varun K. Sharma, Mathew Wheto, Rakesh Tamang, Adeyemi S. Adenaike, Michael O. Ozoje, Kumarasamy Thangaraj

Characterization of West African Dwarf goat is an approach to a sustainable use of its great potentials. In this study, strains of WAD goat were characterized using linear body measurement. The WAD goat included the gold (brown), black, buckskin and chaimose of ages 1, 2, 3 and 4 years,raised under extensive system of management. The quantitative t...

The West African Dwarf (WAD) goat presents variable coat colours, ranging from black, brown, gray, red and white and sometimes combinations of these variety of patterns. In this study, strains of West African Dwarf (WAD) goat were characterized using linear body measurement. The WAD goat included the chocolate, white, Swiss marking and Dalmatian of...

Background: Primary congenital glaucoma (PCG) is an inherited ocular congenital anomaly of the trabecular meshwork and anterior chamber angle, which results in optic nerve damage due to increase intraocular pressure if not properly managed. We explore CYPIBI gene mutations in three cases of primary congenital glaucoma, their family members in Calab...

This study assessed the reproductive performance of indigenous and crossbred parent stocks and the influence of sire genotype on the growth and efficiency of feed utilization by their progenies. A total of 300 poults, 150 for each genotype were generated from two crosses (Nicholas white x Indigenous and Indigenous x Indigenous turkeys). Data were c...

Background: Breast cancer type 1 (BRCA1) gene also known as breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein homologue plays important role in DNA double-strand break repair, homologous recombination, chromatin remodeling, cell cycle regulation and transcription regulation. Objective: Considering the importance of this protein, the present study was und...

Goats make up the largest group of ruminant livestock in Nigeria and are strategic in bridging animal protein supply gap and improving the economy of rural households. The hypervariable region 1 (HVR1) of the caprine mitochondrial genome was investigated to better understand genetic diversity important for improving selection for animal breeding an...

Multivariate based genetic analysis of three genotypes of Nigerian local chicken (Gallus domesticus) was studied to assess morphological diversity. Forty (40) adult local chickens which comprised frizzle feather, naked neck and normal feather were obtained from two different locations; Obudu in Cross River State and Umudioka in Anambra State. The c...

The knowledge of variations in genes involved in pathogen recognition is crucial for understanding the co-evolutionary relat1onships between pathogens and the hosts. This study was designed to detect the sequence variation at the exon 3 of the turkey Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in Nigeria indigenous turkey in comparison with British United Turkey....

Precise and accurate genetic parameter estimates are crucial for making sound decisions in many stages of animal improvement programme. Genetic parameter estimates for eight growth traits were determined in 308 turkeys generated from mating pure indigenous parents. PROC MIXED of SAS was used to estimate variance and covariance components of the gro...

Growth curves are vital tools that describe growth and development in animals. Many growth equations have been used to fit growth curve of livestock species. Statistical comparison of growth models is needed to assist livestock breeders in the choice of the most appropriate model as they could be used to predict the expected weight of birds at any...

The study was conducted to determine the effect of egg size on post-hatching performance of pullet chicks obtained from Dominant Black (DB) and Yaffa Brown (YB) strains of pullet. A total of eight hundred and ten hatching pullet eggs (405 eggs per strain) were grouped into three egg sizes (small, medium and large) per strain resulting in six treatm...

The study was conducted to determine the effect of egg size on post-hatching performance of pullet chicks obtained from Dominant Black (DB) and Yaffa Brown (YB) strains of pullet. A total of eight hundred and ten hatching pullet eggs (405 eggs per strain) were grouped into three egg sizes (small, medium and large) per strain resulting in six treatm...

This study was conducted to investigate milk yield and rectal temperature in West African Dwarf (WAD) goats as affected by wattle and litter size. A total of 28 lactating does were used for the experiment. 13 does had wattle (bilateral) while 15 had no wattle. 14 does had twin birth while the other 14 had single birth. The goats were fed at 5% body...

Correspondence author: <kentaiwo2002@yahoo.com> Lack of access to high quality seeds is a major factor contributing to the worsening of food security situation in Africa. High seed quality is essential for optimum stand establishment in maize; and it is therefore necessary to have seed vigour tests that permit rapid, objective and accurate evaluati...

The exposure of sheep to elevated ambient temperatures induces an increase in the dissipation of excess body heat, in order to overcome this excessive environmental heat load. Dissipation of excess body heat is emitted by evaporation of water from the respiratory tract and skin surface via panting and sweating.The following heat stress traits were...

Abstract Text: PAG-1 gene has been identified as prenatal marker for pregnancy diagnosis in cattle. This study was undertaken to characterize and analyse it. Nucleotide and amino sequences of PAG-1 in cattle, other PAG gene family members and some species were retrieved from GenBank and UniProt database and used. Percent identity and similarity bet...

Genetic and phenotypic correlations of body weights and linear body measurements of five hundred and sixty five West African dwarf lambs generated from mating one hundred and eight ewes and eighteen rams were studied and data obtained were analyzed using the Mixed-Model Least Squares and Maximum Likelihood Computer Program. At birth, phenotypic cor...

This study aimed at using a multivariate approach to describe the body structure of Djallonke sheep in northern Ghana and to determine which approach explains better the variation in body composition. Live weight (LW) and linear body measurements including heart girth (HG), neck girth (NG), chest depth (CD), height at withers (HW), rump height (RH)...

The study was conducted to determine the effect of egg size on egg components utilization and embryonic weight during incubation of Dominant Black (DB) and Yaffa Brown (YB) strains of pullet eggs. A total of 810 hatching pullet eggs (405 eggs per strain) were grouped into three egg sizes (small, medium and large) per strain resulting in six treatme...

Trypanosomosis remains a major challenge to livestock production in much of tropical Sub-Saharan Africa, while di-agnosis and treatment still depend on inefficient parasitological techniques. Endemic infections depend on animal res-ervoirs with subclinical parasitemia. We report molecular diagnosis of subclinical Trypanosoma vivax (T. vivax) infec-...

Trypanosomosis remains a major challenge to livestock production in much of tropical Sub-Saharan Africa, while di-agnosis and treatment still depend on inefficient parasitological techniques. Endemic infections depend on animal res-ervoirs with subclinical parasitemia. We report molecular diagnosis of subclinical Trypanosoma vivax (T. vivax) infec-...

Abstract Background Sheep is important in the socio-economic lives of people around the world. It is estimated that more than half of our once common livestock breeds are now endangered. Since genetic characterization of Nigerian sheep is still lacking, we analyzed ten morphological traits on 402 animals and 15 microsatellite DNA markers in 384 ani...

The presence and level of gene flow between the four major Nigerian sheep breeds (West African Dwarf (WAD), Yankasa, Balami and Uda) was assessed using microsatellite DNA markers. DNA was extracted from 50~1of whole blood using the ZymoBead™ Genomic DNA Kit The DNA was amplified by PCR in a MyCycler™ Thermal Cycler (Biorad, Hercules, CA) using 15mi...

The knowledge of live weight of animals is so important in the livestock production and marketing practices that this study was undertaken to develop models for predicting the weight of sheep at market ages. Data comprising of the weight and linear body measurements were collected on the West African Long-Legged (WALL) and the West African Dwarf (W...

Se determinó el efecto del tamaño sobre la utilización de los componentes del huevo y peso embrionario durante la incubación de huevos de las líneas Dominant Black (DB) y Yaffa Brown (YB). Un total de 810 huevos (405 por línea), fueron agrupados en tres tamaños por línea (pequeños, medios y grandes) dispuestos en seis grupos experimentales con tres...

The characterisation of the small ruminant populations in developing countries will play a major role in the maintenance of the genetic resources as the basis for future improvement in livestock production. The present study aimed at morphological characterisation of the two main breeds of sheep in Ghana by assessing variation within and between br...

The characterisation of the small ruminant populations in developing countries will play a major role in the maintenance of the genetic resources as the basis for future improvement in livestock production. The present study aimed at morphological characterisation of the two main breeds of sheep in Ghana by assessing variation within and between br...

Indigenous livestock resources are strategic in the socio-economics of rural agricultural systems to ensure food security in resource poor countries. Therefore, better understanding of genetic variation holds the key to future utilization through preservation. We report the first analysis of genetic diversity of Nigerian sheep based on the D-loop r...

This investigation explored the ability to distinguish the morphological and heat-tolerant traits of Nigerian indigenous, exotic and cross-bred turkeys using multivariate discriminant analysis. A total of 228 turkeys that were 20 weeks old were utilized in the study. The body parameters measured were body weight (BW), body length (BL), shank length...

Coat colour contributes to physiological adaptation in mammals and mediates response to thermal stress. Twenty-four adult West African Dwarf sheep of both sexes and with different coat colour types were used in this study. We measured rectal temperature (RT), respiratory rate (RR) and pulse rate (PR) before sunrise and sunset during the late dry se...

The objectives of this study were to investigate the relationships between body weight and morpho-structural indices to predict body weight from their orthogonal body shape characters using principal component analysis and to morphologically classify the chicken genotypes using multivariate discriminant analysis. Data used were from 273 randomly se...

Este estudio examina la capacidad para distinguir los rasgos morfológicos y de tolerancia al calor en pavos autóctonos, exóticos y cruzados en Nigeria mediante el análisis discriminante multivariado. Un total de 228 pavos de 20 semanas de edad fueron utilizados en el estudio. Los parámetros corporales medidos fueron el peso corporal (BW), diámetro...

This study evaluated the effect of soil moisture and season on the morphometry of part of the reproductive tract of the Giant African Land snails, in a 2 x 2 x 4 factorial experiment with two species (Archachatina marginata and achatina achatina), soil moisture at two levels (low – 25ml of water/ week and high – 100ml water/week) and season at four...