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Die Fauna und Flora der Rügener Schreibkreide (Maastrichtium, Ostsee) / The fauna and flora of the Rügen White Chalk (Maastrichtian, Baltic Sea)
Abstract
The Rügen chalk is an important type locality of the European Upper Cretaceous. Today, it is one of best known chalk exposures. A study of the complete palaeontological literature published about the Lower Maastrichtian chalk from the lsle of Rügen in the southern Baltic: a review of collections and own studies give an overview about all taxa known from this locality. lmportant or interesting examples of all fossil groups are given by pictures. We know approximately 1400 species now, the majority of these are microfossils.
The vertical distribution of fossil taxa within the sections did not show distinctive changes in qualitative composition of fossil assemblages. They reflect conditions on the lower sublitoral below the storm wave base but within the dysphotic zone. Changing seasonal higher production events caused abundance fluctuations of different degree within different groups. However, the oxygen concentrations were not critical for the benthos. The benthos is characterised by a highly diverse soft bottorn assemblage, whereas the planklonic and nektonic assemblages are poor in species. The mass occurence of radiolarians within one horizon of the upper part of the section is probably caused by a productivity maximum and favourable diagenetic conditions.
The following specific name is new combined: Platanthozoites bibullatus (EGGER, 1899) comb. nov. REICH & FRENZEL [Octocorallia]. For the rhyncholite Scaptorrhynchus [syn. Rhyncolites] cretaceus (v. HAGENOW, 1842) from the Rügen chalk [Nautiloidea] a lectotype from the HAGENOW collection is designated.
... 14. Chomataster acules Spencer, 1913;Reich and Frenzel (2002), p. 182. ...
... Type locality and horizon: Isle of Rügen (Baltic Sea, northeast Germany); upper lower Maastrichtian, sumensis to fastigata belemnite zones (Reich and Frenzel, 2002). ...
Both partially articulated specimens and dissociated marginal ossicles form the basis for erection of two new species of Late Cretaceous goniasterids from the Mons and Liège-Limburg basins (Belgium) and the Hannover area (Germany). Chomataster breizh sp. nov., which recalls the type species, Chomataster acules Spencer, 1913, but differs in several respects, is based on a partial external mould of the marginal frame of disc and arms in flint (upper Campanian Spiennes Chalk Formation; Mons Basin), as well as on a more or less complete individual, preserving small, spherical spines and granules and encased in a flint nodule from the upper Maastrichtian Nekum Member (Maastricht Formation; Liège-Limburg Basin). In Ch. breizh sp. nov., supero- and inferomarginals bear close-set granule pits, of varying sizes, as well as bivalved alveolar scars of pedicellariae; median superomarginals and all inferomarginals lack large, crater-shaped spine pits – such are found only in the disc/arm transition and along the arms. Dissociated supero- and inferomarginal ossicles from the lower and upper Campanian of the Hannover area and the upper Campanian of northeast Belgium, previously recorded either as indeterminate astropectinids or as Nymphaster obtusus (Forbes, 1848) var. nov. and as Nymphaster sp., respectively, here are assigned to Nymphaster mudzborgh sp. nov. This species is characterised by a row of 3–5 large spine pits on the aboral and lateral surfaces of superomarginals; inferomarginals have an angular profile and a close cover of granule pits. Nymphaster tethysiensis Villier, 2001, from the upper Campanian of Landes (southwest France; Villier and Odin, 2001) appears best accommodated in Chomataster as well, because in the arm superomarginals alternate rather than meet over the mid-radial line.
... The outcropping strata at the sea cliffs of Jasmund consist of lower Maastrichtian chalk (c. 70 Ma; Reich and Frenzel, 2002) and paraconformly overlying Saalian to Weichselian sediments of subglacial and fluvial to lacustrine origin (e.g. Panzig, 1995;Kenzler et al., 2017). ...
Weichselian advances of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet have generated several glacitectonically deformed structures in the southwestern Baltic Sea area. One example is the 100 km² large Jasmund Glacitectonic Complex (JGC), which was formed proglacially and consists of two subparallel-orientated sets of composite ridges that represent a northern and southern structural complex. The two-part morphological structure of the JGC suggests a formation by two ice advances, one approaching from NE and one from SE direction. So far, this divided structure has been assumed to have been formed by short-time ice-front oscillations during an MIS 2 ice advance. However, based on their recently published ice dynamic model for MIS 3 and the available age data from Jasmund, lüthgens et al. (2020) propose a chronological reinterpretation of the JGC development, according to which two distinct ice advances during early and late MIS 3 formed the JGC. In order to test this novel stratigraphical model for the JGC formation, five OSL samples were taken from fluvial and lacustrine deposits at a key section near Glowe (NW Jasmund). The investigated succession is divided into pre-kinematic sediments, deposited before the glacitectonic deformation, and post-kinematic sediments, deposited after the deformation. Our results show that the youngest dated pre-tectonic sediment has a burial age between ∼40 and 34 ka, which rules out a glacitectonic deformation during an early MIS 3 ice advance (∼60–50 ka). In addition, by reviewing the existing age data set, a development of the JGC during an early and late MIS 3 advance of the SIS must be rejected. Instead, our data confirm the genesis of the JGC during MIS 2.
... Lithified invertebrate burrows can also be reworked, such as those from the Jurassic of the Boulonnais, northwest France (Ager and Wallace, 1970), and burrows preserved in flints from Upper Cretaceous chalks of northern Europe (Kennedy, 1970, pl. 3;Reich and Frenzel, 2002;Gravesen and Jakobsen, 2013) that may be collected from modern beaches. ...
The taphonomy of trace fossils and their substrates remains an understudied facet of sedimentary geology. Contrary to common prejudice, trace fossils are not invariably preserved in situ, but may be exhumed and reworked following lithification. The trace fossils most commonly found ex situ are borings in mobile shelly substrates. Two notable, but contrasting, examples of post-mortem transport of borings are described from the Maastrichtian (Upper Cretaceous) of southern Limburg, the Netherlands. A long, unusually straight and complete calcareous tube assigned to Teredolites longissimus Kelly and Bromley is an organically secreted internal mould, produced by a teredinid or pholadid bivalve boring in wood and lining their tube. Strictly, this is part of the body fossil of the producing bivalve, but it is also an organically generated internal mould of the boring. A flint steinkern of a right valve of Crassatella bosquetiana d’Orbigny preserves a suite of silicified borings. Caulostrepsis taeniola Clarke is a U-shaped boring with a vane connecting the parallel limbs. Talpina isp. is a slender, simple, branched tunnel. Most unexpected, Spirichnus spiralis Fürsich et al. is a spiral ‘worm’ boring hitherto only known from the Upper Jurassic. This stratigraphic gap is likely an artefact; only mouldic preservation of the bored substrate would expose the distinctive Spirichnus boring. These ichnofossils are united in their occurrence in unusual preservational systems.
... Traces of foraminifers that have bored into cephalopod shells were also reported. Examples are in Quenstedt (1849), Mägdefrau (1937), Pugaczewska (1965), Nadjin (1969), Kutscher (1972), Marcinowski (1972), Radwański (1972), Hofmann (1996), Reich and Frenzel (2002), Glaub (2004), Hosgör and Kosták (2012), Taylor et al. (2013. These traces, except for Semidendrina pulchra (in Seuss et al. 2015a) occur in the rostrum, an internal structure, of belemnites; this means that these traces were most likely produced post mortem. ...
The mid-Pennsylvanian (Desmoinesian–Virgilian) deposits from the Buckhorn Asphalt Quarry Lagerstätte near Sulphur,
Oklahoma, are characterized by siliciclastic–carbonate rocks. One of these deposits is the ‘cephalopod coquina’ that contains
a large amount of orthocerid and coiled nautiloid, and ammonoid shell remains. These were used for a detailed study on
bioerosion in cephalopod shells in order to help in the reconstruction of the paleoenvironment and to increase the general
knowledge on bioerosion in fossil cephalopods. More than 50 shell fragments were cast and investigated. The shells cast and
investigated in this study comprise a diverse set of ichnotaxa-/forms. Besides chlorophyte and cyanobacterial traces, also
rhodophyte, fungal, and spongal traces are present as well as those of unknown origin. In addition, there are six ichnoforms
that might have foraminiferans as producers. In orthoceratids, Ichnoreticulina elegans and a curly morphotype of Scolecia
isp. are most common while the abundance in coiled cephalopods is dominated by the ‘superthin form’, the ‘extremely thin
form’, and Flagrichnus profundus. In total, 22 ichnotaxa and -forms were recognized and 12 of these have their oldest record
in the Carboniferous. The succession of ichnotaxa/-forms in the casts of orthocones suggests deposition in the deep euphotic
to dysphotic zone of the Buckhorn sea while shells of coiled specimens had drifted for a while; they were therefore more
prone to bioerosion by autotrophs until they sank to the seafloor.
... The nearby localities Oberg (abandoned marl pit) and Höver (Alemannia quarry) reveal a similar fauna that has been dated into the early Campanian (e.g., Beck 1920;Voigt 1949). Along the northeastern coast of the Island of Rügen, the famous chalk cliffs of early Maastrichtian age exhibit a large fossil flora and fauna of over 1400 species among which there are at least 275 bryozoan species (Reich & Frenzel 2002). The early Maastrichtian sediments of Rügen have been correlated with deposits on the Island of Møn in Denmark (Herrig 1995). ...
Species commonly assigned to the cheilostome bryozoan genus Onychocella Jullien, 1882 are numerous in deposits of Late Cretaceous age. Among these are 15 species with wide stratigraphical and geographical distributions that are better placed in the genus Rhagasostoma Koschinsky, 1885. These are used here to show similarities between Late Cretaceous bryozoan associations from Western Europe and Central Asia. Type and additional material was examined of several species from the Turonian to the Maastrichtian of Western Europe, including material studied by R.M. Brydone, E. Voigt and T.A. Favorskaya and undescribed material from the Campanian and Maastrichtian of several localities in Eastern Europe and Central Asia. The new species Rhagasostoma brydonei sp. nov., R. aralense sp. nov. and R. operculatum sp. nov. are introduced. New and published data on the morphology and the stratigraphical and geographical distributions of R. inelegans (Lonsdale, 1850), R. gibbosum (Marsson, 1887), R. gibbosulum Brydone, 1936, R. rowei (Brydone, 1906) and R. mimosa (Brydone, 1930) is presented.
... He published his findings, including descriptions of dozens of new invertebrate species, in a monograph entitled Monographie der Rügen'schen Kreideversteinerungen, which comprises three volumes (von Hagenow 1839(von Hagenow , 1840(von Hagenow , 1842, dealing with Phytolithen und Polyparien, Radiarien und Annulaten and Mollusken, respectively. A predecessor of this series was published by von Hagenow (1838), and a possible fourth volume (on crustaceans and vertebrates; von Hagenow 1860) was compromised by his fading eyesight and remained unfinished and unpublished (Reich and Frenzel 2002). Various additional palaeontological investigations, dealing with Maastrichtian fossils in general and bryozoans in particular, were published in separate formats (e.g. ...
Abstract. Friedrich von Hagenow is renowned for his seminal inventory of the diverse invertebrate fauna from the lower Maastrichtian chalk (Upper Cretaceous) of the Isle of Rügen, Germany. Tragically, his immense collection at Stettin (today Szczecin, Poland) was almost completely destroyed during World War II, including the type material of hundreds of species established by him during the first half of the 19th century. Seven belemnite specimens from his collection rediscovered at the Museum für Naturkunde Berlin, as well as 14 belemnites traced at the Museum fur Mineralogie und Geologie at the Senckenberg Naturhistorische Sammlungen Dresden, include syntypes of four Talpina ichnospecies, labelled T. ramosa, T. solitaria, T. foliacea and T. sentiformis. To document this material, a new ‘digital cylinder seal technique’ was applied. The rediscovered material allows lectotype designations for T. ramosa and T. solitaria (now Trypanites solitarius), whereas T. foliacea and T. sentiformis, which were not formally published by von Hagenow, are regarded as nomina nuda. As a consequence, the nontopotypical neotypes of T. ramosa and T. solitaria, as designated by Ehrhard Voigt in 1972, are obsolete.
Crocodylia are one of the distinctive groups that survived the K/Pg mass extinction event. New material from Upper Cretaceous–lower Palaeogene deposits is therefore important to understanding shifts in crocodylian distribution and ecology. This paper describes a fragmentary mandible of a marine crocodylian, from the lower Maastrichtian (Upper Cretaceous) of Møns Klint (Denmark). The specimen is referred to cf. Thoracosaurus (Gavialoidea). Although the material was collected in 1968, it has not yet been formally described. However, the specimen warrants further attention, given its palaeoecological and palaeobiogeographical significance. For instance, the Møns Klint “Thoracosaurus” is an indication of increased competition between large piscivores, and of added predation pressure on fish and cephalopod communities. This gavialoid therefore provides new insight into predator-prey interactions in the Danish Chalk palaeoenvironment. Regarding crocodylian distribution, the Møns Klint specimen represents the oldest European gavialoid record, with all other material deriving from uppermost Maastrichtian and Danian deposits. This indicates that Gavialoidea were present in the European “Chalk Sea” throughout the Maastrichtian, rather than being latest Maastrichtian arrivals. Furthermore, the Møns Klint “Thoracosaurus” represents one of few lower Maastrichtian gavialoids worldwide, the other two being from Mississippi and New Jersey (USA). The specimen thus extends the palaeogeographical range of lower Maastrichtian gavialoids across the proto-Atlantic. This reveals transatlantic distribution of Gavialoidea dating back to the earliest Maastrichtian, providing further evidence for distributional communication between marine vertebrate faunas of North America and Europe. These factors make the Møns Klint “Thoracosaurus” particularly valuable to understanding the distribution of K/Pg Crocodylia.
For the preparation of carbonate fossils from fine-grained chalk sediments, several methods were tested and evaluated for their usefulness. These methods all used a wet sieving approach. For digestion various chemicals were used, namely hydrogen peroxide, Reowquat and glacial acetic acid. These were applied on the sample material in different combinations and a for different lengths of time.
The process has proven useful in which glacial acetic acid acts on the sample for 1 h, is wet-sieved briefly and then dried. This crystallizes calcium acetate, which then has to be washed out well. Measured by the fine fraction and the loss of material by washing out, the method described here is superior to the other. For example, in the other samples a maximum of 10 % fine fraction could be obtained in three sifting cycles; in the new method, 21 % could be obtained within a single sieving process.
The fossils found include bryozoans, polychaetes, shells, brachiopods, sea urchin fragemtns and benthic and planctonic foraminifera.
Die Erde ist ungefähr 4,6 Mrd. Jahre alt und hat seitdem dauernd Veränderungen durchgemacht. Schon in den ersten 500 Mio. Jahren entstanden eine feste äußere Schale, die Lithosphäre, und eine Gashülle, die Atmosphäre, welche vor etwa 4 Mrd. Jahren die 100 °C-Grenze unterschritt. Mit der Abkühlung der zunächst heißen Erde wurden große Mengen Wasser bei magmatischen Prozessen in Form von Wasserdampf freigesetzt, der dann kondensierte, und es bildeten sich Urmeere. Heute geht man davon aus, dass ein Teil des Wassers zudem aus dem Weltraum stammt und mit dem anfänglich intensiven Meteoritenhagel auf die Erde gelangt ist. Vor etwa 2,3 Mrd. Jahren bildete sich auf der Erde zum ersten Mal Eis: Die Kryosphäre war entstanden.
Die Erde ist konzentrisch-schalenförmig aufgebaut. Auf den Kern mit einem Radius von etwa 3470 km folgt der 2850 km dicke Mantel, darüber die Kruste. Diese misst im kontinentalen Bereich 30–40 km (selten bis 80 km), im ozeanischen Bereich knapp 5–8 km. Die Kruste bildet mit den obersten 70 km des Mantels die Lithosphäre. Diese ist fest und starr.
Die heutige Lithosphäre besteht aus acht größeren und einer Vielzahl kleinerer, gegeneinander verschiebbarer Platten, die auf der zähflüssigen, darunter liegenden Asthenosphäre (einer Komponente des Mantels) schwimmen. Aufsteigende Ströme (Konvektionsströme) im magmatischen Untergrund werden als Motoren der Platten- bzw. Kontinentverschiebung angesehen. Die Geschwindigkeit der Plattenbewegungen reicht von wenigen Millimetern bis über 10 cm pro Jahr.
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