Michał Błażej Ponczek

Michał Błażej Ponczek
University of Lodz · Department of General Biochemistry

PhD DSc (dr hab. or dr. habil.) Biochemistry
Namra Fatima joined my lab as a PhD student at www.uni.lodz.pl/biomedchem Area: CryoEM structure of kininogen

About

88
Publications
20,242
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Introduction
Molecular evolution, phylogenetics, molecular modelling, docking, dynamics and bioinformatics in the field of biochemistry of proteins of hemostasis and drug design, with particular emphasis on the importance of contact proteases (FXI, FXII, PK) in thrombotic diseases. Simulations of ligand binding to proteins - molecular docking. Structural prediction, modelling, molecular dynamics and other analyses of proteins. Drug likeliness prediction. Structural biology - CryoEM - structure of kininogens.
Additional affiliations
June 2019 - July 2019
Vanderbilt University
Position
  • Visiting Scholar
October 2008 - present
University of Lodz
Position
  • Adiunkt (Assistant Professor)
April 2008 - July 2008
University of California, San Diego
Position
  • Fellow
Description
  • EMBO Short-Term Fellowship ASTF 83.00-2008
Education
March 2017 - March 2017
ideas4biology
Field of study
  • Training course: NGS in the study of gene regulation
March 2017 - March 2017
ideas4biology
Field of study
  • Training course: Introduction to processing and analyzing NGS data
February 2017 - September 2017
University of Lodz
Field of study
  • Biochemistry and Bioinformatics

Publications

Publications (88)
Article
Full-text available
Previous reports have noted that factor (F) XI and FXII and prekallikrein (the contact phase proteases) are absent in fish. A broad survey of recently completed genomes was undertaken to find where during the course of vertebrate evolution these coagulation factors appeared. BLAST searches were conducted for the various factors on genomes of lampre...
Article
Full-text available
Protochordate genomes enable a prevalence of hemostasis evolution. Broad searches were performed for homologs of human serine proteases of hemostasis on the genomes of Branchiostoma floridae, Saccoglossus kowalevskii, and Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. Sequences were analyzed by multiple bioinformatic tools. The survey revealed numerous homologous...
Article
Full-text available
Factor XI (FXI) is the zymogen of a plasma protease (FXIa) that contributes to hemostasis by activating factor IX (FIX). In the original cascade model of coagulation, FXI is converted to FXIa by factor XIIa (FXIIa), a component, along with prekallikrein and high-molecular-weight kininogen (HK), of the plasma kallikrein-kinin system (KKS). More rece...
Article
Full-text available
Kininogens are multidomain glycoproteins found in the blood of most vertebrates. High molecular weight kininogen demonstrate both carrier and co-factor activity as part of the intrinsic pathway of coagulation, leading to thrombin generation. Kininogens are the source of the vasoactive nonapeptide bradykinin. To date, attempts to crystallize kininog...
Article
Background During plasma contact activation, factor XII (FXII) binds to surfaces through its heavy chain, and undergoes conversion to the protease FXIIa. FXIIa activates prekallikrein and factor XI (FXI). Recently, we showed that the FXII first epidermal growth factor (EGF1) domain is required for normal activity when polyphosphate is used as a sur...
Article
Full-text available
This article presents the biochemical properties of poly(lactide)-zinc (PLA-Zn) composites obtained by DC magnetron sputtering of zinc onto melt-blown nonwoven fabrics. The biochemical properties were determined by the evaluation of the activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) and prothrombin time (PT). The antimicrobial activity of the PLA-Zn...
Poster
Full-text available
Kininogen wielkocząsteczkowy (HK), działając jako kofaktor krzepnięcia krwi w procesie krzepnięcia przez kontakt na naładowanych ujemnie powierzchniach, wiąże prekallikreinę oraz czynnik XI przy udziale czynnika XII, a dodatkowo służy jako źródło uwalniania bradykininy. Słabej rozdzielczości obrazy cząsteczek zostały uzyskane wiele lat temu za pomo...
Article
Full-text available
The paper presents the investigation of the biological properties of Poly(Lactide)—Copper composite material obtained by sputter deposition of copper onto Poly(lactide) melt-blown nonwoven fabrics. The functionalized composite material was subjected to microbial activity tests against colonies of Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus), Gram-negative...
Article
Full-text available
Background: Blackthorn flower (Prunus spinosa L.) is a traditional herbal remedy recommended for treating cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Aim: This in vitro study investigates the effects of flavonol and A-type procyanidin-rich blackthorn flower extracts on the hemostatic system, including the blood plasma coagulation cascade and platelet aggregati...
Article
Full-text available
Alginate-based materials have gained significant attention in the medical industry due to their biochemical properties. In this article, we aimed to synthesize Cotton-Alginate-Copper Composite Materials (COT-Alg (−) Cu (2+)). The main purpose of this study was to assess the biochemical properties of new composites in the area of blood plasma coagul...
Conference Paper
Factor XII (FXII), the zymogen of the plasma protease FXIIa, contributes to thrombo-inflammatory processes. As part of the kallikrein-kinin system, FXIIa converts prekallikrein to the protease kallikrein (PKa), which then cleaves high-molecular-weight kininogen (HK) to release the vasoactive peptide bradykinin. In the disorder hereditary angioedema...
Presentation
Full-text available
Oral Communication Coagulation and Natural Anticoagulants Contact Pathway: Structure and Function II OC 70.2 - The first insight into the spatial structure of human kininogen by cryogenic electron microscopy and computational methods Wednesday, June 28, 2023 10:30 – 10:45 ET Room: 516 Session Available As: Live-Stream and On-Demand Presenting Autho...
Poster
Background: High molecular weight kininogen (HK) is a key cofactor for appropriate assembly and activation of the contact system which binds prekallikrein (PK) and Factor XI (FXI). The FXI and PK-HK interactions mediate critical binding interactions that facilitate contact activation and bradykinin generation. Aims: To understand the utility of Alp...
Article
Ethnopharmacological relevance: Traditional medicine recommends the use of Rheum rhaponticum L. and R. rhabarbarum L. to treat over thirty complaints, including disorders related to the cardiovascular system such as heartache, pains in the pericardium, epistaxis and other types of haemorrhage, blood purification as well as disorders of venous circ...
Article
Full-text available
Background: Inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and alterations in blood physiology are key factors contributing to atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular disorders. Hence, modulation of endothelial function and reducing its pro-inflammatory and pro-thrombotic activity is considered one of the most important cardioprotective strategies. This...
Preprint
Full-text available
This preprint is currently under review in IJMS journal (https://www.mdpi.com/journal/ijms). Please, do not send me any peer review offers. Abstract: Kininogens are multidomain glycoproteins found in the blood of most vertebrates. They are important in the blood coagulation cascade pathways - in intrinsic pathway activation leading to thrombin ge...
Article
Full-text available
Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is one of the key targets for athero-sclerosis drug development as its binding with low-density lipoprotein receptor leads to ath-erosclerosis. The protein-ligand interaction helps to understand the actual mechanism for the pharmacological action. This research aims to discover the best inhibito...
Article
Ethnopharmacological relevance A wide range of traditional medicine applications of Uncaria tomentosa (Willd. ex Schult.) DC., commonly known as ‘vilcacora’ or ‘cat's claw’, includes blood purification, its anticoagulant properties and its use in haemorrhage therapy. Aim of the study Our work is devoted to the effects of ethanol and aqueous extrac...
Article
Full-text available
The Pulmonaria species (lungwort) are edible plants and traditional remedies for different disorders of the respiratory system. Our work covers a comparative study on biological actions in human blood plasma and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)-inhibitory properties of plant extracts (i.e., phenolic-rich fractions) originated from aerial parts of P. obscur...
Patent
Full-text available
https://worldwide.espacenet.com/patent/search/family/074186999/publication/PL236490B1?q=ap%3DPL426715%2A Abstract: NOVELTY - Producing protein-nucleic complexes involves using blood coagulation contact proteins and obtaining purified nucleic acids. The nucleic acids are isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) obtained by density g...
Poster
Full-text available
Abstract Number: PB0255 Theme: Coagulation and Natural Anticoagulants » Contact Pathway Background: Whole genome sequences have facilitated reconstruction of the natural histories of complex processes, such as vertebrate blood coagulation (Figure). Aims: To update and correct our prior work on the evolution of the kallikrein-kinin system (KKS) p...
Article
Full-text available
Many natural coumarins and their chemically synthesized analogs and derivatives exert diverse properties, such as anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, or anticoagulant, with the latter being of the utmost importance. The widely used warfarin, acenocoumarol, and phenprocoumon exert anticoagulant properties by inhibiting the vitamin K epoxide...
Patent
Full-text available
Sposób wytwarzania kompleksów białkowo-nukleinowych z udziałem białek kontaktu krzepnięcia krwi oraz uzyskiwania z nich oczyszczonych kwasów nukleinowych, znamienny tym, że kwasy nukleinowe izoluje się z jednojądrzastych komórek krwi obwodowej (PBMC) otrzymanych przez wirowanie krwi w gradiencie gęstości, i poddaje się je reakcji z osoczem uzyskiwa...
Article
Full-text available
The aim of this study was to determine the cytotoxic effect of 3-arylidenechromanone (1) and 3-arylideneflavanone (2) on HL-60 and NALM-6 cell lines (two human leukemia cell lines) and a WM-115 melanoma cell line. Both compounds exhibited high cytotoxic activity with higher cytotoxicity exerted by compound 2, for which IC50 values below 10 µM were...
Book
Full-text available
Project “Support for European Union action in the field of CBRN security managers education” SE-CBRN-URE is funded by European Commission, The Directorate-General for Migration and Home Affairs (DG HOME) from Internal Security Fund – Police, call “Implementation of the EU CBRN Action Plan, the EU Action Plan on enhancing the security of explosives...
Article
Plasmin (EC 3.4.21.7) is a key enzyme of the fibrinolytic system, responsible for the degradation of fibrin clot and maintaining blood fluidity. Hence, alterations of the fibrinolytic capacity of blood plasma may contribute to thrombotic or bleeding complications. The aim of this study was to determine effects of a bufadienolide-rich fraction, isol...
Experiment Findings
Full-text available
Blood coagulation is caused, i.a., by proteins called coagulation factors. Excessive clotting leads to blood clots and blockages in the blood vessels and threatens death. Clots are often initiated by a group of clotting proteins, which are called contact factors (factor XI, factor XII, prekallikrein, high molecular weight kininogen). Contact factor...
Article
Background: Scientists still look for new drugs, which have anticoagulant properties. This is so important because existing anticoagulant drugs give many side effects, for example major bleeding. In this study we examined nine coumarin derivatives - candidates to be future antithrombotic drugs, which were synthetized and crystallized in our previo...
Article
This paper examines the cytotoxic effect of nine compounds with spiropyrazoline structures, and determines the reaction mechanism between diazomethane and selected benzylideneflavanones, their lipophilicity, and their binding ability to human serum albumin. The cytotoxic effect was determined on two human leukaemia cell lines (HL-60 and NALM-6) and...
Article
Thrombin is an active plasma coagulation factor II, critical for the formation of fibrin clot during blood coagulation. For that reason, this protein is also a crucial target for different anti-thrombotic therapies. The work is based on in vitro evaluation of the inhibitory effect of bufadienolide-rich fraction, isolated from roots of Kalanchoe dai...
Article
Intensive genetic selection has improved productive traits in poultry and contributed to changes in systemic metabolism; however, their blood coagulation processes have received little study. The precise physiological mechanisms of haemostasis in birds remain poorly understood, but blood clotting is believed to be governed by an extrinsic tissue fa...
Article
Full-text available
The tissue factor (TF) – tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) axis plays a major role in hemostasis. Disorders of the coagulation system are commonly diagnosed with the help of screening tests such as prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), and plasma fibrinogen concentration (PFC). However, the effect of prebiotics o...
Poster
Full-text available
Blood coagulation factor XI is significant protein of haemostasis and thrombosis forming dimers through N-terminal apple 4 domains. Known crystal and NMR structures of apple 4 dimers are slightly different. Therefore, dynamics of dimeric blood coagulation factor XI seems to be interesting phenomenon as crystal and NMR structures show differences, a...
Article
Coagulation factor XI is present in blood plasma as the zymogen, like other serine proteases of hemostatic system, but as the only coagulation factor forms 140–160 kDa homodimers. Its activation is induced by thrombin, and a positive feedback increases the generation of the extra thrombin. Experimental and clinical observations confirm protective r...
Data
A link to download 319 MB of FXIPLGrid MD data
Article
Series of new coumarin derivatives with di- or trimethoxybenzylamine moiety in C-3 position were synthesized. The structures of all obtained compounds were characterized by IR, 1H NMR, MS and elemental analysis. Two structures of coumarin were determined by X-ray crystallography. Hirshfeld surface analysis has been employed in order to study interm...
Poster
Full-text available
Blood coagulation factor XI (FXI) is a protein regarded as an important risk factor of thrombosis and a medication target in humans. [1] It consists of four N-terminal apple domains (A1, A2, A3 and A4) and one Cterminal serine protease domain (SP). Two polypeptide chains form homodimer through A4 domains. The structure of the human dimer was solved...
Article
The aim of the present study was the investigation of peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)) effects on fibrinolysis in vitro and in silico. The exposure of human plasminogen to ONOO(-) (10-1000μM) resulted in a decrease of t-PA-induced amidolytic activity of plasmin; the inhibitory effect was associated with the increasing level of 3-nitrotyrosine in plasminogen...
Article
Full-text available
Proteolytic enzymes, known also as the proteases, proteinases or peptidases, belong to the class of hydrolases involved in hydrolytic degradation of peptide bonds. These enzymes have been identified in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Typical human genome contains about 2% of the genes that are responsible for encoding of proteolytic enzymes....
Article
Matricaria chamomilla L. (MC), a member of the Asteraceae family, is one of the oldest medicinal plants, widely used worldwide for a variety of healing applications. Its recommendations, derived from both traditional and modern medicine, include numerous disorders such as inflammation, ulcers, wounds, gastrointestinal disorders, stomach each, phary...
Poster
Full-text available
The coagulation factor XI (FXI) is a novel protein in vertebrate evolution, present only in mammals offering an extra way for more effective blood clotting. The consequence of an increased risk of thrombosis is a grim side effect. FXI takes part in intrinsic blood coagulation after factor XII (FXII) activation on negatively charged contact surfaces...
Article
Full-text available
Thrombin, also known as an active plasma coagulation factor II, belongs to the family of serine proteases and plays a crucial role in blood coagulation process. The process of thrombin generation is the central event of the hemostatic process and regulates blood coagulant activity. For this reason, thrombin inhibition is key to successful novel ant...
Article
Blood coagulation consists of series of zymogens which can be converted by limited proteolysis to active enzymes leading to the generation of thrombin and conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin by this enzyme. The activated factor X (FXa) forms prothrombinase complex on phosphatidylserine containing surface which is responsible for conversion of prot...
Article
Full-text available
Platelets are the smallest, depleted of nucleus blood cells which contain a typical cellular organelles including the mitochondria, so that have active metabolism. Platelets possess the highly organized cytoskeleton, specific secretory granules and unique membrane receptors system responsible for their high reactivity. The key role of blood platele...
Article
Full-text available
Subjects of bovine and porcine flocks are sometimes susceptible to death before time of slaughter, and some of those deaths may be due to cardiovascular problems connected with stress. The role of oxidative stress in farm animals is yet unexplored. Human fibrinogen seems to be highly susceptible to nitration. Peroxynitrite produced from superoxide...
Article
LPS (lipopolysaccharide) induces platelet activation and is a well-known fundamental agent of septic shock and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Biological activity of (1→3)-β-d-glucan is related due to its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antitumor properties. We focus our attention on the (1→3)-β-d-glucan (antiplatelet) properties....
Article
Full-text available
Participation of fibrin, fibrinogen, and their degradation products in pathogenesis and progression of cancer may lead to complications of thromboembolic events. The tumor may be a source of fibrinogen. Fibrinogen inside the tumor is one of the factors of its growth and metastasis. Fibrinogen, fibrin and their degradation products possess proinflam...
Article
Full-text available
A unique mechanism of clot formation evolved in time of the emergence of vertebrates, probably more than 500 million years ago. In the classical cascade of blood clotting thrombin formation may be initiated by two overlapping coagulation pathways – extrinsic and intrinsic pathway. The common target for these alternative routes is the initiation of...
Article
Fibrinogen (Fg) also known as coagulation factor I represents about 4% of the total human plasma proteins. The main function of Fg is its involvement in last phase of blood coagulation cascade, when thrombin-induced conversion of dissolved plasma fibrinogen into an insoluble fibrin clot occurs. The reaction of fibrinogen with peroxynitrite causes b...
Article
Full-text available
Platelets are the smallest, unnucleated blood cells that play a key role in maintaining normal hemostasis. In the human body about 1x1011 platelets are formed every day, as a the result of complex processes of differentiation, maturation and fragmentation of megakaryocytes. Studies done over 4 decades ago demonstrated that circulating in blood matu...
Article
Thrombin is a serine protease that cleaves the peptide bonds in proteins located on the carboxyl side of arginine. Thrombin plays a central role in thromboembolic diseases, which are the major cause of mortality. The aim of the study was to estimate the effects of plant extracts on proteolytic properties of thrombin. Thrombin was incubated with pol...
Poster
Full-text available
Recently performed whole genome sequencing of exponents of primitive chordates like amphioxus Branchiostoma floridae and sea squirt Ciona intestinalis, hemichordates like acorn worm Saccoglossus kowalevskii and echinoderms such as sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus enables moving back in examination of evolution of hemostasis. The purpose of...
Data
Appendix 1. Sequences (Fig. 2), sequences and results of phylogenetic analysis (Fig. 3). Supplementary material 1
Article
Oxidative stress, vascular inflammation, endothelial dysfunction plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. The aim of our in vitro study was to examine the antioxidative properties of grape seed extract, and its potential protective effect on the haemostatic function of human fibrinogen under oxidative stress conditions,...
Article
Fibrinogen appears to be particularly sensitive to toxic action of peroxynitrite; a potent oxidizing and nitrating species. An increased nitration of fibrinogen has been reported in cardiovascular diseases. The defense mechanisms against PN are crucial for complex hemostasis process. Flavonoids have antioxidative properties and could protect biomol...
Article
Oxidative stress plays an important role in multiple sclerosis (MS). The present study was designed to evaluate the modifications of plasma proteins by estimation markers of oxidative/nitrosative stress: carbonyl groups and 3-nitrotyrosines (3-NT) levels in relapsing-remitting (RR) (n=10) and secondary progressive (SP) (n=10) clinical course of mul...
Article
Full-text available
Thrombin is plasma serine protease generated in the blood coagulation cascade. Active form of human thrombin: α-thrombin is a 36 kDa molecule consisting of 2 polypeptide chains (A and B) covalently linked by a single disulfide bond. Thrombin is mostly associated with blood coagulation and fibrinolysis. However, thrombin is also able to induce biolo...
Article
As demonstrated in recent years, one of the major factors of oxidative stress, generated in the circulatory system, in both acute and chronic pathological conditions, is peroxynitrite (ONOO –). Peroxynitrite is a strong biological oxidant and nitrating compound, generated in vivo from a rapid reaction of two relatively less reactive, but commonly f...
Article
Lots of plants belonging to Asteraceae family are very popular in folk medicine in Poland. These plants are also known as being rich in acidic polysaccharides, due to the presence of hexuronic acids or its derivatives. Our preliminary experiments have shown that the extract from Conyza canadensis L. possesses various biological activity, including...
Article
Oral hormone therapy (HT) and menopausal age are both prothrombotic risk factors. The aim of our study was to compare the hemostatic parameters in plasma of postmenopausal women after 6 months of oral HT with parameters of control (without treatment) postmenopausal women. Twenty-seven postmenopausal women were treated with 17β-estradiol (1 mg) and...
Article
Hormone therapy (HT) can be prothrombotic risk factor. We compared the effects of oral HT (o-HT) and transdermal HT (t-HT) on the kinetic of clot formation and fibrinolysis in postmenopausal women after 6 months HT using a multiparameter test. We observed that after HT, the level of fibrinogen was higher than in controls (Fg 3.12 g/l vs. 4.24 g/l (...
Article
Full-text available
The extremely complicated systems of proteins are a result of many series of duplications and shuffling of domains in genomes of predecessors of nowadays living creatures. Fibrinogen, a key blood clotting protein, is characteristic only for vertebrates. The protein could not be found in chordates like lancelet or sea squirt by biochemical nor bioin...
Article
Full-text available
C-terminals of amino acid sequences that are homological to fibrinogen chains, together belong to family of FRED domains. FRED domains are engaged in protein – protein interactions, like in fibrinogen and angiopoietins or bind carbohydrate, like in mammal ficolins. FRED domain spread between mentioned proteins by gen duplications and exon shuffling...
Article
Full-text available
Enterprises of whole genome sequencing together with information technology progress enable reconstruction of blood clotting evolution by bioinformatic methods. It together offers a base to conclude that the contact phase of vertebrate blood coagulation is evolutionary young and shaped merely before divergence of marsupial and placental mammals. Am...
Presentation
Full-text available
The intrinsic phase of blood coagulation seems to be evolutionary young and shaped merely in marsupial and placental mammals. Amphibians, birds and platypus own a single gene corresponding to the predecessor of factor XI (FXI) and prekallikrein (PK) as revealed by bioinformatic genome searches. The opossum has both PK and FXI like eutherian mammals...
Poster
Full-text available
Blood clotting and fibrinolysis proteins of mammals and other higher vertebrates appear to be a result of gene duplications, divergence and domain shifting. Extrinsic pathway, important in physiologic coagulation in human, looks to be simpler in lampreys comparing with jawed vertebrates. On the other hand, intrinsic pathway, significant in patholog...
Article
Full-text available
The effect of nitronium ion on nitration, carbonylation and coagulation of human fibrinogen (Fg) in vitro was investigated. We observed that nitration of tyrosine, induced by NO2BF4 (0.01 mmol/l), was increased. No changes in carbonylation by NO2BF4 (0.01 mmol/l) were noticed. Mentioned alterations were associated with amplified coagulation of Fg....
Article
Based on previous studies suggesting that fibrinogen (Fg) might be a potential target for peroxynitrite (PN) action in plasma, we investigated the effects of PN on structure and hemostatic function of Fg in vitro. Using fluorescence and spectrophotometric methods, we estimated that about 0.5, 2 and 8 tyrosine residues per molecule were nitrated fol...
Article
Full-text available
Resveratrol (3,4',5-trihydroxystilbene) has a very broad range of biological properties, including antiplatelet and antioxidative activity. We investigated in vitro the effect of resveratrol on carbonylation of proteins (indicators of oxidative stress) in blood platelets treated with peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)), a strong biological oxidant and inflamma...
Article
The protective effects of resveratrol (3, 4', 5-trihydroxystilbene; present naturally in different plants) against the oxidative/nitrative damage of human plasma proteins induced by peroxynitrite (ONOO-) were studied and compared with those of deferoxamine (DFO; a natural siderophore isolated from Streptomyces pilosus), which is a typical and well-...
Article
Full-text available
Free radicals and reactive oxygen or nitrogen species generated during oxidative stress and as by-products of normal cellular metabolism may damage all types of biological molecules. Proteins are major initial targets in cell. Reactions of a variety of free radicals and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species with proteins can lead to oxidative modifi...

Questions

Questions (3)
Question
I am looking for an open bioinformatic program or script with the option of quick analyzing the presence or absence of nonsynonymous SNPs in the NGS results of amplicons of known proteins in a particular human individuals. The program of course may include mapping to the reference genomes but in principle it should detect known SNPs by analyzing the nucleotide sequence and finding a substitution in a codon causing a change in a known SNP position (triggering mutation to another amino acid). Mainly known substitutions are important, however detection of novel would be optional with mapping. I possibly would appreciate pointing to a few programs to fix them with a script. And it's not about dbSNP on NCBI or any other.
Question
Is there any way in Europe to get a small amount of frozen citrate plasma (several microliters should be enough) of platypus and echidna from Australia?
The research would involve cross-check reaction of some monotreme plasma proteins on antibodies against human plasma proteins by western-blotting.
If anyone has an access to the animals and knows how to organize such matter I would be grateful for personal contact.

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