Safety Analysis of Pedestrian as the users of Road Traffic in the Slovak Republic

Abstract

The article deals with the current state of traffic accidents in Slovakia. The unfavorable trend is documented on the basis of statistical data for the last 7 years and on the assessment of the consequences of road accidents. Based on the assessment of the development of traffic accidents, the authors identify areas with the highest traffic accident, define risk groups of road users and determine possible causes of traffic accidents. Given that the current state of transport infrastructure in high-risk areas it does not allow sufficient throughput of traffic flows and additional infrastructure expansion is not possible in urban areas, it is important to look for new, progressive tools that will make the transport system more efficient and safer. The authors of the article propose appropriate precautions to reduce traffic accidents and reduce the negative consequences of road accidents. A separate chapter is a case study.

Full text

Proceedings of 23st International Scientific Conference. Transport Means 2019.
Safety Analysis of Pedestrian as the users of Road Traffic in the Slovak Republic
P. Kohút1, Ľ. Macurová2, E. Sventeková3, M. Ballay4
1University of Žilina, Institute of Forensic Research and Education, Ulica 1. mája 32, 010 26 Žilina, Slovak Republic, E-
mail: pavol.kohut@uzvv.uniza.sk
2University of Žilina, Institute of Forensic Research and Education, Ulica 1. mája 32, 010 26 Žilina, Slovak Republic, E-
mail: ludmila.macurova@uzvv.uniza.sk
3University of Žilina, Faculty of Security Engineering, Department of Technical Sciences and Informatics, Ulica 1. mája
32, 010 26 Žilina, Slovak Republic, E-mail: eva.sventekova@fbi.uniza.sk
4University of Žilina, Faculty of Security Engineering, Department of Technical Sciences and Informatics, Ulica 1. mája
32, 010 26 Zilina, Slovak Republic, E-mail: michal.ballay@fbi.uniza.sk
Abstract
The article deals with the current state of traffic accidents in Slovakia. The unfavorable trend is documented on the basis
of statistical data for the last 7 years and on the assessment of the consequences of road accidents. Based on the assessment
of the development of traffic accidents, the authors identify areas with the highest traffic accident, define risk groups of
road users and determine possible causes of traffic accidents. Given that the current state of transport infrastructure in
high-risk areas it does not allow sufficient throughput of traffic flows and additional infrastructure expansion is not
possible in urban areas, it is important to look for new, progressive tools that will make the transport system more efficient
and safer. The authors of the article propose appropriate precautions to reduce traffic accidents and reduce the negative
consequences of road accidents. A separate chapter is a case study.
KEY WORDS:
pedestrian, safety, accident, road transport
1. Introduction
The most vulnerable participants road traffic are pedestrians, and that notably children and the elderly. Pedestrian
meetings and road vehicles may end up with with the consequences of minor or severe injuries in some cases and killing
pedestrians. Pedestrian represents a person, that moves by walking on the roads thereby becomes a participant road traffic
and team for him arising obligation to comply prescribed rules. Act of the National Council of the Slovak Republic no.
8/2009 Coll. on Road Traffic and about change and amendments to certain laws (hereinafter referred to as "Road Traffic
Act") modifies basic concepts pertaining to road traffic rules of the road. Rights and obligations non-motorized road users
as well as drivers of road vehicles and administrative offenses for violation this Act. [1,13]
Traffic accidents they have a stochastic character and therefore randomness is also present and the interplay usually hardly
unforeseeable circumstances from the outside environment, as well as the inscrutability of behavior other participants
road traffic. Large share on the creation accidents have chauffeurs of road vehicles with their ruthlessness, lack of
foresight, aggressiveness and the driving hazard. From pedestrians drivers can expect that they suddenly enter the runway
do not pay attention to road traffic and pedestrian crossings behave ill-considered. For children behavior is impulsive they
are not able to estimate distance and time have a narrowed field of view and insufficiently developed motor coordination.
Elderly among others have impaired visual ability and perception, less concentration and prolonged reaction time what
leads to more difficult adaptation certain road traffic requirements. [2, 6]
With traffic accidents with the participation of pedestrians You may be encountered almost daily, and therefore
it's important to look for the causes of traffic accidents, the degree of fault on the part of road accidents, site with the
highest number of road accidents, to analyze the seasonal development of traffic accidents, and also focus on traffic
accidents among pedestrians as the most vulnerable a group of road users. The course of a traffic accident can be solved
by mathematical-graphical analysis movement of vehicles processed by PC-Crash application program version 12.0.
designed to simulate the interaction of vehicles and bodies. Accuracy of speed outputs is within ± 5% of the input
variables. The course of the accident it is possible to comment based on facts that have been detected at the scene of the
accident from the photo documentation technical description of the vehicle, inspecting the place of traffic accident and
information obtained from the documents the accident in question. Based on the analysis of traffic accidents is possible
then determine the appropriate preventive measures to reduce the accident rate. as well as reducing the negative
consequences of road accidents. [4,5,7,8,9]

2. Development of traffic accidents on place of Slovak Republic
Statistical data on the development of traffic accidents criteria have a authorized importance, as these data are
helpful in analyzing the causes and consequences of traffic accidents, in improving road safety, in identifying accident
prevention measures, etc. Through traffic accident analysis is possible appropriate preventive measures to reduce traffic
accidents, as well as reducing the negative consequences of road accidents. [3]
On the territory of the Slovak Republic (hereinafter referred to as SR) is dedicated attention trend in traffic
accidents through traffic accident statistics because it is not essential to track only the number of traffic accidents but also
the associated negative consequences. There is a substantial difference if in a traffic accident, the road user kills, if the
participant gets hurt, or if the participant is not injured and only material damage occurred. Development of traffic
accidents in the Slovak Republic during the period 2011 – 2017 is processed through statistical data (Fig. 1) which are
targeted to the current status traffic accidents involving pedestrians as non-motorized road users.
Fig. 1 Development of traffic accidents pedestrian according to individual consequences [12]
By Fig. 1 shows that in the period 2011 – 2017 has the development accidents with minor injuries fluctuating
tendency. During last three years the number of these road accidents increased by 16%. Is not successful well in the long
run reduce the number of road accidents resulting in serious injuries. The development of these accidents was almost
constant over the reporting period. Traffic accidents were reduced in the period 2011-2013 with the participation
pedestrians of killed , whereas in 2013 this decline was almost 46%. The worst period was during 2014 and 2015, when
he was in traffic accidents recorded the largest number of killed pedestrians. In the following years can be considered the
development trend of traffic accidents with the participation of killed pedestrians.
Accident indicators are the most common criteria used for evaluating the safety of pedestrians in the Slovak
Republic. They serve for a more detailed assessment of traffic accidents. Table 1 shows the severity of accidents moderate
severity of accidents and the relative degree of safety. Table 1
Severity of accidents and moderate severity accidents involving pedestrians and the relative safety level [12]
Year
Severity of accidents
Central seriousness
of accidents
Relative degree
of security
2011
2,98E+04
2,55E+01
1,17E+03
2012
2,95E+04
2,39E+01
1,15E+03
2013
2,99E+04
2,68E+01
1,17E+03
2014
2,89E+04
2,42E+01
1,13E+03
2015
3,08E+04
2,50E+01
1,20E+03
2016
2,92E+04
2,33E+01
1,14E+03
2017
2,81E+04
2,25E+01
1,10E+03
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
1169 1230 1114 1194 1235 1249 1245
757 780 689 772 796 877 865
270 278 283 281 277 261 286
75 66 65 58 58 80 49
Number of pedestrian injuries
Years
traffic accidents light injuries severe injuries killed pedestrian

More accurate view the situation can be obtained in differentiating regional differences, such as at the level of
self-governing regions. More detailed development of traffic accidents involving pedestrians by region in the period 2010-
2017 is shown in Fig. 2
Fig. 2 Evolution of numbers accidents involving pedestrians by individual regions in Slovakia [12]
For negative perhaps evaluate thethat, is not successful in the longer term, reduce the number of road accidents
involving pedestrians and their development rather fluctuating in the period under review. Traffic accidents are most
common involving pedestrians in the Bratislava and Košice regions, and vice versa the least in the Trenčín and Trnava
regions. Between the counties with the largest representation killed pedestrians they mainly include the Žilina and Prešov
regions. Region of Nitra and Trenčín have the lowest representation in these traffic accidents. In the Trnava Region as
one it thrives longer reduce the number of traffic accidents resulting in death.
For more objective comparison number development accidents in individual regions is in the following table
road accident calculation described the population and on the length of the road network individual regions. Most people
live in Prešov and Košice regions, on the contrary, the least population has Trnava and Trencin regions. Most kilometers
of road network has Banská Bystrica and Prešov regions. The conversion is the order of the regions with the most traffic
accidents the same as per 10 000 inhabitants, but dominates the Bratislava region, which exceeded other regions several
times. Traffic Accident Results of the Bratislava Region they are markedly determined traffic situation in Bratislava, city
with high intensity and concentrated traffic in a relatively small area. Relatively high accident rate compared to other
regions also has the Žilina Region. [12] Table 2
Traffic accident rate pedestrian by region in 2018 in conversion per 10 000 inhabitants and 100 km [12]
Region
The population
Number of traffic
accidents / 10 000
inhabitants
Number of traffic
accidents / 100 km
Banska Bystrica region
655 359
2,120975
4,345310
Bratislava region
625 167
3,071179
23,92893
Kosice region
795 565
2,199695
7,345337
Nitra region
684 922
1,606022
4,244507
Presov region
819 977
2,207379
5,747756
Trencin region
591 233
1,674467
5,281470
Trnava region
558 677
1,915239
5,504047
Zilina region
690 449
2,766316
9,423764
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Number of traffic accidents
Years
Banskobystrický region Bratislavský region Košický region Nitriansky region
Prešovský region Trenčiansky region Trnavský region Žilinský region

The most common traffic collisions occurs when when a pedestrian suddenly enters the road from the sidewalk
changes the walking path he doesn't look around or does not estimate the distance and vehicle speed. Most dead
pedestrians usually resides in autumn and winter, which are characterized by bad weather, when drivers must drive in
difficult conditions (rain, snow, fog, long nights and short days). These difficult conditions result reduced visibility which
increases probability collisions. Pedestrians should be separately careful in winter and should be disciplined and
considerate, do not overestimate your skills and skills and observe the principle of see and be seen. As for safe driving in
the winter it requires experience from drivers and more demanding technology especially sense for gentle vehicle control
in the case of shear. An important role he also has a good one technical condition of the vehicle. [7,8]
Vehicle drivers are in difficult conditions to drive at a reasonable speed under the NRSR Act no. 315/1996 Coll.
on road traffic as amended in particular, given the fact that that while driving at night are often dazzled by headlights
oncoming traffic. For that, to the driver of the person or objects noticed, not enough to be in the field of vision but they
must also be aware of them. This term is called apperance - the conscious arrangement of perception. For safe driving is
important, make the driver's optical look was fast enough and that drivers can do it quickly register items and the people
around them. [5,6]
In the next part of the post is attention dedicated to accident analysis of a traffic accident pedestrian participation
(specifically pedestrian and minor pedestrian) under reduced visibility (at night). In analyzing accident events will be
based on the overall situation the occurrence and course of a traffic accident the place of collision between the vehicle
and the pedestrian (road user) as well as vacation operating and impact speed at a traffic accident site. It also will determine
the cause of a traffic accident from a technical point of view and will be considered the possibility of a traffic accident on
the diversion.
3. Accident analysis selected traffic accident pedestrian participation
The accident in question between a ŠKODA passenger car and a pedestrian occurred during the night in a
residential area and public lighting in the local communications sector where the maximum permitted speed is 50 km/h.
At the time of the road accident reconnaissance, the road surface was dry unpolluted (coefficient of friction between
vehicle tires and given road surface µ = approx. 0,8) lit by lamps street lighting continuously located on the right side of
the road. Based on groundwork from the file a plan was prepared from a traffic accident site real directional and width
parameters on the basis of which she was then simulation of accident event performed by mathematical-simulation
program for Traffic Accident Analysis PC-Crash 12.0. [10]
Fig. 3 Road accident plan [10]
For accident analysis is necessary know mutual vehicle position and walker on the road at the time of impact.
During crash the body with the vehicle occurred in the first phase to contact right and left foot, with the right front of the
vehicle. Subsequently occurred, to positions when the hull of the pedestrian hit the front hood on the right with the
emergence of all injuries in the pelvis and chest. In the next phase of the accident, the pedestrian's body rotated, where
due to the rotation of the body come into contact head with windscreen (multiple skull fractures) and then the body hit
the road, where the slip phase followed walkers to the final position biological (blood) footprint on the road. [6] See the
following figure is the movement of the vehicle (2D and 3D) and pedestrians from the moment of collision, to stop them
in their final positions.

Fig. 4 Vzájomná poloha vozidla ŠKODA a chodkyne v čase nárazu [11]
According to the analysis video recording that walker after entry on the road from the edge of the road made 8
steps in the first part motion 5 m for about 3.7 seconds to speed up from standing to reach maximum speed in a given
section about 6 km / h taking after passing this track stopped. In the second part of the walker walk she took a step
backwards with a distance of about 0.5 m for about 0.5 seconds. Walker Movement from entering the road until a moment
collisions lasted approximately 4.2 seconds. Minor walker he began to walk about 0.8 seconds rather than a pedestrian.
At the moment of collision the vehicle was moving from right to left lane and a walker she was approximately in the
middle of the road mid-line left from the view of driving the vehicle. This pedestrian stood, respectively Just before the
crash step backwards. In terms of pedestrian movement it is logical and corresponding to the standard and the expected
movement of pedestrians in an effort to pass on the other side of the communication. [10]
When analyzing a traffic accident in the dark or reduced visibility it is necessary to distinguish consistently when
the driver can for the first time an obstacle physiologically and technically observe and when it can recognize what an
obstacle it is. The difference between sighting and Recognition it may be large and dependent on E (lx) lighting brightness
L (cd.m) and contrast (%). The decisive quantity is the contrast margin at which the obstacle is still visible. Between the
illuminated part of the road and a potential obstacle must the difference in brightness - contrast at such a value to be an
obstacle perceptible to the human eye. Driving a vehicle in the dark they provide the driver with a view of the headlights
that direct light into a suitable light cone to illuminate the road effectively in front of the vehicle. The following picture
the lighting analysis is displayed area in front of the vehicle on the road bounded by curves of approx. 1.5 lx. This area is
bounded by an inner green border. [5,6,7]
Fig. 5 Analysis area lighting in front of the vehicle on the road bounded by curves of about 1.5 lx. [11]
Inspection was found that pedestrian movement (left to right) is possible recognize the at a distance of about 40
m and in case the driver evaluates view the entire width of the road at the pedestrian crossing point across the road (Street
lighting lamps improve street visibility). For minimum surveillance distance is possible 30 m. From accident analysis
(including video analysis) revealed that the lotion started to react on pedestrians crossing across the road at the moment
when from them located at a distance of about 29 m. [10]

In contact body of a pedestrian with a vehicle, occurred to mutual force-to the action, pedestrian and vehicle.
Mutual force action left on the vehicle deformation and damage which must correspond in kind, size and direction with
the vehicle's relative position and the body of a pedestrian at the moment of collision and the walker movement
immediately after collision. Damage to the vehicle (range and species) must correspond to the impact speed of the vehicle
to the pedestrian, weight and height walker, walking away, which then have to correspond with injuries to the pedestrian.
A walker's distance away about 10 meters corresponds to the impact speed between 34 and 43 km / h (minimum impact
velocity value resulting from discarding). In this case speed appropriate to vision distance 40 to 50 meters moves between
66 and 77 km / h. Vehicle driver did not move at a higher speed what was the speed proportionate to the outlook. It should
be noted speed of about 65 km / h she is considered based on video analysis at minimum speed movement of the vehicle
at the time of the vodka reaction conflict situation road traffic. Lotion had no technical possibility to prevent a traffic
accident earlier reaction when driving at 65 km / h. If the vehicle's driver was moving with the vehicle at the start of the
reaction 50 km / h (maximum allowed speed for a given road segment) it would stop in front of the pedestrian movement
corridor (accident prevention) at a distance of about 2 meters. [10]
Before the crash, driver of the vehicle responded so, that vehicle was intense braked. In an effort avoid collision
situation (avoiding the pedestrian on the left) she started to perform evasive maneuver where in the opposite lane your
right front side she caught the pedestrian, taking a minor pedestrian went to the other side of the road. Under conditions
which ones occurred during an accident (opposite vehicle movement) can be stated that it is technically acceptable and
very likely that driver pedestrian movement responded in time. The evasive maneuver itself cannot be tagged for the
wrong element of vehicle driving technique since the driver recognized the collision situation about 1.8 seconds before
the crash and tried "in time" postpone deduction since stopping it was no longer possible. Impossibility of stopping to the
point of collision she was in this case mainly due to the speed of the vehicle. At this point lotion she couldn't know that
the pedestrian stops. Avoiding maneuver is common and subconscious reaction of drivers to a collision situation when is
it obvious that it is not possible stop to the point of collision. [10]
Technical cause the accident in question is necessary evaluate in relationship to the question legal and that or have
pedestrians before entering the road expect, that on the road they can move and vehicles at speed over 65 km / h and
therefore or with regard to this situation have evaluate movement of vehicles on the road. From a technical point of view
it is acceptable that pedestrian not assessed real vehicle speed and, that lotion was moving at a higher speed like speed for
that section maximum vacation. [10]
The objective of traffic accident analysis is, to find such parameters in the technique of the drivings vehicles, and
in how to use pedestrian communication, where a traffic accident would not occur. To stop the vehicle, in front of the
before pedestrian crossing (accident prevention) would need to start at about 65 km/h react at a distance of about 40 m in
front of the pedestrian movement corridor (approx. 3.4 seconds before collision). Pedestrians at unchanged speed
movement would be safe have left the vehicle motion corridor. Based on results of the experiment can be stated that
vehicle driver probably did not have a distance option (39 m) observe the pedestrian's movement on the road (also taking
into account the unknown motor vehicle and the accident site communication profile). A pedestrian would be a traffic
accident prevented in such a way if, before entering the carriageway, it assesses the actual vehicle speed and then transition
through the road only after passing the vehicle. Probably due at your speed movement situation so that the incoming
vehicle will pass (run across). Given to speed incoming vehicle your decision run over across the road and stopped roughly
in the middle of the road near the center line what would be the case that would be a vehicle driver did not change the
direction of travel in the opposite lane accident. [10]
4. Precautions to reduce traffic accidents pedestrian
In road traffic is the safety of pedestrians determined by summary various sub-aspects but to meet challenging
goals reduce the number of victims they have to be account is taken of all aspects. If it can't be avoid a clash between
pedestrian and vehicle there is a possibility through various measures on the vehicle reduce the severity of the
consequences traffic accident for pedestrians. Safeguard measures on the vehicle can be divided measures traffic accident
or mitigating consequences of a traffic accident. [2,3]
Implementation of assistance systems for drivers (eg braking assistance) lead new approaches for pedestrian
protection. Before the actual onset of a necessary pedestrian collision it is possible to reduce kinetic energy in the system
and thus mitigate the consequences of a traffic accident. Attention and expands from the actual course of the accident also
for a period of time before the first contact of the participants. In contrast, passive measures on the vehicle itself only
then, when it happened to a clash between the pedestrian and the vehicle. Crucial is to reduce the speed difference between
the pedestrian and the vehicle accelerating tolerable biomechanical human body. To alleviate the severity of the injury,
he must be a contact area between the pedestrian and the vehicle. In traffic accidents the pedestrian is most often captured
front of the vehicle therefore, these parts of the vehicle would should be secured mitigation measures accidents, especially
bumper parts headlamp and radiator grille bonnet, but also the window area. [4,5,8]

Next picture shows categorization of measures on vehicles focused on to increase safety unprotected road users.
Fig. 6 Categorization of measures on vehicles focused on to increase safety unprotected road users [2]
Dangerous places for pedestrians they can for certain Circumstances all kinds of communications. Critical places
are pedestrian crossings near large crossroads or in close proximity to directional arcs or multi-lane communications.
Pedestrian crossings enable pedestrians to cross the road safely and they are equipped with horizontal traffic signs.
Choosing the location of the passes it is determined on the basis of several aspects, for example, a safe place to allow
pedestrians and drivers. Pedestrian crossings must be adapted to the type of communication as well as the intensity of
transport of vehicles and pedestrians. Underpasses and entrances are often used, which serve as an alternative route in the
area which is more difficult to pass through or completely impermeable. It is important that there are passages for drivers
well visible to pedestrians and also, that pedestrians be able to see the vehicle at a sufficient distance when driving safely
across the road. With reduced visibility and at night, the passage must be sufficiently illuminated. [1,2,3,7]
This issue has been solved for a long time from the perspective of pedestrians and their protection, and also in
terms of security traffic flow. Many security measures have been introduced, such as the establishment of islets, that
shorten the length of the pass on multi-lane roads or protective concrete blocks between driving directions or lanes. They
are also important vertical and road signs or passages with increased crawl area that prevent drivers go disproportionately
fast. Low budget measures include psychological and physical elements. Psychological elements can be used once or
repeatedly. A disposable element is, for example, a device application to measure speed at the beginning of the village or
when entering a residential area or a pedestrian crossing alert. Repeated element for example, it is forced to comply with
the speed limit or repeating information with increasing force. [2,3,4]
One of the main pillars of traffic accident prevention is a traffic education for children and youth. The main goal
is to teach children and young people to be safe in the traffic environment could predict possible risks correctly assess the
situation respond to these situations. Human education and education safety is a lifelong process which runs in several
planes. Traffic education focused on adults and seniors should rest in maintaining previously acquired attitudes and
competences, or to obtain new information from this area. A large share of the population upbringing to safety they have
driving schools in transport safe or defensive driving courses driver training, etc. [1,2,3]
For lifelong learning of man in the field of road safety perhaps media. Just daily press, Whether TV presents
information to the public for example about planned changes in transport legislation on police traffic-safety actions or
traffic accidents. Belongs here and a number of conferences and seminars organized for the general public which then
content and knowledge of these shares in your problem-solving work in the field of road safety. [2,3]
Conclusion
Pedestrian traffic accidents generally are events to which there road traffic when the vehicle moves with the
pedestrian. These events, join with extensive material damage with light or severe consequences the health of road users
MEASURES ON VEHICLES FOCUSED ON FOR SAFETY INCREASE
NON-PROTECTED TRAVEL PARTICIPANTS
ACCIDENT PREVENTION MEASURES
- NIGHT VISION SYSTEMS
- WARNING SYSTEMS
- AUTOMATIC CLASH AVOIDANCE
MEASURES EFFECTS THE
CONSEQUENCES OF
ACCIDENTS
ACTIVE SAFETY
- braking assistance
- automatic emergency braking functions
- Electronic Stability Program
PASSIVE SAFETY
-space for deformation
- energy-absorbing materials
- open space ducting
ACTIVE STRUCTURAL MEASURES
-raised hood
- pedestrian airbag
- modified front
PASSIVE STRUCTURAL MEASURES
- soft front of the vehicle
- padded support posts
- deformable bonnet structures

Or oftentimes even with irreplaceable losses on human lives. Accident indicators are the most common criterion for
pedestrian safety assessment where the severity of traffic accidents is assessed and also the relative safety level. Traffic
accident rate is stochastic which affects several factors, such as foreseeable circumstances from the outside
unreasonable drivers unexpected or impulsive behavior of road users bad weather and other difficult conditions while
driving. In the contribution in question was made and the accident analysis of a selected pedestrian traffic accident Adult
Walker and Minor Walker) under reduced visibility. Establishment was assessed and the accident, the place of collision
of the vehicle and the pedestrian as well as operating and crash speed at a traffic accident site the cause of the traffic
accident has been determined technically and options were also assessed accidents to avert it.
Traffic accident prevention is one of our company's priorities. Number of traffic accidents pedestrian
participation can be reduced for example with full speed reduction completing sidewalks with appropriate street lighting
as well as deformation zones in front of vehicles to minimize pedestrian injuries. Attention should also be paid various
preventive programs, activities and measures traffic education for children and youth, as well as lifelong learning road
users which can be effective safety individual road users at the same time in reducing traffic accidents.
This article was supported by the scientific research project VEGA 1/0159/19 Evaluation of the level of resilience of key
elements of land transport infrastructure.
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