A status report on the water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis Linnaeus, 1758) industry in Trinidad

Abstract

The objectives of this study were to (a) determine the number of water buffaloes/buffalypso (WB) in Trinidad, (b) to identify the constraints via an open ended questionnaire, to WB production faced by private farmers and c) to update on the present status of brucellosis in the country. The survey was conducted in 2012 to determine the number of Water Buffalo (WB) at seventeen (17) privately owned farms and three (3) Government farms in Trinidad; and to identify the constraints to WB production on the former. The number of WB recorded from the locations surveyed was 1513, comprising 1039 from government owned farms and 474 from 17 privately owned farms. The 17 privately owned WB farmers were interviewed via a questionnaire and responses tallied to determine the challenges to WB production. Animal numbers of WB ranged from 4-150 on private farms. The purpose for which the animals were reared was for milk production (6%, 1/17), meat production (48%, 8/17), work (29%, 5/17) and pets (19%, 3/17). The major concerns faced by private farmers were a shortage of labour, pasture availability and a lack of extension services. Farmers were interested in expanding their herd size and forming an association to address their concerns. The number of WB in Trinidad appears to have declined in 2012 compared to 2004. The major factor responsible for the decline was a Brucellosis test and cull policy implemented by the Government. New and innovative strategies including reproductive bio techniques are needed to preserve the genetic legacy of the Buffalypso, as the WB can significantly contribute to sustainable food production in Trinidad.

Full text

200 Trop. Agric. (Trinidad) Vol. 94 No. 2 April 2017
A status report on the water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis
Linnaeus, 1758) industry in Trinidad
A. Mohammed1, M. D.Diptee2, A. Persad1 R. Mohammed1, N. Lambie3 and S. Sieuchand1
1The University of Trinidad and Tobago, Faculty of Biosciences, Agriculture and Food Technologies,
Eastern Caribbean Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Centeno, Arima
2School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, Champs
Fleurs, Trinidad and Tobago
3Ministry of Agriculture, Lands and Marine Resources, Trinidad and Tobago
Corresponding author email: aphzal.mohammed@utt.edu.tt
The objectives of this study were to (a) determine the number of water buffaloes/buffalypso (WB) in Trinidad, (b) to identify
the constraints via an open ended questionnaire, to WB production faced by private farmers and c) to update on the present
status of brucellosis in the country. The survey was conducted in 2012 to determine the number of Water Buffalo (WB) at
seventeen (17) privately owned farms and three (3) Government farms in Trinidad; and to identify the constraints to WB
production on the former. The number of WB recorded from the locations surveyed was 1513, comprising 1039 from
government owned farms and 474 from 17 privately owned farms. The 17 privately owned WB farmers were interviewed
via a questionnaire and responses tallied to determine the challenges to WB production. Animal numbers of WB ranged
from 4-150 on private farms. The purpose for which the animals were reared was for milk production (6%, 1/17), meat
production (48%, 8/17), work (29%, 5/17) and pets (19%, 3/17). The major concerns faced by private farmers were a
shortage of labour, pasture availability and a lack of extension services. Farmers were interested in expanding their herd
size and forming an association to address their concerns. The number of WB in Trinidad appears to have declined in 2012
compared to 2004. The major factor responsible for the decline was a Brucellosis test and cull policy implemented by the
Government. New and innovative strategies including reproductive bio techniques are needed to preserve the genetic legacy
of the Buffalypso, as the WB can significantly contribute to sustainable food production in Trinidad.
Keywords: Buffalypso, buffalo, constraints, males, females, brucellosis
Water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) were
imported from India in 1905 to work as beasts
of burden, primarily on the sugar cane
plantations. Two basic types of domestic WB
exist, the swamp type (48 chromosomes) and
the river type (50 chromosomes) (Mahadevan
1992), the latter being the predominant type on
the island of Trinidad. Cattle (Bos taurus
Linnaeus 1958) have 60 chromosomes.
Increased mechanization of the sugar cane
industry resulted in the selection of beef type
buffalo bulls in the herds owned by Caroni
Limited. Interbreeding between the Murrah,
Badawari, Surti, Jaffarabadi and Neli breed
types over 25 years by Dr. Steve Bennett
resulted in the development of the buffalypso
(Bennett 1964; Bennett 1972; Bennett and
Porteus 1974). The body of the buffalypso is
‘low (short legged) and compact with a straight
top line, blending into a smooth tail setting
over well-turned rumps carrying down to
prominent twists’ (Bennett 1964; Rastogi et al.
1993). Figure 1 shows a female animal with the
body confirmation of the buffalypso.
The only purely maintained line by
Artificial Insemination, of the “buffalypso” is
found at the Aripo Livestock farm (Table 3).
All other Buffalypso surveyed in this study, at
other farms were originally from Buffalypso
stock since these latter animals have been bred
through natural mating, because of a lack of
pedigree records, there is no certainty that
inbreeding depression of the traits of the
buffalypso had not occurred. However, it is the
authors’ observational opinions that some of
the traits of the buffalypso have been
maintained by natural mating. Hence for the
purpose of this survey the term ‘buffalypso’
has been used interchangeably with the word
buffalo.
The Water buffalo (WB) is an important
milk and meat producing animal in many
Mediterranean, Latin American and East Asian
countries including India (Warriach et al.
0041-3216/2017/020200-09
© 2017 Trop. Agric. (Trinidad)

A status report on the Water Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) Industry in Trinidad; A. Mohammed et al.
Trop. Agric. (Trinidad) Vol. 94 No. 2 April 2017 201
2015). This aside, Indian WB are well-known
for their exceptional disease resistance
(Borriello et al. 2006). They are less
susceptible to ticks, but not to helminth
parasites (Condoleo et al. 2007). WB can
digest roughage and poor quality feeds more
efficiently than cattle (Thu and Uden 2001).
This makes WB cheaper and easier to maintain
using locally available roughage and crop
residues.
WB meat is more tender than beef from
Brahman cattle of the same age, gender and
diet (Neath et al. 2007). Their meat has been
shown to be superior to beef for either direct
consumption or processing in the production of
meat products, because of its higher proportion
of muscle/carcass weight, more protein and
minerals and lower content of fat, (Ray and
Povea 2012). WB milk, compared with cow’s
milk, is higher in fat and to a less extent in
protein, lactose and mineral contents (Ghafoor
et al. 1985). WB milk has been used locally to
make cottage cheese (paneer) and in several
vegetarian curried dishes such as Dahi, Ghee
and Barfi (Rastogi and Rastogi 2004). Some
pioneering work has also been done exploring
the potential for milk value added products
such as Yoghurt, and Mozarella cheese.
Work in Trinidad showed that once a day
milking of WB cows produced an average 3.1
kg/day with an average yield of 611 kg over a
192 day lactation period (Rastogi and Rastogi
2004). On forage based and sugar cane by-
product feeding systems, buffalypso calves
(Rastogi et al. 1978) and bulls (Garcia et al.
1987) out-performed Holstein cattle. Average
daily gain (ADG kg/d) in the latter study, of
Buffalypso bulls was higher (0.82 kg/d) than
that of grade Holstein steers (0.56 kg/d).
Pertaining to recent performance data of the
buffalypso, Dunn et al. (2013) reported that
among the years 2009, 2010 and 2011, highest
birth weights, weaning weights, ADG and
weight of yearlings occurred in 2010,
compared to other years. In this study there
was no variation due to sex, parity and sire.
Varying management, and physiological
factors such as heat stress affect reproductive
performance in buffaloes (Warriach et al.
2015).
Calving intervals of about 700d depending
on parity of buffalo cows with higher number
of births recorded in the dry than the wet
season are also reported by Dunn et al. (2013).
Pertaining to reproductive management and
using Timed Artificial Insemination protocols
in WB, Knights et al. (2013) demonstrated a
pregnancy rate (PR) of 25%. These results
were achieved using a controlled internal
progesterone releasing device (CIDR)
followed by an injection of Gonadotrophin
Releasing Hormone (GnRH) and then artificial
insemination (AI) 24 hours after CIDR
removal. In a follow up protocol, a 40% PR
was demonstrated at both 12 and 24 hours after
CIDR removal using a second GnRH injection
as an ovulating synchronization agent.
WB are superior to other draught animals
in wet or waterlogged conditions. They can
also be used for cart haulage and can carry
heavier loads than cattle. They improve soil
structure and fertility while treading fields;
each year an adult WB produces 4 to 6 tonnes
of wet manure and urine as bio-fertilizer for the
land. This reduces or eliminates the need for
chemical fertilizers as well as provides
essential soil humus which chemicals alone
cannot provide. WB are more docile animals,
readily allowing children or the elderly to
manage them.
Surveys conducted by the Central
Statistical Office (CSO) of Trinidad and
Tobago, a Division of the Ministry of Planning
and Sustainable Development, revealed a
decline in WB numbers from 4733 in 1986 to
2004 in 2004 (FAO 2006). The objectives of
this study were to: (a) determine the number of
WB in Trinidad; (b) identify via a
questionnaire the constraints, to WB
production faced by private farmers; and c)
update on the present status of brucellosis in
the country.

A status report on the Water Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) Industry in Trinidad; A. Mohammed et al.
202 Trop. Agric. (Trinidad) Vol. 94 No. 2 April 2017
Materials and methods
Information on WB farm locations was
sourced from county offices of the Ministry of
Agriculture Land and Marine Resources
(MALMRA). A survey was conducted at 17
privately owned farms with total population of
474 buffalos. The survey was in the form of
interviews, the questions of which were
divided into two sections: A-open ended-
responses were solicited on herd size,
physiological stage of animal, acreage allotted
for grazing, purpose for rearing the animals,
awareness of assistance provided by the
extension units, constraints on the industry and
willingness to expand herd size if technical and
human resources were given; B – questions on
constraints to production, with multiple
choices – (i) none; (ii) pasture size; (iii) labour;
(iv) health; (v) cost of production and (vi)
water, from which the respondents were to
choose one or more answers as necessary.
Statistics
Responses from the 17 farms to various
questions in Section A were tallied in excel and
calculated as a percentage of response to total
responses (17). From Section B responses were
calculated as percentages of the total responses
(22) as shown in Figure 4.
Results
Survey results
Privately owned WB farms were located in the
North, Central and Southern regions of
Trinidad, as shown in Figure 3. The total
number of WB in 2012, in Trinidad, was 1513.
The number can be further subdivided into 1039
animals from government owned farms at three
government institutions and 474 managed by 36
privately owned farms. Among the privately
owned farms there were 142 males and 332
females. The Mora Valley herd, the largest herd
in Trinidad, was made up of 861 animals;
comprising 175 males and 686 females (Table
2). The Aripo Livestock Station had a total of
136 animals; 37 of which were males (Table 3).
The University of Trinidad and Tobago/Sugar
Cane feds Centre (UTT/SFC) herd (consisted of
42 animals, comprising13 females (Figure 1
female buffalypso) and 29 males (Figure 2 male
buffalypso).
Figure 4 shows the constraints to production
local farmers encountered. Animal numbers
ranged from 4-150 animals (Table 1). The
purpose for which animals were reared at 17
farms (N=474) was for milk production (6%,
1/17), meat production (48%, 8/17), work (29%
5/17) and pets (19%, 3/17). Figure 4 shows the
major concerns faced by private farmers were
availability of labour to maintain operations
(45% of responses); size of pasture of grazing
area (27%); with remaining minor issues of
health (9%); cost of production (5%) and water
availability (5%). Farmers were interested in
expanding their herd sizes and forming an
association to address their concerns.
In Trinidad, the past Buffalo CSO surveys
revealed a declining trend of Buffalo numbers
from 4733 in 1986 to 2024 in 2004 (FAO,
2006). There was a further decline in buffalo
numbers to 1513 in 2012.
Table 1: The number of male and female
buffaloes at seventeen different Locations in
Trinidad
Location
Male
Female
Total
Fyzabad
7
33
40
Charuma
5
30
35
Biche
55
95
150
Navet
2
13
15
Rio Claro
4
16
20
Tompire
4
16
20
Tabiquite
8
8
16
Kelly North
3
17
20
Kelly South
6
19
25
Grand Couva
1
4
5
Caroni
7
18
25
SantaCruz
11
39
50
Tamana
3
2
5
Freeport
14
16
30
Cedros
5
5
10
Centeno
Aripo
4
3
0
1
4
4
Total
142
332
474

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Trop. Agric. (Trinidad) Vol. 94 No. 2 April 2017 203
Table 2: The number of buffaloes of different
ages and sex at Mora Valley
Age (Years)
Male
Female
3+
30
494
2
70
97
1
65
85
Newborn
10
10
Total
175
686
Final Total males
& Females
861
Table 3: The number of buffaloes of different
physiological stages and sex at Aripo
Livestock Station (ALS)
Physiological Stage
Total Number
of Buffaloes
Females
Males
Cows
66
66
-
Heifers
15
15
-
Mature Bulls
8
-
8
Male Calves
29
-
29
Female Calves
18
18
-
Final total males &
females
136
Table 4: Showing the number of buffaloes of
different physiological stages at UTT/Sugar
Cane Feeds Centre (SFC)
Physiological
Stage
Total
Number
of
Buffaloes
Females
Males
Cow
5
5
-
Heifer
7
7
-
Bull (Mature
Premium)
6
-
6
Bull (Mature
Local)
4
-
4
Bull
(Yearling)
15
-
15
Male Calves
4
-
4
Female
Calves
1
1
-
Total
42
13
29
Figure 1: Mature female buffalypso at the Sugar Cane Feeds Centre

A status report on the Water Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) Industry in Trinidad; A. Mohammed et al.
204 Trop. Agric. (Trinidad) Vol. 94 No. 2 April 2017
Figure 2: Mature male buffalypso at the Sugar Cane Feeds Centre
Figure 3: Map of Trinidad showing surveyed buffalo farm locations in Trinidad

A status report on the Water Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) Industry in Trinidad; A. Mohammed et al.
Trop. Agric. (Trinidad) Vol. 94 No. 2 April 2017 205
Figure 4: Concerns/constraints relative to buffalo farming from seventeen different farm locations
Discussion
From the survey conducted, the WB
population of 2012 was lower than that of 1986
and 2004. There were no quarantine facilities
at any of the initial farms surveyed. This may
have resulted in the transmission of diseases.
The lack of extension services may have
contributed to a reduction in population size. A
lack of marketing facilities resulted in farmers
having to market their stock to ‘middlemen’
for slaughter at local markets resulting in an
economic loss to the farmer. Other countries
quickly recognized the merits and potential of
Dr. Bennett’s “buffalypso” and due to a
lucrative export market and the absence of a
National breeding and conservation
programme in Trinidad, many of the best
phenotypes were exported to eighteen Latin
American countries.
Additionally, brucellosis was detected
serologically in 1998 and by bacteriologic
culture in 1999 (Fosgate et al. 2002). A test and
slaughter brucellosis eradication programme,
instituted by the Government, resulted in the
three large WB producers selling their stock
and closing their WB production operations
(Rastogi et al. 2005). Based on annual reports,
3,255 WB were slaughtered due to a positive
brucellosis status from 1998 to 2008 (MALMR
1999–2009).The Animal Health Division of
MALMR, in 1999, allowed limited
vaccination with RB51 in two large herds,
totalling approximately 3,000 animals with
high seroprevalences, in an effort to preserve
the genetic potential of the local WB
population. The B. abortusRB51 brucella
vaccine, when administered at the standard
calfhood dose recommended in cattle, failed to
protect WB from infection with Brucella.
abortus under natural exposure conditions
(Fosgate et al. 2003) although seroconversion
took place (Diptee et al. 2006; Diptee et al.
2007). Lack of a cell mediated immune
response amongst RB51 vaccinates may offer
an explanation for the lack of efficacy of the
RB51 vaccine in WB (Diptee et al. 2005).
Modifications of the recommended dose of
9%
27%
45%
9%
5% 5%
None
Pasture Size
Labour
Health
Cost of production
Water

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206 Trop. Agric. (Trinidad) Vol. 94 No. 2 April 2017
RB51 also failed to be effective in protecting
against B. abortus infection and abortion
(Diptee et al. 2007; Ramnanan et al. 2012).
The ability to time inseminations (TAI) in
WB would significantly reduce the time
required for their genetic influence to affect
national milk production via crossbreeding and
upgrading. The current availability of imported
Italian semen from dairy animals should also
accelerate this process. TAI in WB has the
capacity to achieve good rates of conception
providing that nutritional and health
management, qualified technicians and
facilities are concurrently in place.
Concomitantly, preservation techniques for
ova and semen from phenotypically superior
animals that still retain those characteristics of
Dr. Bennett’s buffalypso should be explored.
The small WB farmers have managed to
sustain this industry despite the lack of support
services. The government institutions are
currently being upgraded to support a semi
intensive WB production system. Exploring
the industry’s potential for meat value added
products such as vacuum packed prime cuts
should also be considered.
Conclusions
Brucellosis control in Trinidad has had a
devastating effect on local WB numbers and
the data gathered from this survey clearly
identifies the continuous decline in numbers.
The survival of the local Buffalypso depends
upon a concerted effort to control brucellosis
and via re population and conservation
programmes. Mapletoft and Hasler (2005)
reported that with special handling and
processing of embryos with intact zona
pellicida, there is negligible risk of
transmission of brucellosis in cattle. Similar
research with the local WB may prove to be
significant in managing the brucellosis
infected herds in Trinidad. Vaccination also
remains an option for brucellosis control in
populations with a high prevalence when
depopulation is not an option. A recent study
in Italy claims that a modified RB51
administration schedule will protect WB from
infection following experimental exposure to
B. abortus (Caporale et al. 2010). Doses used
in this study were three times the typical
calfhood dose and might prove effective for
use in Trinidad. Brucellosis also threatens
other WB populations and the estimated 168
million WB in the world will all benefit from
the research being conducted in Trinidad and
Tobago. The closure of the sugar cane industry
in Trinidad and the removal of livestock
subsidies in an era of globalization and free but
not fair trade have also contributed to the
demise of the WB in many regions of the world
and Trinidad and Tobago is no exception.
There remains an urgent need for support from
the Government if the “buffalypso” is to
survive.
Acknowledgements
This survey was completed through a British
Petroleum, Trinidad and Tobago (BPTT)
Grant baseline study to develop the Buffalypso
industry via The University of Trinidad and
Tobago (UTT). Special thanks are due buffalo
farmers, Ministry of Agriculture and Food
Production (MAFP) personnel Dr. Anne Marie
Hosein and Mr. Ramesh Ramroop for their
respective roles in co coordinating the raw data
collection.
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