Metin Ak

Pamukkale University · Department of Chemistry

Solar thermal fuels (STFs) have recently drawn attention as a promising strategy for utilization of solar energy that is a clean and renewable source. Especially solid state solar thermal fuels have high potential to be used in thermal applications. However, up to date, it is seen that the solar thermal storage capacity in the polymeric state is lo...

Micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS)-based resonators have a wide range of current applications such as the detection of chemical and biological substances. Up to now, several studies have been done in the literature about the integration of conducting polymers with MEMS to design a sensing layer for the applications mentioned above. However, al...

Çamlar, birçok endüstriyel sektöre ürün sağlaması yanında teknolojik uygulamalar için yeni, çevre dostu ve sürdürülebilir olarak kaynak sağlama potansiyele sahip önemli bir ağaç türüdür. Odun dışı çam ürünleri arasında çam reçinesi en iyi bilinen ve en çok kullanılanlardan biridir. Çam reçinesi, ağaç savunma sistemi için özel hücreler tarafından ür...

In contrast to the large number of polymeric N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) there are relatively few examples of NHCs-containing conductive polymers. However, conducting polymers (CPs) could be excellent hosts for NHC compounds, as they can easily form polymer films electrochemically, and their optical & electrical properties can be easily tuned by...

Herein, we demonstrate a high-accuracy H2O2 selective organic-inorganic 3D-heterointerface based on catalytically in-situ reduced Prussian-blue nanoparticles (PBNPs), Poly (3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene):poly (styrene sulfonic acid) (PEDOT:PSS) and water-soluble Silkworm protein (SWp). PBNPs were immobilized on an indium tin oxide-coated glass (ITO)...

The efficient utilization of solar energy as a renewable and clean energy source, is one of the most important needs of this century due to the increasing demand for energy and the environmental impact of fossil fuels. As an alternative strategy to prevalent methods, solar thermal fuels both convert and store the solar energy directly in the chemic...

Interface design is the most crucial part of biosensor development because its rational design methodologies are directly related to the quality of sensing performance, such as sensitivity, reproducibility, stability, and linearity. In this study, a thienyl pyrrole derived electroactive monomer [N¹, N⁴-bis(2,5-di(thiophene-2-yl)-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)tere...

A straightforward competent strategy to attune the solid-state morphology, opto-electronic and photovoltaic properties of conjugated co-polymers has been studied by inserting different percentages of N,N-dimethylthiophene-3-carboxamide (TDM) monomeric units. The TDM percentage was varied from 20 to 100%, resulting in widening of the energy band gap...

In this study, naphthalimide has been clicked with the N9- and C2-positions of carbazole, and two new monomers named KN and KC were synthesized, respectively. The fluorescent group naphthalimide and polymerizable group carbazole have been synthesized with Huisgen's 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction in water environment by taking advantage of the l...

We report here the rational design of novel black-to-highly transmissive electrochromic material consisting of two different complementary units and a π-conjugated pendant group. Polymerization of the triazine-cored super-structured molecule has yielded a high optical contrast black electrochromic conductive polymer by a combination of the compleme...

Examining the structural, spectroscopic, and electronic properties of molecules using both theoretical and experimental methods allow to reveal their structure-property relationship. In this study, the structural and electrochemical properties of the newly synthesized N-substituted carbazole monomers with aniline (ACA), p-methylaniline (ACMA) and p...

This manuscript describes an amperometric sensor application of a new class of triazine-centered monomers functionalized with different numbers of carbazole and hydrazine. In the sensor system, carbazole and hydrazine are designed as transducer and enzyme crosslinker groups, respectively. The monomers (TECA and CTDA) containing different numbers of...

Although Prussian-blue (PB) is an attractive peroxidase mimetic catalyst for hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) sensing, its utilization is challenging in composite film-based sensor systems. It loses physical integrity and electroactivity by the OH- ion released from the catalytic reactions. For this reason, extensive research efforts have been devoted to i...

In‐situ electrochemical synthesis of an organic‐inorganic hybrid material composed of poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and nickel‐based Keggin type polyoxometalate, K7[NiIIINiII(H2O)W11O39].15H2O(NiPOM), has been proposed here. The remarkable optical and electrical properties of the PEDOT and the unique redox properties of NiPOM have synerg...

Herein, we report a two-layered hybrid catalytic interface composed of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) (PEDOT), Prussian blue (PB) nanoparticles and Nickel-Hexacyanoferrate (Ni-HCF) layer for the enzyme-free detection of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Whereas the first layer, CMC:PEDOT:PB, is responsible for generating a...

The current study describes the synthesis, electrochemical, computational, and photochemical properties of octa (3-hydroxypropylthio) substituted cobalt (II) ( 4 ), copper (II) ( 5 ), nickel (II) ( 6 ) and zinc(II) ( 7 ) phthalocyanine derivatives. These novel compounds were characterized by elemental analysis,1H,13C NMR, FT-IR, UV-Vis, and MS. The...

Quantum mechanical calculations can clarify the relationship between structure and ultimate optical and elec-trochemical properties of conjugated polymers and produce a ground for the design of advanced materials for futuristic applications. Herein, we have examined the structural geometries and electronic properties of different monomeric structur...

Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), which is obtained from one of the most abundant biomass materials in the world, could have a major role in many practical applications thanks to its promising properties. In this work, electrochemical synthesis of polypyrrole (PPy) with simultaneous incorporation of CMC as dopant/plasticizing agent and Prussian Blue na...

In this study, our findings from experimental studies were presented on the synthesis of a new electropolymerizable monomer, 2-methyl-5,10-dihydro-2H-benzo[6,7][1,4]dioxocino[2,3-c]pyrrole (XyPMe), regarding the cyclization reaction of diethyl N-methyl-3,4-dihydroxypyrrole-2,5-dicarboxylate and 1,2-bis(bromomethyl)benzene with concomitant hydrolysi...

Phthalocyanines are one of the important candidates of tetrapyrrolic macrocycles having a p-conjugated system, and conductive polymers (CPs) have recently attracted an increasing interest as designing of new molecular materials. A smart combination of these two unique structures can produce materials with the desired properties to design various or...

Conjugated hybrid structures (conductive metallopolymers) designed by incorporating transition metals into conductive polymers can increase the properties of both materials and eliminate the disadvantages of materials for final applications to achieve the desired optical and electrical properties. Here in, S,S’-substituted vicinal dithioglyoxime an...

Synthesis of novel purpald (4-amino-5-hydrazino-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol) containing 2,5-di(2-thienyl)pyrrole (TPTP) derivative monomer has been successfully achieved. Its functional conductive polymer (pTPTP) obtained electrochemically has been characterized and electrooptical properties have been investigated. In this way, multifunctional conductiv...

Thermal degradation of N-(4-(3-Thienyl methylene)-oxycarbonylphenyl) maleimide monomer, MT and its copolymer with styrene, P(MT-alt-St) were investigated comparatively using TG and DTA methods. Degradation of monomer takes place in three stages which correspond to removal of thiophene, aliphatic groups and the rest of structural decomposition respe...

Currently it has been theoretically show that sandwich-type structures prepared by stacking metal nanoparticles in two graphene layers would have exceptional optical and electrical properties for practical applications. These sandwich structures designed by band gap engineering could lead to materials capable of being developed to meet industrial d...

In continuous monitoring and control systems as required by automation, biosensors are greatly advantageous with their precision, stability, ease of use and response rates. In this study, a new amperometric glucose sensor has been fabricated based on a composite film prepared by electrochemical polymerization of carbazole derivative with having fre...

In this study, we highlight a methodology for obtaining multifunctional, solution-processable super-structured polymeric structures from simple chemical reactions by using ordinary chemicals has been presented. For this purpose, the super-structured multifunctional monomer (CzRY) has been synthesized by combining an electroactive molecule with a co...

In this study, a multifunctional ‘clicked’ naphthalimide carbazole derivative (CNaP) was synthesized via Huisgen 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition reaction. Combining carbazole as an electroactive group with naphthalimide as a fluorescence group via click chemistry imparts multifunctional properties to this unique structure. CNaP was characterized via Four...

Conducting polymers have the potential to be used in many technological fields due to their unique optical and electrical properties In this study, 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene has been dispersed in aqueous medium by PSS and electrochemically coated on textile material. In order to increase the conductivity of cotton-based textile material, 40 micron...

Owing to their interesting electrical and optical properties, conductive polymers are potentially of use in many practical applications, such as metals and biosensors, supercapacitors, smart windows [1-5]. The interest on conducting polymers using sensor and electrochromic applications is mainly due to their unique optical and electrical properties...

During the past several decades star shape polymer derivatives containing the 1,3,5- triazine ring have become the focus of intensive research and development[1–5]. These molecules indicate wide importance in optoelectronics owing to their perfect semiconducting and photophysical properties as well as electrochemical characteristic. In this study,...

Bioelectronics devices are seeing great improvement. After the earliest generations of sensors and biosensors, the current generation is attracting great interest due to the advantages that it showed. Despite the positive advantages, some drawbacks linked to the technologies used in the construction process are still seen. Therefore, the scientific...

Polyoxometalates (POM), also known as polyanionic metal oxide clusters, have recently become one of the focus researches in science and technology. In this study, a nanocomposite film electrochemically formed by combining the Keggin type polyoxometalate (K7- xNaxPW11O39·14H2O) (POM) and star shaped carbazole derivative (N², N⁴, N⁶-tris (9-ethyl-9H-...

Conducting polymers, which have a great potential for use in many technological application areas, can be used to design new selective, sensitive, highly efficient and practical sensor platforms. Herein, a pyrene-substituted 2,5-dithienylpyrrole (TPP) has been synthesized and its conductive polymer has been coated electrochemically on the ITO elect...

In this work, an eco-friendly method is proposed for the electro-synthesis of conductive polymers with superior optical and electrical properties by means of CMC in aqueous media. For this purpose, an aqueous dispersion of a water-insoluble monomer namely 4-amino-N-[2,5-di(thiophen-2-yl)-1H-pyrrol-1-yl]benzamide (TPB) has been prepared by attaching...

In this work, a non-enzymatic electrochemical sensor platform was developed for catalyze of glucose using graphite electrode modifiedwithKeggin typeK7[Co III Co II (H 2 O)W 11 O 39 ].15H 2 O(Co-POM) and multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) composite. The Keggin type Co-POM composing of a unique mixed-valence Co(III) and Co(II) structures was confin...

An electrochemical non-enzymatic sensor was developed for the detection of glucose based on an electrode modified with monodisperse platinum-nickel nanocomposites-decorated on reduced graphene oxide (Pt/[email protected]) which was synthesized using a new ultrasonic hydroxide assisted reduction method. Because the nanocomposites prepared by using N...

Carbazole-based conducting polymers have attracted interest due to their unique properties allowing for various optoelectronic applications such as electroluminescence, photoconductivity, electrochromic and photorefractive materials. Although electrochromic properties of carbazole-containing conducting polymers have not been studied in detail compa...

There is a limited number of studies in the literature on materials showing electrochromic properties between black and transparent. In this study, black-to-transmissive electrochromic materials have been obtained as a result of electrochemical co-polymerization of carbazole derivatives (Cz1 and Cz2) and EDOT. Homopolymers and copolymers synthesizi...

It has become inevitable to design non-enzymatic biosensors to eliminate the drawbacks of enzymatic biosensors prepared using enzymes which are expensive and without long-term stability. For this purpose, a single layer graphene film was prepared by chemical vapor deposition method on Cu foil and transferred to the FTO glass slide. After that coppe...

In this work a multifunctional amid substituted 2,5-di(2-thienyl)pyrrole derivative (BTP), has been synthesized. The synthesized monomer has unique properties for improving the optical and electrical properties of its conductive polymer. The amide substitution in the monomers provides an effective delocalization of the π-bonds by forcing the conjug...

A simple and fast method for preparing chitosan (CH)/conducting polymer (CP) composite film with and without reduced graphene oxide (rGO) was realized to investigate the effect of rGO on an optoelectrochemical system. For this purpose, firstly rGO was successfully dispersed in the acidic aqueous solution of CH by ultrasonic agitation. One by one CH...

Triazine cored 3-amino-9ethly-carbazole (TAC) was designed, synthesized and characterized to constitute a new chemosensor for detecting Cu²⁺ with high selectivity over different metal ions. Besides, the optimized geometry of TAC was determined. Through TAC-Cu²⁺ interaction, TAC depicted a detectable absorbance and fluorescence signal shifting. This...

A new amperometric glucose sensor has been fabricated based on a composite film prepared by electrochemical polymerization of carbazole derivative with having free amino group in presence of the Keggin type polyoxometalate (POM) anion, (nBu4N)3[PW9O34(tBuSiOH)3]. During the electropolymerization of 3-Amino-9-ethylcarbazole (AAC) on graphite electro...

Electrochromic material based on electrochemically deposited azobenzene and 3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene semiconducting layer was electrochemically deposited on indium thin oxide modified glass based electrode. Chemical synthesis of the azobenzene and 3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene‐based chromophores (DAE) and electrochemical formation of its correspondi...

In this study, we reported a novel and an unusual method for the preparation of the disulfide-linked symmetrical carbazole derivative and investigated the electrical and optical properties of crosslinked conductive polymer obtained as a result of its electropolymerization. The disulfide-linked N-alkyl substituted carbazole monomers are comparativel...

In this study, non-peripherally alkyl linked carbazole conjugated novel zinc (II) phtha-locyanine was synthesized by cyclotetramerization reaction of 6-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)hexane-1-thiol and 3,6-bis (tosyloxy) phthalonitrile in a one step reaction. Optical, electrical and sensing properties of this super structured polycarbazole obtained by electropo...

In this work, a star shaped monomer including carbazole and fluorescein namely 2-(6-((4,6-bis((9H-carbazol-2-yl)oxy)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)oxy)-3-oxo-3H-xanthen-9-yl)benzoic acid (TFC) was synthesized. As an electroactive functional group, carbazole has beenused to electrochemically polymerize the monomer and allows the resulting conductive film to be...

Simple, rapid and effective fluorescence sensing platform have been fabricated using fluorescent conducting polymer surface. For this purpose, a rhodamine based electroactive monomer (RDC) and a functional group containing monomer (SNS) have been copolymerized to develop a conducting polymer based sensor platform having a fluorescence and enzyme-bi...

Star shaped functionalized molecules allow the production of sophisticated nano devices by using them as the building blocks for theformation of superstructured macromolecules. Here, we address star-shaped molecule which is formed by quinoline and electroactivecarbazole functionalized triazine (TQEC). Using quinoline as electron accepting (A) and c...

The evolution of electrochemical biosensors reflects a simplification and enhancement of the transduction pathway. The use of novel conducting polymers in the preparation of sensor platforms has become increasingly studied and imparts many advantages. The sensitivity and overall performance of enzymatic biosensors has improved tremendously as a res...

Electrochromic materials have attracted enormous attention due to their potential applications, such as low-power displays, smart windows for energy efficient buildings, electrochromic e-skins, self-dimming rear mirrors for automobiles and so on. Synthetic strategies of new materials for electrochromic are believed to be the key factors that will h...

Fluorescent conducting polymers are gaining increasing popularity in actual applications such as electrochromic device, cell detection and fluorescence sensor. This paper describes the synthesis of new both fluorescent and electrochromic polymer. A new bifunctional material 2,3-dihydrothieno[3,4-b][1,4]dioxin-2-yl)methyl 5-(dimethylamino)naphthalen...

A new unsymmetrical zinc(II) phthalocyanine (ZnPc2) bearing one EDOT group was efficiently synthesized as a monomer through the statistical condensation reaction. The other products of mixed cyclotetramerization ZnPc1, ZnPc3 and ZnPc4 were also isolated. Obtained ZnPc2 is a good precursor for the synthesis of new functional linear electropolymers....

Fluorescent conducting polymers are gaining increasing popularity in actual applications such as electrochromic device, cell detection and fluorescence sensor. This paper describes the synthesis of new both fluorescent and electrochromic polymer. A new bifunctional material 2,3-dihydrothieno[3,4-b][1,4]dioxin-2-yl)methyl 5-(dimethylamino)naphthalen...

Conducting metallopolymers have attracted a great deal of attention due to their multifunctional properties based on presence of metal centers as well as the interactions metal and p-conjugated polymer backbone. Due to their multifunctional properties, conducting metallopolymers have a great potential to use in various technological applications. I...

Herein, we report the synthesis and characterization of a new rhodamine-based monomer (RD-CZ) and investigation of optical and electrochemical properties of its polymer (P(RD-CZ)) which electropolimerized on an ITO electrode. P(RD-CZ) polymer film used as a simple and novel multi-signal sensor platform which demonstrates ion selective property pote...

We report here electrochemical co-polymerization of two functional monomers; one containing fluorescent rhodamine dye (RF) and the other monomer having amine groups (RD), onto the electroactive Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) glasses (P(RF-co-RD). After one step preparation of these surfaces, a three peptide called ArginylGlysylAspartic acid (RGD) was immob...

Addressed herein, novel poly(3,4 ethylenedioxythiophene) PEDOT/Nanocarbon Materials (NCMs) composite films have been produced by electropolymerization of EDOT monomers onto NCMs coated indium tin oxide (ITO) glass slides. In this study NCMs/ITO working electrodes were prepared by drop casting method which is simpler, quicker, cheaper and easier tha...

Fluorescent conducting polymers have been an issue of interest in a wide range of research area, including sensors, clean energy technologies and biological detection. The design and synthesis of fluorescent conjugated polymers are particular interest depending on their both electrochemical and optical properties. In this study, a novel rhodamine b...

Zinc(II) phthalocyanine fused in peripheral positions octa-substituted with alkyl linked carbazole has been prepared by cyclomerization reaction of 4,5-bis(6-carbazole-9-yl-hexylsulfanil)phthalonitrile in the presence of anhydro Zn(II) acetate and a strong organic base (DBU). Synthesis steps were optimized and higher efficiency synthesis was achiev...

In the present work, we performed a comparative investigation of smart window application of amide substituted thienylpyrrole derivatives. For this purpose two amide substituted thienylpyrrole derivatives were synthesized characterized and electrochemically polymerized. Characterizations of the resulting polymers were performed by cyclic voltammetr...

Since the discovery of conductive polymers, one of the most promising innovations in the field of polymer chemistry, these materials have been used in many practical applications. However, new monomers are being designed to overcome some of the disadvantages of conductive polymers, such as their inherent stability, low optical and electrical proper...

Conducting metallopolymers have been attracted a great deal of attention due to their multifunctional properties based on presence of metal centers as well as the interactions metal and p-conjugated polymer backbone. Due to their multifunctional properties, conducting metallopolymers have a great potential to use in various technological applicatio...

Electrochemistry of a copolymer of N-phenyl-2,5di(thiophen-2-yl-1H-pyrrol-1-amine (FHTP) and 3,4-ethylendioxythiophene (EDOT) is presented. In this study, a novel copolymer based upon FHTP and EDOT is successfully synthesized and characterized in acetonitrile (ACN)/lithiumperclorate (LiClO4) solution via electrochemical methods. The copolymer film...

A new asymmetric functionalized star shaped triazine derivative, namely 2,2'-((6-(quinolin-8-yloxy)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diyl)bis(oxy))bis(9H carbazole) (TQC) was synthesized from 2-hydroxy carbazole and 8-hydroxyquinoline. The electrically conductive PTQC film was synthesized via electropolymerization on ITO in a 0.1 M lithium perchlorate/acetonitri...

A new asymmetric functionalized star shaped triazine derivative, namely 2,2’-((6-(quinolin-8-yloxy)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4- diyl)bis(oxy))bis(9H carbazole) (TQC) was synthesized from 2-hydroxy carbazole and 8-hydroxyquinoline. The electrically conductive PTQC film was synthesized via electropolymerization on ITO in a 0.1 M lithium perchlorate/acetonitr...

Since the discovery of conductive polymers, one of the most promising innovations in the field of polymer chemistry, these materials have been used in many practical applications. However, new monomers are being designed to overcome some of the disadvantages of conductive polymers, such as their inherent stability, low optical and electrical proper...

Because of some disadvantages of polythiophenes and polypyrroles, alternatively thienylpyrrole monomers which include these two heterocycles in its structure have been synthesized for overcome optical, electrical and stability problems. However, the desired properties can only be achieved by the copolymerization of thienylpyrroles with EDOT. The op...

Fluorescent conjugated polymers have been used as excellent optical sensing materials to develop high sensitive and selective sensorsby using their large extinction coefficient and high fluorescence quantum yield. Thanks to these features, conjugated polymers areused in a wide range of applications, including metal ion sensing and detection. In thi...

Carbon nanotubes (CNT) and graphene are two significant carbon based nanomaterials which have extraordinary physicochemical properties, used in diverse fields of research. Recently, some actual studies were made to associate these carbon nanomaterials to produce CNT-graphene hybrid with synergic effects of graphene and CNTs. Addressed herein, EDOT-...

In this work, we report a comprehensive theoretical investigation of electroactive star shaped pyrrole functionalized triazine monomer with two main goals. First goal of this work is to explore the physical and chemical properties of the monomer, then to investigate correlation between the experimental and the theoretical properties of monomer. The...

Fluorescent conjugated polymers have been used as excellent optical sensing materials to develop high sensitive and selective sensors by using their large extinction coefficient and high fluorescence quantum yield. Thanks to these features, conjugated polymers are used in a wide range of applications, including metal ion sensing and detection. In t...

Thanks to their interesting optical and electrical properties, conductive polymers are one of the materials to have highest potential utility in technological applications. But theirs usage in practical applications are limited due to poor solubility, cannot be easily processed and lack of good mechanical strength and stability. In this work, synth...

A fluorescent group containing novel asymmetric functionalized star shaped derivative (TPC) of 2,4,6-trichloro-1,3,5-triazine containing 2-hydroxy carbazole and 1-pyrenemethylamine was designed, synthesized and characterized. Polymerization of TPC was achieved in acetonitrile/lithium perchlorate (ACN/LiClO4) solvent/electrolyte couple via electroch...

Conducting polymers have attracted attention as active materials for low power consuming, flexible devices with vivid colors and simple, room temperature processing methods. However, the conductive polymers with high-contrast electrochromic properties are limited in the literature. Here we achieve high-contrast electrochromic switching by copolymer...

While majority of conductive polymers are insoluble and infusible, theirs solution processable derivatives are more desirable for preparing large size flat panel display and solid state applications because they are compatible with low cost, large area roll-to-roll manufacturing process. For this purpose, a solution-processable fluorescent conjugat...

In this study, a novel, fluorescent, metal ion sensitive monomer called (E)-4-(2,5-di(thiophen-2-yl)-1Hpyrrol- 1-yl)-N-(pyren-1-ylmethylene)aniline (PR–SNS) was synthesized. Good fluorescence properties for PR–SNS were successfully achieved, which emits blue. Furthermore, PR–SNS shows sensitive fluorescence changes when interacting with metal ions....

This research highlights the degree of conformity between our electrochemical and theoretical studies conducted on the newly designed electropolymerizable monomers (BuDOP, BenDOP and BenzoDOP) possessing 3,4-alkylenedioxypyrrole (ADOP) backbone (BuDOP). We tried to select logical enhancing of the structures in a stepwise in order to discuss the eff...

A novel triazine-based, star shape and electroactive monomer, 2,4,6-tris(2-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethoxy)-1,3,5-triazine (TCZ) which contains 2,4,6-trichloro-1,3,5-triazine as the core and 2-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethanol as the arms, was successfully synthesized. After electrochemical polymerization of the TCZ monomer, called PTCZ, the polymer shows superio...

A new organic-inorganic hybrid monomer, O-2-(9H-carbazyl) ferrocenyldithiophosphonate (CzFc), was synthesized and characterized. Electropolymerization was realized with an applied potential of 1.5 V in boron trifluoride diethyl etherate (BFEE). Spectroelectrochemical and colorimetry studies have shown that P(CzFc) has transmissive colored in neutra...

In this study, we reported synthesis of ferrocene functioned conducting metallopolymer to enhance the understanding of properties of polymers. One of the crucial ways in the electrochromic polymer materials research was tuning color by means of copolymerization and change of polymer backbones and side groups. For this purpose, we synthesized copoly...