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MEDARH.2012;66(2):116-121•ORIGINAL PAPER
CorrelationofAggressivenessandAnxietyinFighteengSports
PAPER
Correlation of Aggressiveness and Anxiety in
Fighteeng Sports
MeritaTiric-Campara1,EmirTupkovic2,EdinMazalovic2,EmirKaralic2,MirzaBiscevic3,JasminkaDjelilovic-Vranic1,AzraAlajbegovic1
NeurologyClinic,ClinicalCentreUniversityofSarajevo,Sarajevo71000,BosniaandHerzegovina1
DepartmentofNeurophysiology,PrimaryHealthCentreTuzla,Tuzla75000,BosniaandHerzegovina2
ClinicofOrthopedicsandtraumatology,ClinicalCentreUniversityofSarajevo,Sarajevo71000,BosniaandHerzegovina3
Introduction: in ghting sports there are many opened issues related with
levels of aggression and anxiety. Material and methods: Our study is
performed with healthy young athletes: kick boxers, karate ghters, and
boxers. Examined group consisted of 55 members (45 male) with average
age of 20.2±3.8 years. In analysis of level of aggression Questionnaire A-87
is used. Its purpose is assessment of aggressive behaviour in provoked situa-
tions, or measurement of impulsive aggression. Questionnaire A-87 consists
of 15 items of dierent situations with ve possible responses. Results and
Discussion: e possible responses or reactions are the ve most frequent
forms of aggressive responses: a) verbal manifest aggression (VM); b) physi-
cal manifest aggression (PHM); c) indirect aggression (IND); d) verbal latent
aggression (VL), and e) physical latent aggression (PHL). In the analysis of
anxiety is used Beck Anxiety Inventory, BAI. Average training period was
7.8±3.6 years. Even 37 athletes during sporting carriers were injured, and
most of examiners (precisely 13) experienced 3 injuries. Average value of BAI
was 12.7±8.7. Average value of total aggression was 152.2±40.9; highest levels
were observed in VM (33.9) and VL (30.1). Signicant positive correlations
of all components of aggression with level of anxiety is observed (p<0.05),
most prominent IND (r=0.4263; p=0.0012), and VL (r=0.4163; p=0.0016), and
also total aggression (r=0.4822; p=0.0002). Slightly signicant positive cor-
relation of total aggression with age of examiners is also observed (r=0.2668,
p=0.0489). Positive correlation VM (r=0.4928; p=0.0001), PHL (r=0.2761;
p=0.0413), and total aggression (r=0.347; p=0.0094) is observed with num-
ber of injuries of examined athletes. Also, positive correlation (r=0.2927,
p=0.0301) is observed with level of anxiety and number of injuries. Higher
level of aggression and anxiety might change attitude of some sports authori-
ties (especially coaches), and additional psychological training of ght sports
might be necessary. Conclusion: Assessment of basically levels of aggression
and anxiety of athletes might be valuable not only in sport activities, but in
overall aspects of life.
Aggressiveness is an indivisible
part of the ambience in sporting are-
nas, where in fact, becomes a behav-
ing manner. It is, therefore, behavioral,
emotional reaction, which is basically
intended to inict damage, physical or
psychological harm (1). It is expressed
directly through verbal, physical or
combined at tacks or indirectly through
compensation or indirect aggression
(2). It is suitable, for example, when used
for self-defense, but can be destructive.
“Active” aggressiveness means phys-
ical and verbal attacks, and “passive”
causes adverse consequences by fail-
ure to take deliberate action. While the
“oensive” aggression is normally ex-
pressed during the struggle for terri-
tory or individuals of the opposite sex,
“defensive” is usually expressed in life-
threatening situations, and is related to
increased fear (3).
According to social learning theory
the aggression is a behavior learned in
the process of amplication and mod-
eling (4), and by the frustration-aggres-
sive hypothesis the human aggressive
behavior is caused by frustration (5).
In the sports context, frustration oc-
curs by block of sportsman eorts to
achieve the goal of the sports. On the
other hand, parents sometimes uncrit-
ically “pushing” their children in com-
petitive sports, probably wishing to
achieve their personal, unmet goals, or
to nd it as a suitable preparation for
later life (6). Pagelow (1984) noted that
aggressive chi ldren tend to have aggres-
sive parents, and parents can be strong
models of aggression (7). Freishlag and
Schmidke (1979) emphasize the impor-
tance of parental inuence on the moral
reasoning of young athletes (8).
Anxiety involves unpleasant feel-
ings in the form of anticipation of
something that is uncomfortable. Un-
like fear, which is caused by a realistic,
doi:10.5455/medarh.2012.66.116-121
Received:November26th2011
Accepted:February5th2012
©Avicena2012
MEDARH.2012;66(2):116-121•ORIGINAL PAPER
CorrelationofAggressivenessandAnxietyinFighteengSports
well-known danger, anxiety is dicult
to identify. Normal (objective) anxiety
occurs when people react appropriate
to the situation, but after a certain pe-
riod comes to adaptation and anxiety
disappears (9). Anxiety as a feature of
anxiety disorders is of disproportion-
ately high intensity compared to the
situation that causes a feeling of anxi-
ety and interferes with the individual’s
ability to perform normal activities (9).
Common is the comorbidity of a nx-
iety with depression, addiction and ag-
gressive behavior (10). e particular
aggressiveness and violence is likely
to develop as a result of generally dis-
turbed emotional regulation, such as
abnormally high or low levels of anx-
iety (11).
Many mental disorders are associ-
ated with disturbed social function-
ing and explicit aggressiveness (12) be-
cause the neural circuits that regulate
emotions and social behavior are mul-
tiple interwoven. In fact, decits in so-
cial behavior that lead to excessive ag-
gression can develop as a result of dis-
rupted emotional regulation (13).
Testosterone, the main male sex
steroid, has been for long time re-
spected factor in the manifestation of
aggression, both in animals and hu-
mans (14,15). Proven is a connection
between testosterone levels in circula-
tion and levels of aggression, for exam-
ple during puberty, when testosterone
levels in mammals and aggression are
elevated (16).
From the sport point of view it is
interesting research results which in-
dicate that there is increase in levels of
testosterone and cortisol in male karate
ghters which participate in the “real”
ght, but not in the kata, and that the
levels were higher in those who have
lost than the winners. Defeated showed
a higher degree of anxiety (17).
Interestingly, however, higher doses
of testosterone administered to healthy
men, regardless of exercise or lack of
physical activity does not increase ag-
gressiveness (18). However, this does
not exclude the possibility that higher
doses of multiple steroids might pro-
voke angry behavior in people who
have previous psychopathological dis-
orders (19).
The serotonergic (5-HT) system
plays an important role not only in the
pathophysiology of depression, but also
anxiety and aggression (20).
Analysis of aggression in sports re-
quiring additional attention, because it
carries a certain sport related specics.
Aggressiveness and violence in sport
are, or at least should be, sanctioned,
and those who take part in sports with
a “high risk” are taking the risk of per-
sonal physical injury (21). Philosophy
of “win at all costs” for athletes often
leads to unethical and aggressive behav-
ior, creating a negative and destructive
impact, not only to young athletes, but
also the entire community. In this con-
text by research is still dicult to an-
swer whether sports provides a positive
outlet for the instinctive tendencies of
aggression or, conversely, because of its
competitive nature, even leading to an
increased aggressiveness (22).
ere are many open questions re-
lated to the level of aggression and anx-
iety in people engaged in martial arts,
and previous studies are mainly limited
to a separate assessment of their level,
and rare are the ones that put these lev-
els in relation to each other, as well as in
connection with age, duration of train-
ing or number of injuries athletes. is
paper is an attempt to partially illumi-
nate this problem.
e goals of this research are:
To determine the level of aggression
and anxiety of those who are engaged
in martial ar ts and determine their mu-
tual correlation;
To determine the correlation be-
tween the level of aggressiveness with
age of subjects, sport experience dura-
tion, and the number of injuries;
To determine the correlation be-
tween the level of anxiety with age of
subjects, sport experience duration, and
the number of injuries.
e study was conducted on healthy
active athletes arranged in three mar-
tial arts club: Tom Cat kick-boxing club
Tuzla (18 respondents), Karate Club
Forma, Tuzla (22 respondents), and the
boxing club Giprom Tuzla (15 subjects),
in the period May–June 2011.
e test group consisted of 55 pa-
tients (the majority or 45 subjects were
men) with mean age 20.2± .8 (13-28)
years. At the same time the role as the
coach and the participants in the ght
had 4, while other 51 subjects were only
participants in the ghts. ere were no
respondents who were involved in rec-
reational training.
Analysis of all clubs is performed
before the regular training. At the time
of analysis neither respondent was at
the stage of recovery from injury, or was
previously treated by a psychiatrist or
psychotherapist.
In analyzing the aggressiveness the
Questionnaire on Aggressiveness A8
was used (22). Aimed at assessing ag-
gressive behavior in provoking situa-
tions, and measuring impulsive aggres-
sion. It consists of 15 items–the situa-
tions, and every situation is provided
with 5 possible responses. Situations
are examples of provoking situations
that are commonly encountered in ev-
eryday life.
e ve most common responses
oered for each situation is one of 5
modes of impulsive aggression: verbal
manifested aggression (VM), physically
manifested aggression (FM), indirect
or shifted aggression (IN), verbal latent
aggression (VL), and the physical latent
aggression (FL) .
Results are obtained by linear sum-
mation of responses to 15 particles,
and the possible range on each of the 5
scales is from 15 to 75. e overall re-
sult is a measure of the tendency of in-
dividuals to respond with aggression in
provoking situations, and is formed by
summing up the results of 5 subscales.
is total score can be in a range from
75 to 375.
In the analysis of anxiety in the
tested group was used Beck’s Anxiety
Inventory (BAI). Ranked in the follow-
ing range: minimum (without anxiety)
(0-9), mild anxiety (10-16), moderate
anxiety (17-29), severe anxiety (30-63).
In addition to the degree of aggres-
sion and anxiety of the respondents was
identied their mutual correlation, as
well as correlation of ag gression compo-
nents with a duration of training mar-
tial arts and number of injuries. Also
is determined the correlation between
the level of anxiety with age, duration
of martial arts training and number of
injuries.
In the analysis are used the mean
MEDARH.2012;66(2):116-121•ORIGINAL PAPER
CorrelationofAggressivenessandAnxietyinFighteengSports
values with standard deviation and co-
ecient of linear correlation, a value
of p<0.05 were taken into account as
signicant.
e average experience in particu-
lar sport of the respondents was 7.8±3.6
(2-16) years and the av-
erage duration of train-
ing was 1.5 ± 0.25 (1-2)
hours, with the average
number of training per
week of 5±1.3 (2-7).
Injuries had 37 re-
spondents and the dis-
tribution of the num-
ber of injuries is shown
in Figure 1. The larg-
est number of respon-
dents (13) had three in-
juries and the average
number of injuries was
2.2±2 (0-7).
e highest average
score of an xiety had kick-
boxers (16.8), followed
karate fighters (12.7)
and boxers (7.9). e av-
erage rate of anxiety in
all subjects measured
with the
BAI was
12.7±8.7
(0-40), a majority of re-
spondents, a total of
35, were without anxi-
ety, while there were 16
with mild anxiety pres-
ent (Figure 2).
Approximately the
same average levels of
overall aggression had a
kick-boxers (160.2) and
boxers (159.5). Mean for
total aggression score
was 152.2±40.9, and the
highest average values
were noticed in the ver-
bal manifested and ver-
bal latent aggression
(Table 1).
There was a signif-
icant positive correla-
tion bet ween all compo-
nents of aggression (Fig-
ure 3, 4, 5, 6), most pro-
nounced with indirect
shift and verbal latent,
with the degree of anx-
iety, as well as the over-
all aggressiveness with
the anxiety level (Fig. 8).
ere was a signi-
cant positive correlation
of overall aggressiveness
with age, without association between
individual components of aggressive-
ness (Table 2). ere was no connection
between the duration of the martial arts
experience with the degree of aggres-
siveness of the respondents (Table 3).
It was found a positive correlation
between verbal manifested, latent and
total physical aggression with the num-
ber of injuries of the respondents (Ta-
ble 4).
Distributionofrespondentsinvolvedinmartialartsin
relationtothenumberofinjuries
Distributionofanxietydegreesinsubjectsinvolvedin
martialartsmeasuredbyBeck’sAnxietyInventory(BAI).0-9
minimalornoanxiety,10-16mildanxiety,17-29moderate
anxiety,30-63severeanxiety.
AGGRESSIVENESS Mean SD Min Max
Verbalmanifested 33.9 11.9 15 71
Physicalmani-
fested 29 10.8 15 59
Indirectshift 29 9.2 16 51
Verballatent 30.1 8.8 15 35
Physicallatent 29.4 10.6 16 67
Total 152.2 40.9 85 285
Meanvaluesofthecomponents
ofaggressionmeasuredbyQuestionnaire
foraggressivenessofrespondentswho
areengagedincombatsportsr=0.3588;
p=0.0071
010 20 30 40
0
20
40
60
80
Verbalno manifestna agresivnos t
Beck-anx.
Correlationofverbalmanifestedaggressionand
thedegreeofanxietymeasuredbyBeck’sAnxietyinventory
(Beck-anx)ofrespondentswhoareengagedincombatsports.
r=0.3515;p=0.0085
010 20 30 40
0
20
40
60
Fizicki manififestna agresiv nost
Beck-anx.
Correlationofphysicallymanifestedaggressionand
thedegreeofanxietymeasuredbyBeck’sAnxietyInventory
(Beck-anx)ofrespondentswhoareengagedincombatsports.
r=0.4263;p=0.0012
AGGRESSIVENESS r p
Verbalmanifested 0.2234 0.1011
Physicalmanifested 0.2381 0.0801
Indirectshift 0.2478 0.0681
Verballatent 0.2314 0.0891
Physicallatent 0.1301 0.2435
Total 0.2668 0.0489
Thecorrelationofthecomponentsof
aggressivenesswithageexpressedinyearsin
respondentsengagedincombatsports
AGGRESSIVENESS r p
Verbalmanifested 0.0956 0.4873
Physicalmanifested -0.2513 0.0642
Indirectshift -0.1577 0.2501
Verballatent -0.0085 0.9503
Physicallatent -0.1895 0.1657
Total -0.1249 0.3635
Correlationbetweenaggressiveness
componentswithdurationofsports
experienceexpressedinyearsinrespondents
engagedincombatsports
MEDARH.2012;66(2):116-121•ORIGINAL PAPER
CorrelationofAggressivenessandAnxietyinFighteengSports
ere was no connection between
the level of anxiety with age and dura-
tion of sports experience, while there
was a positive correlation between lev-
els of anxiety with the number of inju-
ries (Table 5).
Positive correlation as of total, also
of all individual components of the ag-
gressiveness with anxiety level con-
firms the statements that these two
mental functions are in mutual rela-
tionship (12, 13).
On the other hand, a positive cor-
relation between the levels of aggres-
siveness with age raises the question of
optimal age of athletes to practice mar-
tial arts, when the increase in aggres-
sion by athlete can have harmfu l conse-
quences. Interestingly, in older individ-
uals there is no correlation with an xiety,
which can also be an aggravating factor
because the “objective”
anxiety to a certain limit
may have a protective
character, and made a
person more prudent in
the ght. In other words,
the growing aggressive-
ness without anxiety ca n
lead to poor situation as-
sessment and uncritical
entering into ght.
Although expected,
the positive correlation
with the total number of
injuries and, especially,
verbal manifested ag-
gression leads to further
reection. Although
the level of anxiety
is positively corre-
lated with the num-
ber of injuries, the
number of injuries
should have its “psy-
chological limit”, es-
pecially in older ath-
letes. Further more,
as sole participation in
the match and a possi-
ble poor outcome may
indeed, but not always,
be a source of further
frustration and deepen
the aggressiveness of the
ghters.
It was noted that par-
ticipation in competi-
tive games encourages
young men and girls on
aggression, regardless
of the outcome (23). It
was found that even ob-
servers of such events
have become signifi-
cantly more aggressive.
at loosing the game might be an im-
portant factor causing frustration sup-
010 20 30 40
16
26
36
46
56
Indirektno pomjeranje
Beck-anx.
Correlationofindirectshiftandthedegreeofanxiety
measuredbyBeck’sAnxietyInventory(Beck-anx)ofrespondents
whoareengagedincombatsports.r=0.4163;p=0.0016
010 20 30 40
14
24
34
44
54
Verbalno latentna agres ivnost
Beck-anx.
Correlationofverballatentaggressivenessandthedegree
ofanxietymeasuredbyBeck’sAnxietyInventory(Beck-anx)
ofrespondentswhoareengagedincombatsports.r=0.3865;
p=0.0036
010 20 30 40
0
20
40
60
80
Fizici latententna agres ivnost
Beck-anx.
Correlationofthephysicallatentaggressivenessandthe
degreeofanxietymeasuredbyBeck’sAnxietyInventory(Beck-
anx)ofrespondentswhoareengagedincombatsports.r=0.4822;
p=0.0002
AGGRESSIVENESS r p
Verbalmanifested 0.4928 0.0001
Physicalmanifested 0.1648 0.2292
Indirectshift 0.1592 0.2458
Verballatent 0.2473 0.0687
Physicallatent 0.2761 0.0413
Total 0.3470 0.0094
Thecorrelationwithofcomponents
ofaggressivenesswithnumberofinjuriesin
respondentsengagedincombatsports
rp
BAI/age -0.0545 0.6926
BAI/sportexperience -0.2206 0.1056
BAI/numberofinjuries 0.2927 0.0301
Correlationbetweenlevelsofanxiety
measuredwiththeBeck’sAnxietyInventory
(BAI)withage,thedurationofsports
experienceandnumberofsportsinjuriesin
respondentsengagedincombatsports
010 20 30 40
0
75
150
225
300
Ukupna agresivnos t
Beck-anx.
Correlationoftotalaggressivenessandthedegreeof
anxietymeasuredbyBeck’sAnxietyInventory(Beck-anx)of
respondentswhoareengagedincombatsports.
MEDARH.2012;66(2):116-121•ORIGINAL PAPER
CorrelationofAggressivenessandAnxietyinFighteengSports
ports the observation that competitive
sports generate either catharsis with
decreasing levels of aggression, or con-
versely, increase aggression, depending
on the outcome of the match (24,25).
Athletes in individual sports have ex-
perienced more frustration than those
in team sports when loses, and partic-
ipation in both types of sport leads to
reduction in aggressiveness when they
won. However, the type of sport has a
certain inuence. Although the chil-
dren who have had a judo training did
not had higher scores of aggression af-
ter training, those who had other forms
of martial arts training were more ag-
gressive (26). We want to note that the
judoka are not included in this analy-
sis, and testing of the complete sample
was done before the regular training.
ere is a discussion “whether ath-
letes tend to be more unsportsmanlike
than persons who are not actively in-
volved in sports,” and that long periods
of involvement and high level of physi-
cal contact in sports has a negative ef-
fect on the moral reasoning of the ath-
letes (30). Gardner and Janelle (2002)
tested the athletes and individuals who
are not actively involved in sports to
evaluate the legitimacy of the manifes-
tation of aggressive actions by athletes
in contact and non contact sports. ey
found that the judgment to legitimize
aggressive behavior was inversely re-
lated to moral reasoning of the respon-
sible person (31).
Sports, in fact, can serve as a me-
dium for learning and reinforcing the
sporting spirit and moral reasoning,
with aggression and unsportsmanlike
conduct that occurs primarily in re-
sponse to an adverse situation. It is im-
portant that the sports authority–lead-
ers (especially coaches) do not express
aggression, and to support the sport-
ing spirit of the athletes (26). Treasure
(2002) notes that part icipation in sports
with a poor leadership has a devastating
lifelong impact on a child’s moral devel-
opment (27). It was noted that procla-
mation of pro-aggressive norms of the
team’s most powerful predictor of ag-
gressive athletes (28, 29). From these
studies, it can be argued weather the
unsporting behavior of young athletes
is learned and reinforced depending on
the type of sport and leadership author-
ity, especially the coaches.
However, in a completely dierent
context, these observations may ac-
tually inspire optimism. Proof is the
study of Daniel and ornton (1989),
which reveals that the martial arts can
actually serve to reduce hostility under
good leadership (30). It can be argued
that participation in sport, if you pro-
vide quality leadership and the environ-
ment, facilitates and teaches the spirit
of sports and moral reasoning. Hence
the contention that the coach may be
the most important person to inu-
ence the amount of aggressive or fair-
play behavior expressed in the context
of competitive sports (31).
e signicance of our study could
be the fact that higher levels of aggres-
sion and anxiety in sport may require
not only an appropriate intervention
of the coach, but also adequate psy-
chological preparation, of sportsmen
in the combat sport (which requires a
greater involvement of a psychologist
or psychotherapist). If the level of anx-
iety and aggression jump out of basic
values, which can have a negative im-
pact on outcome, further measures for
their reduction are needed, as in order
to achieve better results and prevent in-
jury or excessive situations in the arena.
Preliminary determination of the level
of aggression and anxiety in a certain
type of personality can be decisive for
the selection, continuation, and aban-
donment or change of the sport, for ex-
ample, athletes with a big dose of ag-
gressiveness can choose the sport in
which this level is necessary. In other
words, taking into account the assump-
tion that the martial arts must contain
a certain amount of aggression, raises
the question of standardization of the
optimal level of aggression for some (es-
pecially martial arts) sports.
To continue practicing martial arts
is necessary to take into account the in-
dividual’s age and number of injuries.
However, in terms of sports medicine,
it is important also that an increase in
levels of aggression and anxiety, may
reect some psychological, somatic and
endocrine disorders, includ ing abuse of
certain substances, a nd may be the basis
for further analysis. Basic levels of ag-
gression and anxiety of athletes, there-
fore, are not an i mportant factor only in
terms of sports, but in all aspects of life.
ere is a signicant correlation be-
tween all components of aggression and
total aggression with the level of anxi-
ety among those who were engaged in
combat sports.
ere was a moderate correlation
between total aggression with age, as
well as total and verbally manifested
aggression with the number of injuries
of the respondents.
Higher levels of aggression and
anxiety may require appropriate at-
titude of sport authorities, especially
coaches, certain psychological prep-
aration of athletes in a combat sport
(involvement of a psychologist or psy-
chotherapist), and others, because the
basic level of aggression and anxiety of
the athletes do not need to be relevant
only in terms of sporting activities but
in all aspects of life.
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