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Challenging predictions between affective temperaments, depression and anxiety in a Kosovo student community sample
Abstract and Figures
Objective: The relationship between temperament and mental health problems is seen very important as we hope to explain the trajectory of this interaction. The aim of this study was to test the validity of affective temperaments for predicting psychiatric morbidity, by explaining the relationships between temperament, anxiety and depression in a community sample.
Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. The present sample consisted of 960 participants (347 male, 622 female) with a mean age of M = 28.4 (SD = 10) randomly recruited. Affective temperaments were measured by the brief version of TEMPS-A, depression and anxiety measured with Beck Depression Inventory and Beck Anxiety Inventory.
Results: The Cronbach alpha reliability coefficients for affective temperaments were between .72 and .81, for BDI and BAI, were .88 and .90. The study found significant gender differences on depressive [t(959) = –4.2, p<.001], cyclothymic [t(957) = –4.6, p < .001] and anxious temperament [t(957) = –8.2, p < .001], females having higher scores than males, and reverse results on hyperthermic temperament [t(958) = 2.1, p < .045], males having higher scores than females. No gender difference is found in irritable temperament [t(955) = –.581, p < .561]. Affective temperaments were found significant predictors for depression and anxiety. The combination of the depressive temperament and cyclothymic temperament explained the 32% variance of depression and the 25% variance of anxiety.
Conclusions: Study findings are consistent with some other studies and stress the importance of screening for effective temperament in order to early identify depression and anxiety. Further investigation is needed to understand what are other factors that influence the relationship between affective temperaments with depression and anxiety.
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... In line with previous findings, we expect significant positive associations between depressive, cyclothymic, irritable, and anxious affective temperaments and depressive symptoms (Shahini et al., 2018). Although research on attachment-related differences in affective temperaments is scarce, we hypothesized significant associations between depressive, cyclothymic, irritable, and anxious temperaments and dimensional measures of attachment (i.e., negative association with dimensional measure of attachment security; positive association with the dimensional measure of dismissing and preoccupied attachment). ...
... Although research on attachment-related differences in affective temperaments is scarce, we hypothesized significant associations between depressive, cyclothymic, irritable, and anxious temperaments and dimensional measures of attachment (i.e., negative association with dimensional measure of attachment security; positive association with the dimensional measure of dismissing and preoccupied attachment). Compared to the patterns hypothesized above, we expect that the hyperthymic temperament will show inverse associations with depressive symptoms (Gassab et al., 2008;Shahini et al., 2018) and with the dimensional measures of attachment (see Lang et al., 2016;Macdonald et al., 2013). Finally, we expect that secure-insecure, dismissing and preoccupied attachment would mediate the associations between affective temperaments and depressive symptoms. ...
... The present study shows that all the affective temperaments, as setting the basis for affective reactions, showed significant associations with depressive symptoms severity (Shahini et al., 2018). The depressive temperament was the temperamental variable that better accounts for Note. ...
Background
: Studies showed that affective temperaments and attachment are associated with depressive symptoms, and that they bi-directionally influence each-other. The aim of this study is to explore mechanisms underlying the relationship between the affective temperaments (i.e., depressive, cyclothymic, irritable, hyperthymic and anxious), interview-based attachment, and depressive symptoms.
Methods
: A sample of 61 adolescents and young adults outpatients were asked to complete the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, and San Diego Autoquestionnaire (TEMPS-A) and the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D). Attachment was assessed through the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI) and employing a dimensional approach to obtain continuous measures. Mediation models were performed with the affective temperaments as predictor, depressive symptoms as the criterion variable, and attachment dimensions as mediators.
Results
: Findings showed significant direct effects between all the affective temperaments and depressive symptoms. Only the cyclothymic (β = .22; SE = 0.1; 95% IC = 0.05, 0.42) and irritable (β = .21; SE = 0.09; 95% IC = 0.04, 0.4) temperaments showed an indirect effect on depressive symptoms through secure-insecure attachment. Dismissing attachment did not predict either the affective temperaments nor depressive symptoms. Preoccupied attachment significantly predicts depressive symptoms and, when controlling for it, the hyperthymic temperament no longer directly associates with depressive symptoms.
Limitations
: The cross-sectional study design limit conclusion about causation and directionality.
Conclusions
: Secure attachment could be a protective factor for depressive symptoms for individuals with a cyclothymic or irritable temperament. Differently, the hyperthymic temperament loses its protective role toward depressive symptoms when accounting for preoccupied attachment.
... These increased the risk of affective disorders, including depression (17). On the other hand, there is speculation that a hyperthymic temperament can provide resistance to depression (20). The prognosis and course of depression could also be affected by one's temperament (15,21). ...
... Moreover, the Kesebir study showed that people diagnosed with depression score lower in the TEMPS-A regarding hyperthymic temperament (10). The above data are compatible with the Shahini study, which also revealed a negative correlation between a hyperthymic temperament and depressive symptoms and a positive correlation between depression and the previously mentioned temperament types (20). According to a study conducted on subjects from the general population in Hungary, the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (ZSDS) score was assessed with TEMPS-A results; anxious, depressive, and cyclothymic temperaments were in substantial positive correlation with depressive scores. ...
Background
Compared to their peers, medical students are more exposed to stress, and many present symptoms of depression, making them a group prone to experiencing mental illnesses.
Objective
This study investigates a potential link between the occurrence of symptoms of depression and the dominating type of affective temperament in young people studying at a medical university.
Methods
One hundred thirty-four medical students were surveyed using two validated questionnaires; the Polish versions of Beck’s Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) and the Temperament Evaluation of the Memphis, Pisa, and San Diego Autoquestionnaire (TEMPS-A).
Results
The data analysis revealed a significant link between symptoms of depression and affective temperaments, most significantly in subjects with an anxious temperament.
Conclusion
This study confirms the role of various affective temperaments as a risk factor for mood disorders, specifically depression.
... Mężczyźni natomiast prezentowali wyższe nasilenie cech w wymiarze hipertymii. Takie same wyniki pod względem nasilenia wymiarów temperament afektywnego pod względem płci uzyskano w innych badaniach z 2018 r. na 960 studentach w Kosowie (Shahini i in., 2018). Wynik ten nieco odbiega od badania wykonanego na populacji polskiej, gdzie kobiety miały wyższe wskaźniki w wymiarze depresyjnym i lękowym, natomiast mężczyźni w drażliwym i hipertymicznym (Borkowska i in., 2009). ...
Affective temperament is considered relatively stable, manifesting as traits, a way of expressing a person's characteristic or emotional state, which overall impacts mood. It also provides information about the risk of developing psychopathology in a given person. Despite its relative stability, it can be shaped by various difficult life experiences. The article presents the results of a survey conducted in 2019 on 300 respondents, the aim of which was to compare groups in terms of affective temperament who experienced social exclusion and physical and psychological violence in the family home in childhood with people who did not experience such situations in their lives. This problem is fundamental. This shows, among others, the diagnosis of violence against children in Poland from 2023, which shows that 79% of children and teenagers have experienced violence or neglect at least once in their lives. Dimensions of affective temperament and the experience of violence or social exclusion in childhood
... So far, research results show that utilization of TEMPS-A may provide interesting data regarding the evaluation of patients' predisposition to depression and anxiety or in determining the diagnosis of bipolar disorders. 27,28 Recent literature shows that TEMPS-A as a tool has been found useful in determining affective disorders and in other conditions like insomnia or pain syndrome. [29][30][31] The evaluation of affective temperament seems to determine which of the infertile women are more prone to the development of depression and anxiety. ...
Purpose:
Affective temperament shows innate predisposition to affective disorders and has been studied in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity. Studies describing connections between depressive disorders, obesity and T2DM, show a bidirectional way in which these disorders affect each other. Given that obesity, depression, and T2DM are still growing health problems of our times, the improvement of therapeutic strategies is required. The aim of our study was to evaluate affective temperament in obese individuals with T2DM and pre-diabetes and to investigate the correlations between affective temperaments and glycemic control.
Materials and methods:
The study enrolled 185 obese individuals (146 females; 39 males) who were diagnosed with pre-diabetes, diabetes or without any carbohydrate disorder. For affective temperament evaluation, Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego Autoquestionnaire (TEMPS-A) was utilized; for glycemic control, the assessment of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) was performed.
Results:
We did not observe any significant differences of affective temperament between studied groups. In the group of patients with diabetes, depressive, cyclothymic and anxious temperaments positively correlated with HbA1c values indicating worse glycemic control. Inversly, hyperthymic dimension showed negative correlation with HbA1c values.
Conclusion:
Affective temperaments may affect glycemic control in obese individuals with carbohydrate disorders. Individuals with stronger expression of cyclothymic, depressive and anxious temperaments may need more medical aid for better self-management. Hence, TEMPS-A is an easy and useful tool which may significantly improve the compliance in obese patients with carbohydrate disorders.
... Das ermöglicht gemeinsam mit der bereits erlernten prospektiven Life-Chart [1,9,10] eine lückenlose Erfassung des Verlaufes [2,11] und seiner Determinanten [12][13][14][15][16][17] durch die bipolare Person. Manche Aspekte des Moduls V (Verlauf) werden durch das Ausfüllen der retrospektiven Life-Chart am eigenen Beispiel deutlich, etwa die Bedeutung von Mischzuständen [18,19], von Komorbiditä-ten [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27], von Polaritätswechseln [28,29], von Therapieresistenz [29][30][31] und des Verlaufstyps [32,33]. Dieses stellt eine große Hilfe für den therapeutischen Prozess dar -auch in Hinblick auf das Erreichen von Adhärenz [34] ...
Zusammenfassung
Hiermit veröffentlicht psychopraxis.neuropraxis die dritte Tranche eines Psychoedukationsprogramms mit 8 Modulen. Vorgestellt wird eine offene Stunde, in der für das Konzept von Selbsthilfegruppen geworben wird und Anregungen zu Büchern mit Informationen gegeben werden, auch zu Darstellungen affektiver Störungen in Literatur und Film. In einem weiteren Modul lernen die Teilnehmer die retrospektive Life-Chart kennen. Durch die Verknüpfung von retrospektiver mit prospektiver Life-Chart entsteht eine lückenlose Erfassung des Verlaufes und seiner Determinanten durch die bipolare Person.
... During this period, adolescents may face several academic problems which can affect their quality of personal and academic lives. In this period, adolescents' thoughts, emotional challenges, personality types, moods, and levels of quality of life are quite distinct [1]. Adolescence is accompanied by specific biological, cognitive, and identity changes. ...
Zusammenfassung
Nach einem Schlaganfall treten häufig relevante depressive Symptome (poststroke depression, PSD) auf, die in der klinischen Praxis häufig übersehen oder unterschätzt werden. Die rasche Erkennung und angemessene Behandlung der PSD sind für die Rehabilitation und die Chance auf ein optimales funktionelles Ergebnis von entscheidender Bedeutung. Selektive Serotonin-Rückaufnahme-Inhibitoren (SSRI) sind sehr gut für die Behandlung der PSD untersucht, für die kognitiv-behaviorale Therapie gibt es gute Evidenz. Für eine regelhafte prophylaktische Verwendung eines SSRI nach jedem Schlaganfallereignis gibt es keine Empfehlung, in Einzelfällen sollte eine solche Prophylaxe diskutiert werden. Von Bedeutung ist die routinemäßige Erfassung kognitiver Dysfunktionen, da sowohl Schlaganfälle als auch depressive Störungen mit behandlungsbedürftigen kognitiven Störungen einhergehen können.
Group psychoeducation is an important element in the treatment of bipolar disorders. A program with eight sessions is described in this journal “psychopraxis.neuropraxis”. The present publication—the second of three—portrays the two modules that are dedicated to the course of the disorder and the therapeutic possibilities. A large overview of the relevant literature is given.
Objectives
Myofascial Pain Syndrome (MPS) is known as a chronic pain syndrome, which is often associated with decreased life quality, depressive, and anxiety disorders. Affective temperament characteristics are mental illness signs that may assist in anticipating and detecting a tendency to depression and anxiety in MPS. The properties and impacts of affective temperament on pain, disability, life quality, depressive, and anxiety disorders in MPS patients were intended to explore by this study.
Patients and methods
This case-control study was carried out in the physical medicine and rehabilitation clinic of a university hospital, Turkey, from October 2018 to January 2019 with 51 MPS patients and 47 healthy controls (HC). Physical examination, clinical history, visual analog scale (VAS), neck disability index (NDI), Short Form (36) Health Survey (SF-36), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego- Autoquestionnaire (TEMPS-A) scale were performed for all volunteers.
Results
TEMPS-A depressive, cyclothymic, and anxious scores were remarkably higher in MPS patients than in the HC group. In MPS patients, SF 36 physical and mental health summary scores were remarkably lower than the control group. Additionally, BDI and BAI scores were significantly higher in patients with MPS than in the control group. There was a significant positive correlation between depressive and anxious temperament scores and NDI. Moreover, a negative correlation was found between the SF36 physical health summary score and depressive and anxious temperament scores. Also, the mental health summary score was negatively correlated with depressive, cyclothymic, and anxious temperament scores.
Conclusion
This research assesses for the first time of the affective temperament characteristics of MPS patients.
•
KEY POINTS
• Myofascial pain syndrome patients have distinct temperaments than the control group.
• Myofascial pain syndrome patients had remarkably higher TEMPS-A depressive, cyclothymic, and anxious scores than the healthy control group.
• Life quality, clinical severity, and courses can be affected by differences in temperament.
• Clinicians can readily apply the TEMPS-A temperament scale in patient application to demonstrate these differences.
• The anticipation of a psychiatric situation plays a more significant role in evaluating the higher mood symptom rates and their effect on life quality.
Objectives: Temperamental traits as ascertained by the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego Auto-Questionnaire (TEMPS-A) have been suggested as promising intermediate phenotypes of mental disorders. In anxiety disorders, however, TEMPS scales and their genetic underpinnings are still understudied.
Methods: TEMPS-A scores in 109 patients with panic disorder (PD) were compared to a sample of 536 healthy probands. All participants were genotyped for serotonin transporter gene variation (5-HTTLPR/rs25531).
Results: PD patients displayed significantly increased scores on the dysthymic, cyclothymic, irritable and anxious subscales, and lower scores on the hyperthymic subscale, respectively (all ps <0.001) compared to healthy probands. In the total sample, the less active 5-HTTLPR/rs25531 S/LG alleles were associated with higher scores on the dysthymic, cyclothymic, irritable and anxious temperaments (all ps <0.01), but not the hyperthymic subscale. Mediation analyses revealed anxious temperament in particular to mediate the relationship between 5-HTT genotype and PD.
Conclusions: Dysthymic, cyclothymic, irritable and notably anxious temperament could serve as valuable intermediate phenotypes in efforts to unravel neurobiological, particularly serotonin system related genetic pathomechanisms associated with PD and potentially contribute to a panel of vulnerability markers guiding early targeted preventive interventions.
Background:
Affective temperaments are associated with suicidal risk, but their predictive value relative to diagnosis of major affective disorder is uncertain.
Methods:
We compared diagnoses, affective-temperament ratings (TEMPS-A), and other potential risk factors in 956 psychiatric inpatients, using bivariate analyses and multivariable logistic regression modeling for associations with suicidal status.
Results:
Lifetime suicide-attempt rates were high (43.9% overall), ranking by diagnosis: bipolar-II (58.4%), major depressive (50.0%), bipolar-I (44.6%), other (38.0%), and psychotic (33.9%) disorders. TEMPS-A scores for depressive (dep), cyclothymic (cyc), irritable (irr), and anxious (anx) temperaments and their sum were strongly associated with suicidal risk; hyperthymic (hyp) temperament scores were inversely associated; and a composite measure (dep+cyc+irr+anx - hyp), even more strongly associated. The composite score was highly, independently associated with suicidal behavior (p<0.0001), as was female sex (p=0.0002), but older age and diagnosis of major affective disorder, much less (both p=0.02).
Conclusions:
Measures of affective temperament-types were independently and more strongly associated with lifetime suicide attempt than was diagnosis of a major affective disorder. However, in this hospitalized cohort, suicide rates were high across diagnoses, possibly limiting the predictive value of diagnosis.
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) are reported to experience depressive episodes at a higher rate than healthy controls (HC). Affective temperament features are psychiatric markers that may help to predict and identify vulnerability to depression in women with PCOS. Our aim was to evaluate the affective temperaments of women with PCOS and to investigate the association with depression and anxiety levels and laboratory variables in comparison with HC.
The study included 71 women with PCOS and 50 HC. Hormonal evaluations were performed for women with PCOS. Physical examination, clinical history, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and TEMPS-A were performed for all subjects. Differences between groups were evaluated using Student's t-tests and Mann-Whitney U tests. Correlations and logistic regression tests were performed.
All temperament subtype scores, except hyperthymic, and HADS anxiety, depression, and total scores were significantly higher in patients with PCOS compared to HC. A statistically significant positive correlation was found between BMI and irritable temperament, and insulin and HADS depression scores in patients with PCOS. Additionally, hirsutism score and menstrual irregularity were correlated with HADS depression, anxiety and total scores in PCOS patients. In logistic regression analysis, depression was not affected by PCOS, hirsutism score or menstrual irregularity. However, HADS anxiety score was associated with hirsutism score.
Our study is the first to evaluate the affective temperament features of women with PCOS. Consequently, establishing affective temperament properties for women with PCOS may help clinicians predict those patients with PCOS who are at risk for depressive and anxiety disorders.
Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
• Although characterologic constellations such as obsessionalism, dependency, introversion, restricted social skills, and maladaptive self-attributions are popularly linked to the pathogenesis of depressive disorders, the evidence in support of this relationship remains modest. Indeed, many of these attributes may reflect state characteristics woven into the postdepressive personality. Current evidence is strongest for introversion as a possible premorbid trait in primary nonbipolar depressions. By contrast, driven, work-oriented obsessoid, extroverted, cyclothymic, and related dysthymic temperaments appear to be the precursors of bipolar disorders. Other personalities, while not necessarily pathogenic in affective disorders, nevertheless may modify the clinical expression of affective disorders and their prognosis.
Background:
The aims of the present study were to explore whether symptoms in different anxiety disorders are associated with Cloninger's model temperament dimensions novelty seeking (NS), harm avoidance (HA), reward dependence and persistence compared with control subjects in clinical samples of adults or late adolescents.
Method:
Literature search in the following databases: Cochrane Library, PubMed (Medline), Web of Science, Psycinfo and PsycArticles. Systematic review, grading the level of evidence and meta-analysis for each disorder by comparing the temperament dimension scores between patient and control samples in single studies.
Results:
A total of 40 papers fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Meta-analyses were conducted on a total of 24 studies focusing on panic disorder (PD), social anxiety disorder (SAD) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The primary finding was a constant and clinically marked positive association between the HA temperament dimension and symptoms of PD, SAD and OCD, with a most marked effect in SAD, and a moderate effect in OCD and PD. Second, less marked and clinically marginal associations between NS score and SAD and OCD (negative associations), but no associations with PD were observed. The meta-analyses revealed heterogeneity between the results of individual studies, especially in the analyses including SAD and OCD.
Conclusions:
PD, SAD and OCD share a marked and state-dependent avoidant behavioral pattern, which is common for all anxiety disorders. However, PD showed a different pattern of arousal to novel stimuli from that of SAD and OCD. The findings are state dependent and based on cross-sectional studies.
The current study evaluates the reliability and factor-structure replicability of the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego Autoquestionnaire (TEMPS-A) in its Greek Version.
The TEMPS-A was administered to a convenient sample of 734 subjects from the general Greek population (436 females; 59.4% and 298 males; 40.6%). Their mean age was 40.80±11.48 years (range 25-67 years). The analysis included the calculation of Chronbach's alpha, the calculation of the threshold to define dominant temperaments (+2 standard deviations or 95th percentile), confirmatory factor analysis and the calculation of Pearson correlation coefficients between the temperament scales scores. Analysis of Covariance with age as covariate and post-hoc t-test was used to search for differences in temperament scores between males and females. Also a table of percentile values corresponding to a raw score was created.
Internal consistency was excellent for the various temperaments (0.72-0.88). The factor analysis confirmed the five factor solution as the best factor solution. All TEMPS items were included in the final version of the scale in the Greek language.
The study sample included subjects from the general population, but it is a convenient and not representative sample. Although the authors tried to select them on the basis of being mentally healthy and without a psychiatric history, there is always a degree of uncertainty. There is also always the possibility some of them to manifest a mental disorder in the future, thus being currently in a premorbid state.
The Greek version of the TEMPS-A, has good internal consistency and factor structure similar to what was found in other translations. Overall our results are in accord with the literature and in line with theoretical considerations as well as with empirical evidence.
The aim of this study was to investigate if the relationship between affective temperament and resilience in major depression is different in cases with and without childhood trauma.
For this purpose 100 cases with major depressive disorder (MDD) diagnosis according to DSM-IV were evaluated consecutively in their regular outpatient clinic follow-up interviews. Diagnostic interviews were done with SCID-I, affective temperament was evaluated with TEMPS-A (Evaluation of Temperament Memphis, Pisa, Paris and SanDiego-Autoquestionnaire) Temperament Questionnaire, resilience was evaluated with The Resilience Scale for Adults (RSA)-Turkish version. The presence of childhood trauma (CT) was determined by Early Trauma Inventory.
In MDD cases without CT a correlation was present between psychological resilience and hyperthymic temperament, while there was a correlation between psychological resilience and depressive temperament in cases with CT. The relationship between depressive temperament and psychological resilience in cases with CT was observed in the perception of self, family cohesion, and social resources dimensions of psychological resilience.
In depression cases with and without childhood trauma, the relationship between temperament and resilience appears to be different. According to our results psychological resilience was associated with hyperthymic temperament in depressive cases without childhood trauma, while it was associated with depressive temperament in depressive cases with childhood trauma.
In a consecutive clinical series of 538 subjects with primary mood disorders the male:female differences were most skewed (1:4) in recurrent unipolars, 1:2 in single episode and bipolar I subtypes, and about even (1:1) in bipolar II. The sexes did not differ in age at onset of depression, stressors preceding index episodes, endogenous features, psychotic symptoms, suicide attempts, and rates of chronicity. Females had lower mean number of hypomanic, and higher mean number of depressive, episodes. Females also exhibited more anxiety and somatisation, and were more likely to endorse psychopathological items on self-report instruments, which were not reflected in objective measures. Finally, they were more likely to have been admitted to hospital. These gender differences could in part be explained by the higher prevalence of the depressive temperament in women, and of the hyperthymic temperament in men.