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Family Resilience and Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategy among
Mothers of Children with Hearing Impairment
Ria Arianda
Melok Roro Kinanthi
Alabanyo Brebahama
Fakultas Psikologi
Universitas YARSI
melok.roro@yarsi.ac.id
Abstract
The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis whether family resilience has significant
correlation with cognitive emotion regulation strategy among mothers of children with
hearing impairment. This study applied quantitative approach and involved 46 participants
who selected by purposive sampling. Data were gathered by Walsh Family Resilience
Questionnaire and Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire. Spearman Brown’s analysis
revealed that family resilience and seven dimensions of cognitive emotion regulation strategy
that is positive refocusing (r=0,568, p=0,000), refocusing on planning (r=0,675, p=0,000),
positive reappraisal (r=0,614, p=0,000), acceptance (r=0,487, p=0,000), rumination
(p=0,473, p=0,000), self blame (r=0,505, p=0,000), and catastrophizing (r=0,634, p=0,000)
has positive and significant correlation. The discussion regarding the result is provided.
Keywords: Family Resilience, Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategy, Special Need
Children, Hearing Impairment.
Background
Based on the data from National Socio-Economic Survey (2004), the number of
individuals with disability in Indonesia were 6,047,008 persons. Of these, 9,9% or 602,748
people were had hearing impairment. According to Somad and Hernawati (as cited in Putri,
2015), individuals with hearing impairment are persons who had disability to hear voices,
either partially or completely.
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The role of caregiver is potential in taking care and giving assistant of individuals
with special needs, especially children. Mother is considered as primary caregiver for
children with disability (Sethi, Bhargava, & Dhiman, as cited in Sari, 2013). However, not all
of mother of children with hearing impairment are able to adapt properly with the child’s
condition. As an example, they are tend to feel unpleasant emotions. They are also engage in
feeling of guilty and ashame when facing the fact that their child had disability (Ebrahimi
et.al , 2015). A study conducted by Sipal and Utku (2013) revealed that mothers of children
with hearing impairment experience higher level of depression.
In dealing with stressful situation related to their child’s condition that led the
emergence of unpleasant emotion, mothers of children with hearing impairment need to
understand how to regulate their emotions. Gross and John (as cited in Burgess, 2006) stated
that when a person experience stressful situation, emotion regulation can be used to manage
the emerging negative emotion. Emotion regulation has important role in helping individuals
manage negative, stressful, or transitional situations (Amone-P’Olak, Garnefski, & Kraaij,
2011; Li et.al, 2015). Thus, the study of emotion regulation among mothers of children with
hearing impairment is required as it can provide information about the dynamics of emotion
management among mothers of children with hearing impairment. This information can be
used as a reference for developing program for enhancing their emotion regulation ability. It
is expected that with good ability of emotion regulation, mothers can undergo the duties of
caregiver better.
The concept of emotional regulation involved physiological, behavior, and cognition
elements. Amone-P'Olak, Garnefski, and Kraaij (2011) argued that, having considered such a
broad and complex concept, it would be difficult to study emotion regulation by involving all
of these elements. Thus, it is important to focus on one element only in assessing emotional
regulation (Garnefski et al, in Mihalca & Tranavska, 2013). In this study, researchers will
focus on cognitive elements of emotion regulation, also known as cognitive emotion
regulation strategy. It is considered as more potential strategy in handling individuals who
experience emotional problem (Kraaij et.al, as cited in Li et.al, 2015), as experienced by
mothers of children with hearing impairment (Ebrahimi et.al, 2015).
Scholar defined cognitive emotion regulation strategy as the mental process that
responsible for monitoring, evaluating, and modifying emotional reaction (Macedo et. al,
2017). It is also defined as cognitive responses to emotion-eliciting events that consciously
or unconsciously attempt to modify the magnitude and/or type of individuals’ emotional
experience or the events itself (Aldao & Noelen- Hoeksema, as cited in Abdi, Taban, &
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Ghaemian, 2012). There are two types of cognitive emotion regulation strategy that is
adaptive and maladaptive strategy. Those that classified as adaptive strategy are acceptance,
positive refocusing, positive reappraisal, putting into perspective, and refocusing planning.
Meanwhile, those that classified as maladaptive strategy are self blame, rumination,
catastrophizing, and blame others (Garnefski, Kraaij, & Spinhoven, 2001). Numbers of
studies revealed that adaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategy can improve health,
quality of life, resilience, and psychological adjustment (Khan, Ahmed, & Blakeway as cited
in Li et.al, 2015; Mihalca & Tarnavska, 2013; Garnefski et.al, as cited in Li et.al, 2015).
Meanwhile the use of maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies correlates with low
level of perceived quality of life, psychological disorder (depression and anxiety), social
functioning problems, and post-traumatic symptoms (Van Wijk & Herbrink, as cited in Li
et.al, 2015; Garnefski et.al, as cited in Li et.al, 2015). Thus, it is necessary to know what
factors are correlated with adaptive or maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies, so
that an intervention can be developed to improve the ability of individuals to carry out
adaptive strategies and reduce the use of maladaptive strategies.
There are numbers of factors that correlate and contribute to emotion regulation, that
is personality, gender, parenting pattern, resilience, hardiness, forgiveness, decision making
style and religiosity (Yolanda & Wismanto, 2017; Rahayu & Rakhmawati, 2013; Widuri,
2012; Rofatina, Karyanta, & Satwika, 2016; Mira, 2017; Ingranurindani, 2008; Nurhasanah,
2014). However, among of these factors, researcher will focus on family resilience.
Family resilience defined as coping and adaptational process in the family as a
functional unit; the capacity to rebound from adversity strengthened and more resourceful
(Walsh, 2002). Family resilience also defined as the path a family follows as it adapts and
prospers in the face of stress, both in the present and over time (Hawley and DeHaan, as cited
in Nichols, 2013). We hypothesized that family resilience has significant correlation with
cognitive emotion regulation strategy among mothers of children with hearing impairment,
both adaptive or maladaptive ones. This hyphotesis developed based on several previous
findings. As an example, adaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategy can reduce risk
factors, that is risk factors are one of the influential factors to develop resiliency in family.
This is found in several studies that revealed the use of refocusing on planning, positive
refocusing, and positive reappraisal can decrease psychological disorder such as anxiety,
depression, and health problems (Garnefski et.al, as cited in Fitri & Rakhmawati, 2013;
Garnefski et.al, as cited in Li et.al, 2015). Meanwhile, the use of maladaptive cognitive
emotion regulation strategy such as catastrophizing and blame others can increase risk factors
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in the family, which provide opportunity for the individuals to develop depression, anxiety,
low level of emotional well being, and low level of quality of life (Li, et.al, 2015; Van Wijk &
Herbrink, as cited in Li et.al, 2015; Granefski et.al, as cited in Li et.al, 2015). Marsh et.al
(1996) stated that family has interplay dynamic among its member, so that the condition
experienced by one of family member will affect the condition of other or whole family
members.
Cognitive emotion regulation strategy can also play a role in increasing or reducing
protective factors in the family, one component that build resilient family (Patterson, 2002).
As an example, adaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategy have correlation with
individuals’ social functioning (John & Gross, as cited in Mihalca & Tarnavska, 2013). Other
adaptive cognive emotion regulation strategy, that is acceptance, also have correlation with
individuals’ quality of life (Khan et.al, in Li, et.al, 2015). Resilient family also enable it
members to engage in adaptive coping behaviour (Patterson, 2002), that can reduce the
tendency of self blaming, one of maldaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies (Janoff –
Bulman, as cited in Friedman et.al, 2010).
Several studies on cognitive emotion regulation strategy has been conducted in
Indonesia (Ingranurindani, 2008; Mira, 2017; Fitri & Rakhmawati, 2013; Nurhasanah, 2014).
The participants of the study were working mothers, inmate children, women who were
pregnant out of wedlock, and mothers of children who underwent chemotherapy.However,
these studies have limitation that are only examining the correlation between cognitive
emotion regulation strategy and individual attributes such as forgiveness, hardiness, and
decision making style. The studies have not examine whether family attribute such as family
resilience also have correlation with cognitive emotion regulation strategy, particularly
among mothers of children with hearing impairment. In collective cultural society, such as in
Indonesia, family is still considered to play significant role in person’s life. Having
considered this reason, including limited number of research that covered this topic, we will
examine the correlation between family resilience and cognitive emotion regulation strategis
among mothers of children with hearing impairment.
Methods
The aim of this study was to examine whether cognitive emotion regulation strategy
has significant contribution to family resilience among mothers of children with hearing
impairment. Using quantitative approach, the present study applied non experimental reseach
design with associative methods.
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Participants of this study were mothers of children with hearing impairment. There
were 46 participants selected by purposive sampling technique. The majority of participants
aged between 25-40 years old (67.3%), with education level of the majority were high school
(60.9%). The ethnicity was mostly Javanesse (39,1%).
The main data of this study were gathered through two questionnaires, that is
Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ) and Walsh Family Resilience
Questionnaire (WFRQ). CERQ, developed by Garnefski et.al (2001), was used to measure
participants’ cognitive emotion regulation strategy. This multidimensional instrument consists
36 items, measured by Likert scale ranged from 1 to 4, which higher score reflects higher
tendency to engage in indicated strategy. The result of reliability scale analysis has shown an
alpha coefficient of .922 with internal consistency around .222 to .688. Walsh Family
Resilience Questionnaire (Walsh, 2002) was applied to examine perceived level of family
resilience. Having 32 items, the reliability scale analysis revealed an alpha coefficient of .500
to .644 (for Self Blame, Acceptance, Rumination, Positive Refocusing, Refocusing on
Planning, Positive Reappraisal, and Blaming Others). Meanwhile an alpha coefficient of .
047 to .320 were found at Putting Into Perspective and Blaming Others, so that these
dimensions are not involved in correlation analysis. Internal consistency of CERQ were
found around -.304 to .584.
WFRQ (Walsh, 2002) was engage to measure perceived family resilience. It is
consists of 32 items with alpha coefficient of .818 and internal consistency were found
around -.099 to .662. Data were analysed using Spearman- Brown’s analysis. Based on the
normality test using Kolmogorv Smirnov, it found that the data were not normally distributed
(p < 0,05).
Result
Using Spearman Brown’s analysis, we examine correlation between family resilience
and cognitive emotion regulation strategy. We found that family resilience and seven
dimensions of cognitive emotion regulation strategy that is positive refocusing (r=0,568,
p=0,000), refocusing on planning (r=0,675, p=0,000), positive reappraisal (r=0,614,
p=0,000), acceptance (r=0,487, p=0,000), rumination (p=0,473, p=0,000), self blame
(r=0,505, p=0,000), and catastrophizing (r=0,634, p=0,000) has positive and significant
correlation. It suggests that the higher level of family resilience perceived by participants, the
higher the tendency of participants using the indicated strategy would be.
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Discussion
The results of this study revealed that there is a positive significant correlation
between family resilience and the dimensions of cognitive emotion regulation strategies, that
is positive refocusing, refocusing on planning, positive reappraisal, acceptance, rumination,
self blame, and catastrophizing. It suggests that the higher level of family resilience perceived
by participants, the higher the tendency of participants engage in thinking of pleasant matters
of the situation, thinking about what steps to take in order to deal with the event, thinking of
attaching a positive meaning to the event, thinking of resigning to what has happened,
thinking all the time about the feelings and thoughts associated with the negative evet,
thinking of blaming her/his self for what she/he have experienced, and explicitly
emphasizing the terror of the experience. The result of recent study confirmed previous study
that emphasized the role of family in individuals’ emotion regulation (Fosco & Grych, 2002;
Eisnberg et.al, as cited in Fosco & Grych, 2002).
Based on these findings, it can be concluded that there is a relationship between
family resilience and adaptive cognitive emotional regulation strategies (that is positive
refocusing, refocusing on planning, positive reappraisal, acceptance). Resilient families
enable its member to engage in adaptive coping strategies when facing stressful situation (Oh
& Chang, 2014), including adaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies. The use of these
strategies will decrease the possibility of having risk factors among family members, and as
the result it will increase the level of family resilience (Garnefski et al, in Fitri &
Rakhmawati, 2013; Garnefski et al, in Li et al, 2015; Patterson, 2002).
In this study, family resilience has significant and positive contribution to self
blame, rumination, and catastrophizing strategy of cognitive emotion regulation. Resilient
family is indicated by cohesiveness among its members. They have strong bond each others
(Walsh, 2002). We assume this enable participants to blame herself when one of family
members experience ‘bad’ thing and continuously thinking about the negative side of the
situation. It is also possible that the contribution of family resilience is mediated by the level
of severity of the disability. Although resilient family typically has positive belief about the
situation (Walsh, 2002), but when the disability has high level of severity, then the
participants could be engaged in rumination and catastrophizing strategy.
The unique finding of this study is cognitive emotion regulation strategies that are
considered maladaptive in Western culture, in certain level appear in resilient families. This is
indicated by significant positive correlation between family resilience with self blame,
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rumination and catastrophizing, as illustrated in the results of this study. These strategies can
encourage mothers of children with hearing impairment to take concrete actions to overcome
the challenges.
This study expanded existing knowledge. Most of previous research studied how
individuals factors play role in cognitive emotion regulation strategy. The recent study
broaden insight by focusing on family as a factor that contribute to enhance cognitive
emotion regulation. However, this study also has several limitations. We treated family
resilience as uniperspective variable since it is perceived only by one member of the family.
Emphasize on multiperspective in assessing family resilience should be done in future study
to increase data validity. Also, the amount of the participants is only 46 persons, so that it
will raise the generalization issues. Another limitation of this study is we do not consider
demographic factors as potential factors that can influence cognitive emotion regulation. The
result of this study can be a baseline for related parties or stakeholders to develop family-
based intervention for enhacing the ability to manage emotion among mothers of children
with hearing impairment.
6.1 Kesimpulan
Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah temuan yang diperoleh mendukung
sejumlah
hipotesis yang diajukan oleh peneliti, yakni terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara
resiliensi
keluarga dengan dimensi strategi regulasi emosi secara kognitif, yakni positive
refocusing,
refocusing on planning, positive reappraisal, acceptance, rumination, self blame, dan
catastrophizing.
6.2 Saran
6.2 Saran Teoritis
a. Dalam penelitian selanjutnya, resiliensi keluarga perlu dilihat secara multiperspektif, atau
dari sejumlah anggota keluarga.
b. Pengukuran resiliensi keluarga dalam penelitian selanjutnya perlu dengan
indikator-
indikator yang lebih obyektif, dan bukan dari persepsi anggota keluarga saja.
c. Penelitian selanjutnya perlus menambah jumlah partisipan dan memperluas
populasi
penelitian untuk meningkatkan kemampuan generalisasi.
d. Penelitian selanjutnya dapat meneliti seberapa besar kontribusi resiliensi
keluarga
terhadap tiap-tiap dimensi strategi regulasi emosi secara kognitif.
6.3 Saran Praktis
a. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara
resiliensi
keluarga dengan dimensi-dimensi pada strategi regulasi emosi secara kognitif. Dengan
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demikian, berbagai pihak terkait dapat merancang intervensi berbasis keluarga
untuk
mengembangkan regulasi emosi yang adaptif bagi para ibu yang memiliki anak dengan
tunarungu.
b. Temuan lain penelitian ini juga menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan strategi regulasi emosi
secara kognitif bila ditinjau dari jumlah penghasilan. Dengan demikian, upaya lain yang
dapat dilakukan untuk mengembangkan regulasi emosi yang adaptif adalah
dengan
pemberdayaan ekonomi partisipan. Dengan adanya kemampuan ekonomi yang
lebih
baik, partisipan dapat mengakses berbagai sumber daya yang dapat digunakan untuk
mengarahkannya pada penggunaan coping yang lebih adaptif.
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