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Antimicrobial Resistance and Beta-lactamase Genes Detection in E. coli, Salmonella spp. and Vibrio spp. from Food Animals in Southeast Asia
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The emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria is considered a global problem and a major burden for the treatment of foodborne as well as infectious diseases. The overuse and misuse of antimicrobials can contribute to the emergence and dissemination of resistant bacteria with the possible presence of responsible genes. Therefore, they might have public health impact due to their transmissions to humans through the contaminated food production chain and environment.
The objectives of this study were to determine the antibiotic resistance patterns and to identify and to identify beta-lactamase encoding genes in E. coli, Salmonella spp. and Vibrio spp. isolated from chicken, pig and shrimp samples in Thailand, Myanmar, and Vietnam during the time period 2013-2017. A Total of 275 E. coli, 252 Salmonella spp. and 175 Vibrio spp. isolates from were used in this study. Agar dilution method was performed for antimicrobial susceptibility testing according to CLSI standard. The antimicrobial susceptibility test of E. coli, Salmonella spp. and Vibrio spp. isolates against to eight antimicrobial agents, including ampicillin, amoxicillin, kanamycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim, cephalothin and cefotaxime, was done and the results were interpreted by CLSI, 2014 and 2016. The target beta-lactamase encoding genes were identified by multiplex polymerase chain reaction. All E. coli and Salmonella isolates were extremely resistance to ampicillin (100%), amoxicillin (100%), tetracycline (100%) and trimethoprim (100%), while the rates of resistance to the other 4 antimicrobials ranged from 18.86% to 93.75%. All isolates of Vibrio spp. were susceptible to cephalothin and cefotaxime. Howerver, Vibrio spp. revealed low resistance in kanamycin (1.71%) and chloramphenicol (18.88%) whereas very high resistance to ampicillin (100%), amoxicillin (100%), tetracycline (100%) and trimethoprim (89.71%). MDR of E. coli, Salmonella spp. and Vibrio spp. were 100%, 100% and 89.71% respectively. Among five beta-lactamase genes, this study found out four genes (blaTEM, blaPSE1, blaCTXM universal and blaOXA1). Additionally, blaTEM was the predominant genotype (25.93-79.17%) of all bacterial isolates in this study. blaPSE1 was detected in the isolates from Myanmar and Thailand whereas blaCTXM universal and blaOXA1 were detected only in Thailand isolates.
In conclusion, antimicrobials use in humans and animals should be more closely monitored to limit the antimicrobial resistance emergence in bacteria. Moreover, the high percentage of resistance among E. coli, Salmonella and Vibrio strains from different area and time in this study supports to continue the monitoring and surveillance programs for detection of antimicrobial resistance for public health concern.
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... Salmonella was classified using the Kauffmann-White scheme based on three major antigen determinants: somatic (O), flagellar (H), and virulence (Vi) or capsular (K) antigens. This approach was endorsed by the International Association of Microbiologists in 1934 (Sarker, 2018). ...
... The principle of this methods is to detect restriction enzyme sites on genomic DNA. Recognition of DNA fragments patterns, which can be visualized by gel electrophoresis, is important in RFLP-based methods (Sarker, 2018). However, this technique has its drawbacks, such as the need for high technical skills, extensive labor for marker design, adding to other limitations. ...
The prevalence of enteritis and its accompanying diarrheal and other health challenges linked to infections with Salmonella has continuously plagued sub Saharan Africa. In Nigeria, typhoid fever is among the major widespread diseases affecting both young and old as a result of many interrelated factors such as inadequate sanitaion, indiscriminate use of antibiotics and fecal contamination of water sources. Morbidity associated with illness due to Salmonella continues to increase with untold fatal consequences, often resulting in death. An accurate figure of cases is difficult to arrive at because only large outbreaks are mostly investigated whereas sporadic cases are under-reported. A vast majority of rural dwellers in Africa often resort to self-medication or seek no treatment at all, hence serving as carries of this disease. Non typhoidal cases of salmonellosis account for about 1.3 billion cases with 3 million deaths annually. Given the magnitude of the economic losses incurred by African nations in the battle against salmonella and salmonellosis, this article takes a critical look at the genus Salmonella , its morphology, isolation, physiological and biochemical characteristics, typing methods, methods of detection, virulence factor, epidemiology and methods of spread within the environment.
Poultry and livestock are the most important reservoirs for pathogenic Escherichia coli and use of antimicrobials in animal farming is considered the most important factor promoting the emergence, selection and dissemination of antimicrobial-resistant microorganisms. The aim of our study was to investigate antimicrobial resistance in E. coli isolated from food animals in Jiangsu, China. The disc diffusion method was used to determine susceptibility to 18 antimicrobial agents in 862 clinical isolates collected from chickens, ducks, pigs, and cows between 2004 and 2012. Overall, 94% of the isolates showed resistance to at least one drug with 83% being resistance to at least three different classes of antimicrobials. The isolates from the different species were most commonly resistant to tetracycline, nalidixic acid, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and ampicillin, and showed increasing resistance to amikacin, aztreonam, ceftazidime, cefotaxime, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin. They were least resistant to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (3.4%) and ertapenem (0.2%). MDR was most common in isolates from ducks (44/44, 100%), followed by chickens (568/644, 88.2%), pigs (93/113, 82.3%) and cows (13/61, 21.3%). Our finding that clinical E. coli isolates from poultry and livestock are commonly resistant to multiple antibiotics should alert public health and veterinary authorities to limit and rationalize antimicrobial use in China.
Abstract Background Ethiopia set an ambitious masterplan to increase chicken meat and egg production from 2015 to 2020. Poultry breeding, multiplication and distribution centers in the country have received executive order to import, amplify and distribute commercial chickens to end users. The biosecurity and the pathogen fauna of the centers have not been evaluated as to whether the centers could implement the mission effectively without any risk. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the biosecurity practices and the pathogen prevalence, risk factors and their antimicrobial resistance (AMR) using Salmonella as case study. Methods Routine farm workers of the centers were interviewed about the different management (biosecurity) practices using a checklist. Samples (n = 270) from different sources consisting of chicken’s cloacal swab (n = 244), personnel hand swab (n = 9) and bedding (n = 17) were collected from three chicken multiplication centers. Standard bacteriological methods were used for the isolation of Salmonella. Disk diffusion method was used for drug sensitivity testing. Results Antimicrobials were often over prescribed without confirming the cause of ill health and without susceptibility testing. The general biosecurity and flock management practices were substandard. Salmonella was isolated from 45 (16.7%) of the 270 samples. Its prevalence was significantly (p
This study systematically reviews the literature on the occurrence, incidence and case fatality rate (CFR) of invasive nontyphoidal Salmonella (iNTS) disease in Africa from 1966 to 2014. Data on the burden of iNTS disease in Africa are sparse and generally have not been aggregated, making it difficult to describe the epidemiology that is needed to inform the development and implementation of effective prevention and control policies. This study involved a comprehensive search of PubMed and Embase databases. It documents the geographical spread of iNTS disease over time in Africa, and describes its reported incidence, risk factors and CFR. We found that Nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) have been reported as a cause of bacteraemia in 33 out of 54 African countries, spanning the five geographical regions of Africa, and especially in sub-Saharan Africa since 1966. Our review indicates that NTS have been responsible for up to 39% of community acquired blood stream infections in sub-Saharan Africa with an average CFR of 19%. Salmonella Typhimurium and Enteritidis are the major serovars implicated and together have been responsible for 91%% of the cases of iNTS disease, (where serotype was determined), reported in Africa. The study confirms that iNTS disease is more prevalent amongst Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-infected individuals, infants, and young children with malaria, anaemia and malnutrition. In conclusion, iNTS disease is a substantial cause of community-acquired bacteraemia in Africa. Given the high morbidity and mortality of iNTS disease in Africa, it is important to develop effective prevention and control strategies including vaccination.
This book is written by leading researchers of Salmonella from Europe, North America and Australia. It provides an up-to-date review of work on all aspects of Salmonella in farm and companion animals, including characteristics and biology, virulence, effects on the host, antibacterial resistance, epidemiology, disease prevention and laboratory methods. This book is an essential reference for researches in animal science, veterinary medicine and microbiology and those working in the public health sector.
This book is written by leading researchers of Salmonella from Europe, North America and Australia. It provides an up-to-date review of work on all aspects of Salmonella in farm and companion animals, including characteristics and biology, virulence, effects on the host, antibacterial resistance, epidemiology, disease prevention and laboratory methods. This book is an essential reference for researches in animal science, veterinary medicine and microbiology and those working in the public health sector.
Escherichia coli is the predominant nonpathogenic facultative flora of the human intestine. Some E. coli strains, however, have developed the ability to cause disease of the gastrointestinal, urinary, or central nervous system in even the most robust human hosts. Diarrheagenic strains of E. coli can be divided into at least six different categories with corresponding distinct pathogenic schemes. Taken together, these organisms probably represent the most common cause of pediatric diarrhea worldwide. Several distinct clinical syndromes accompany infection with diarrheagenic E. coli categories, including traveler’s diarrhea (enterotoxigenic E. coli), hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic-uremic syndrome (enterohemorrhagic E. coli), persistent diarrhea (enteroaggregative E. coli), and watery diarrhea of infants (enteropathogenic E. coli). This review discusses the current level of understanding of the pathogenesis of the diarrheagenic E. coli strains and describes how their pathogenic schemes underlie the clinical manifestations, diagnostic approach, and epidemiologic investigation of these important pathogens.
http://vphcap.vet.cmu.ac.th/thesis/04/Kamal%20Raj%20Acharya/Abstract.pdf