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I. J. Engineering and Manufacturing, 2022, 4, 46-52
Published Online August 2022 in MECS (http://www.mecs-press.org/)
DOI: 10.5815/ijem.2022.04.05
Copyright © 2022 MECS I.J. Engineering and Manufacturing, 2022, 4, 46-52
Design of Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna
at 3.3 GHz Frequency for S-band Applications
Md. Imran Hossain
Department of Electrical, Electronic and Communication Engineering, Pabna University of Science & Technology,
Pabna-6600, Bangladesh
E-mail: imranete.pust@gmail.com
Md. Tofail Ahmed
Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Pabna University of Science & Technology, Pabna,
Bangladesh
E-mail: tofail.ru@pust.ac.bd
Md. Humaun Kabir
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Bangamata Sheikh Fojilatunnesa Mujib Science & Technology
University, Jamalpur-2012, Bangladesh
E-mail: humaun@bsfmstu.ac.bd
Received: 23 April 2022; Accepted: 06 June 2022; Published: 08 August 2022
Abstract: Low-profile antennas are required for aircraft, satellites, radar, and a variety of other vehicles due to
aerodynamic considerations. The "patch" or microstrip antenna is a narrow band antenna with a low profile and low
gain. Patch antennas are becoming more popular as a result of their ability to be printed on a circuit board. Microstrip
antennas can be rectangular, circular, elliptical, or any other regular form, but the most common configurations are
rectangular and circular. This research constructed a rectangular patch antenna that operates in the 3.3 GHz (S-band)
operating frequency based on a description of microstrip antenna working principles. Agilent ADS Momentum software
is used to create and simulate the antenna model. Finally, by optimizing and matching to meets, the best performance
parameters such as Gain, Directivity, Efficiency, Power Intensity, Radiated power, and Return loss are obtained.
Index Terms: Microstrip Patch Antenna, ADS (Advance Design System), Rectangular Shape, Gain of antenna,
Directivity of antenna.
1. Introduction
The demand for small antennas in wireless communication has ignited microwave and wireless engineers' interest
in research on compact microstrip antenna design in recent years [1-6]. Because of their simplicity and compatibility
with printed-circuit technology, microstrip antennas (also known as patch antennas) are commonly employed in the
microwave frequency area. They are easy to construct as stand-alone parts or as members of arrays. The fast
development of microstrip antenna technology began in the late 1970s [12]. Basic microstrip antenna elements and
arrays were reasonably well established in terms of design and modeling by the early 1980s. Antenna engineering is a
relatively recent field. A microstrip antenna is a patch of metal on top of a grounded substrate that is normally
rectangular or circular (though other forms are sometimes utilized). The substrate of a microstrip antenna is principally
responsible for the antenna's mechanical strength [7]. Because of fast advancements in satellite and wireless
communication, there has been a considerable need for low-cost, light-weight, compact low-profile antennas that can
retain good performance over a wide frequency range. Microstrip antenna topologies have been the most popular
method of realizing millimeter wave monolithic integrated circuits for microwave, radar, and communication
applications throughout the years [11]. The basic principles of operation and CAD (Computer Aided Design)
procedures for the rectangular microstrip antenna are covered in this study. For thin substrates, the CAD formulas are
quite precise and illustrate the core assumptions. The CAD formulas may even be accurate enough for final design on
thin substrates.
Design of Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna at 3.3 GHz Frequency for S-band Applications 47
Copyright © 2022 MECS I.J. Engineering and Manufacturing, 2022, 4, 46-52
2. Antenna Design
Design parameters to design an antenna for our research paper are briefly in this section. It is very much important
to select appropriate parameters to get better result. The following sub sections are preciously shown which things are
consider for designing our antenna.
2.1. Choice of Substrate
Choosing a substrate is as important as the design itself. The substrate is a component of the antenna and plays an
important role in its radiative properties. When selecting a substrate, many aspects are taken into account, including
dielectric constant, thickness, stiffness, and loss tangent. To induce fringing and therefore radiation, the dielectric
constant should be as low as feasible. A thicker substrate is also preferred since it improves the impedance bandwidth.
However, because most microstrip antenna models employ a thin substrate approximation in the analysis, utilizing a
thick substrate would result in a loss of accuracy. For obvious reasons, lossy at higher frequencies substrates should not
be employed. The application determines whether a stiff or soft board should be used. When the substrate is at its
highest point, the height h is typically 0.003 0 ≤ h ≤ 0.05 0. The dielectric constant of the substrate, denoted by the
letter Є, is typically in the range 2.2 ≤ Є ≤ 12 [9]. The dielectric material selected in the design of the microstrip patch
antenna, on the other hand, is RT/duroid5880, that has a dielectric constant of 2.2 and a height of 0.1588cm.
2.2. Element Length
Because the patch length determines the resonant frequency, choosing the resonant length also means choosing the
frequency of resonance. In the case of a rectangular patch, the length L of the patch is often in the range of 0.3333 0 <
< 0.5 0, where 0 is the wavelength of free space. The patch is chosen to be extremely thin, such that << 0 (where
t is the patch thickness) is achieved [9] .Because the real patch is 'longer' due to the fringing fields, the patch length
should be somewhat less than half the dielectric wavelength. The effective length of the patch is given as
(1)
Where
(2)
And
(3)
Hence,
= Resonance frequency
= Effective dielectric constant
= Effective length of the patch
= Dielectric constant
w = Width of the patch
h = Height of the material
c = Speed of light in free space
2.3. Element Width
For an efficient radiator, Bahl [10] recommended using a practical element width given by Width of the patch;
(4)
Where,
= Resonance frequency
= Dielectric constant
2.4. Design Specifications
The proposed rectangular patch antenna has been designed using following specifications:
48 Design of Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna at 3.3 GHz Frequency for S-band Applications
Copyright © 2022 MECS I.J. Engineering and Manufacturing, 2022, 4, 46-52
Name of Substrate metal = copper
Dielectric constant, = 2.2
Velocity of light = 3x108 m/s
Loss tangent = 0.001
Conductivity = 5.8 x 107
Height of substrate (h) = 1.588 mm
Operating frequency, (fr) =3.3 GHz
Dimension of the patch:
Width, W=42.5 mm
Length, L=29.5 mm
Dimension of microstrip feed line:
Width, W=4.8 mm
Length, L=13.0 mm
2.5. Patch antenna structure
In ADS Momentum, a rectangle patch with TM010 mode is created. The patch measures 29.5 millimetres in length,
42.5 millimetres in width, and 20 millimetres in height. The substrate has a permittivity of 2.2 and a resonance
frequency of 3.3GHz. The substrate is RT Duroid 5880, which has a height of 1.588mm. Microstrip transmission line
(λ/4) feed was used to activate the rectangular patch. The mathematical answer may be found in [8.] ADS Momentum
was used to create this patch. Following design, the antenna patch was simulated in ADS Momentum to get directivity,
gain curves, 3D visuals of far field radiation, and a 3D image of the planned antenna patch. Fig.1 shows the design of
the single rectangular patch antenna.
Fig. 1. A rectangular patch with microstrip feed line.
3. Simulated Result of Patch Antenna
In this section, we will discuss important results obtained for proposed antenna. We discuss S11 parameters,
bandwidth, current distribution, radiation patterns and other important antenna parameters such as antenna efficiency,
radiation efficiency and antenna gain for all the antenna structures obtained from simulation and measurement.
3.1. Radiation pattern
ADS Momentum is used to measure the radiation patterns of a patch antenna. It is possible to obtain E-plane
patterns. Fig.2 depicts the antenna's radiation pattern
Design of Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna at 3.3 GHz Frequency for S-band Applications 49
Copyright © 2022 MECS I.J. Engineering and Manufacturing, 2022, 4, 46-52
Fig. 2. 3D far field radiation pattern.
3.2. Return Loss
The ADS Momentum simulations assist us in acquiring information regarding the antenna's reflection coefficients.
Because we are just employing one probe, all of the coefficients of the S-matrix will be 0 (zero), with the exception of
the S11 parameter, which represents the input reflection coefficient. The performance of the rectangular patch antenna
may be easily understood by looking at the S11 Parameter graph. The curve of the S11 parameter, as simulated by
Momentum, is shown in Fig.3. Fig.3 clearly demonstrates that the single patch antenna resonates at 3.30 GHz with a
minimum magnitude of roughly -5.325 dB at the frequency shown in the figure. The relevant phase fluctuation with
frequency is seen in Fig.4.
Fig. 3. Return loss (S11 parameter) from ADS Momentum.
Fig. 4. Variation of phase with frequency.
3.3. Directivity and Gain
The gain (G) of an antenna is proportional to its directivity (D). The amount to which an antenna focuses energy in
one direction over other directions is referred to as directivity. If an antenna is 100 percent efficient, then directivity
equals gain, and the antenna would be an isotropic radiator. Considering that all antennas will emit more in one
direction than they will emit in another, gain is defined as the amount of power that may be gained in one direction at
the expense of power lost in all of the other directions. As shown in Fig.5, the directivity (D) and gain (G) curves are
50 Design of Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna at 3.3 GHz Frequency for S-band Applications
Copyright © 2022 MECS I.J. Engineering and Manufacturing, 2022, 4, 46-52
in close proximity to one another, resulting in G = 7.59 dB and D = 7.70 dB.
Fig. 5. Directivity and gain curve in 2D momentum visualization window.
3.4. Current Distribution
It is possible to acquire and display the current distribution graph for patch antenna, as illustrated in Fig.6. A
change in current distribution results in a change in the performance characteristics of the antenna.
Fig. 6. Current distribution for patch antenna.
3.5. Smith Chart Observation
As seen in Fig.7, ADS Momentum also mimics the graph for the input reflection coefficient on the smith chart. In
the Smith chart, the single rectangular patch antenna resonates approximately at 3.30 GHz, where it has the lowest
impedance. This is also highlighted by the m2 marker, which indicates the spot where the antenna has the lowest
impedance. The impedance of the antenna, as determined by the Smith chart, is RA=Z0 (0.297-j0.003) ohm.
Fig. 7. Smith chart result.
Design of Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna at 3.3 GHz Frequency for S-band Applications 51
Copyright © 2022 MECS I.J. Engineering and Manufacturing, 2022, 4, 46-52
4. Conclusions
Micro strip antennas have developed as a fast expanding field of investigation. Because of their light weight,
compact size, and ease of manufacture, the applications for which they might be used are virtually unlimited. One
drawback is the fact that they have a naturally limited bandwidth. Recent investigations and experiments, on the other
hand, have shown solutions to overcome this hurdle. A variety of ways have been used, including adjustment of the
patch form and experimenting with substrate properties. The ADS Simulator was used to simulate our proposed antenna.
The following are the simulated results of ADS at 3.30GHz: In this case, Directivity is 7.70 dB, Gain is 7.59 dB,
Effective angle (steradians) is 2.13396, the return loss is -5.325 dB, Efficiency is 97 percent, Total radiated power is
0.0017211W, Maximum intensity is 0.000806525 Watts.steradian. The proposed RT DUROID 5880 substrate
Rectangular-Shaped microstrip antenna is capable of operating at 3.30 GHz (S- Band), making it an excellent choice for
widespread wireless communication applications. Many new shapes will be introduced in the future to replace the
conventional shapes, depending on the need. In the field of microstrip patch antennas, there are many different shapes to
choose from. The design of slots on the patch and the creation of defective structures in the ground plane for the
purpose of increasing bandwidth and establishing multiband operation, which is a component of this technology, are
extremely promising in terms of future implications.
References
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[2] Raj, R. K., M. Joseph, C. K. Anandan, K. Vasudevan, and P. Mohanan, “A new compact microstrip-fed dual-band coplanar
antenna for WLAN applications,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 54, No. 12, 3755-3762, December 2006.
[3] Zhang, Z., M. F. Iskander, J.-C. Langer, and J. Mathews, “Dualband WLAN dipole antenna using an internal matching circuit,”
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[4] Sarkar, I., P. P. Sarkar, and S. K. Chowdhury, “A new compact printed antenna for mobile communication,” 2009
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Authors’ Profiles
Md. Imran Hossain received his B.Sc. Engineering degree in Electronic and Telecommunication Engineering
from Pabna University of Science and Technology, Bangladesh, in 2014. He is pursuing his M.Sc. Engineering
degree in Computer Science and Engineering from Pabna University of Science and Technology, Bangladesh.
Currently, he is working as a Lecturer in the Department of Electrical, Electronic and Communication
Engineering, Pabna University of Science and Technology, Pabna-6600, Bangladesh. He has written many
research papers in various international journals. His research interests include Wireless Communications,
Antenna and Wave propagation, Digital Signal Processing, Internet of Things (IoT), Robotics and Artificial
Intelligence.
Md. Tofail Ahmed received his B.Sc. Engineering and M.Sc. Engineering degree in Information and
Communication Engineering from the University of Rajshahi, Bangladesh, in 2015 and 2016, respectively.
Currently, he is working as a Lecturer in the Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Pabna
University of Science and Technology, Pabna-6600, Bangladesh. He has written many research papers in various
international journals. His research interests include Web Application, Wireless Communications, Signal & Image
Processing, and Software & Database Systems.
52 Design of Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna at 3.3 GHz Frequency for S-band Applications
Copyright © 2022 MECS I.J. Engineering and Manufacturing, 2022, 4, 46-52
Md. Humaun Kabir received his B.Sc. Engineering and M.Sc. Engineering degree in Applied Physics and
Electronic Engineering from the University of Rajshahi, Bangladesh. Currently, he is working as an Assistant
Professor in the Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Bangamata Sheikh Fojilatunnesa Mujib
Science & Technology University, Jamalpur -2012, Bangladesh. He has written many research papers in various
international journals. His research interests include Next Generation Wireless Communications, Signal
Processing, Web Application & Software Systems.
How to cite this paper: Md. Imran Hossain, Md. Tofail Ahmed, Md. Humaun Kabir, " Design of Rectangular Microstrip Patch
Antenna at 3.3 GHz Frequency for S-band Applications", International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing (IJEM), Vol.12,
No.4, pp. 46-52, 2022. DOI:10.5815/ijem.2022.04.05
