Healthcare IoT Framework for Disease Prediction and Health Monitoring in Mobile Environment

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4th International Conference on Recent Trends in Computer Science and Technology (ICRTCST-2021)
ISBN: 978-1-6654-6633-2 395 PART: CFP22P42-ART
Healthcare IoT Framework for Disease Prediction
and Health Monitoring in Mobile Environment
Mohammad Khamruddin
Department of Computer Science
College of CS & IT
Jazan University
Jazan, Saudi Arabia
mdqamar521@gmail
Abu Salim
Department of Computer Science
College of CS & IT
Jazan University
Jazan, Saudi Arabia
abu_salimak@yahoo.com
Shams Tabrez Siddiqui
Department of Computer Science
College of CS & IT
Jazan University
Jazan, Saudi Arabia
stabrezsiddiqui@gmail.com
Alighazi Siddiqui
Department of Computer Science
College of CS & IT
Jazan University
Jazan, Saudi Arabia
ghazi.siddiqui@gmail.com
Md Oqail Ahmad
Department of Computer Applications
B.S Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of
Science and Technology
Chennai-600048, Tamilnadu, India
oqail.jmu@gmail.com
Agha Salman Haider
Department of Information Technology
College of CS & IT
Jazan University
Jazan, Saudi Arabia
aghasalmaanhaider@gmail.com
Abstract— Over the last decade, much has been done to
improve healthcare services and technology. A recent study
found that IoT can connect sensors, medical devices and
professionals to deliver high-quality remote medical care. It
has improved operational efficiency, reduced healthcare costs,
and increased patient safety in the healthcare industry. Using
the internet of things, this study offers a distributed
architecture based on the monitoring of human biomedical
signals during physical activity. The proposed system novelties
are healthcare applications that are flexible and can be
computed using resources from the user's body area network.
This proposed framework can be used in a variety of mobile
scenarios, especially if data collecting and processing is a major
concern. To support our idea of monitoring a human heart rate
during some activities has been considered. A major social
benefit of the real-time data collected by these gadgets is the
ability to anticipate not only fatalities but also injuries.
This paper gives a complete review of IoT-based healthcare
applications by enabling technology, healthcare services, and
particular applications, the HIoT is tackling a number of
healthcare challenges. Other potential issues with the HIoT
technology are discussed. The current study provides future
researchers with extensive knowledge of the different
applications of HIoT.
Keywords—sensors, IoT, healthcare, HIoT, safety, body area
network.
I. INTRODUCTION
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a contentious issue in the
IT industry, as well as in healthcare. By 2022, 45 billion IoT-
based medical devices are expected to be connected to the
internet, enabling large-scale data processing and exchange.
IBD (Internet-based business development) is a web-based
approach for expanding medical and healthcare business by
enhancing electronic devices, servers, and software
applications [1]. Internet technology offers a wide range of
benefits for clinical facilities and better health care, including
private data security, cost-effectiveness, time-savings, and
ease of use. Using cloud computing to store and generate
medical and health data allows healthcare providers to help
patients more quickly and easily [2].
These sensors are important for diagnosing and managing
chronic illness patients (such as hypertension and diabetes),
as well as monitoring and assisting the elderly. Internet based
healthcare management enables rapid diagnosis of chronic
disorders and ongoing health monitoring [3].
 E-health and medical records enable physicians to
examine and treat patients more swiftly.
 Internet servers and medical equipment data storage
in the cloud.
 Clinical trial and drug monitoring.
 Sensor-based medical device data collection and
analysis.
 Apps allowing people to track their ailments are
becoming increasingly popular.
The major purpose of the paper is as follows:
 Get real-time patient data via IoT.
 Organizing patient data.
 Analyze and predict diseases using data mining
technologies, offering a decision-making strategy.
 Internet of Things-based healthcare solutions.
A healthcare system built on the Internet of Things for
disease prediction, diagnosis, and management. cloud and
server-based EHRs improves the monitoring and treatment
of patient's health. Cloud based smart healthcare
environment can be created for the collection, storage,
processing, and analysis of data.
The rest of the paper is organized as follows: Section II
describe healthcare IoT in detail. Section III presents mobile
IoT healthcare. Healthcare sensor devices for monitoring the
patient's behavior are discussed in section IV. Section V
presents the architecture of healthcare IoT. Section VI
presents the framework for healthcare monitoring. Section
VII explains the disease prediction framework in mobile IoT
(MIoT) whereas, section VIII presents the healthcare
management system of India. Section IX discusses the
conclusion and future directives.
2021 4th International Conference on Recent Trends in Computer Science and Technology (ICRTCST) | 978-1-6654-6633-2/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/ICRTCST54752.2022.9782014
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4th International Conference on Recent Trends in Computer Science and Technology (ICRTCST-2021)
ISBN: 978-1-6654-6633-2 396 PART: CFP22P42-ART
II. HEALTHCARE IOT (HIOT)
Internet of Things (IoT) in Healthcare as effective digital
health solutions arrived two decades ago, and they have
irreversibly impacted the medical business since then due to
the potential they exhibit in enhancing medical service
quality and lowering patient healthcare costs [4]. Medical
practitioners were shown cutting-edge examples of IoT
applications. It's no surprise that Gartner Analytics listed IoT
in healthcare as one of the top technical trends for 2020-21.
One of the indices used to calculate the projection is the
expected growth of the IoT healthcare industry, which is
expected to reach $534.3 billion by 2025 [5].
Nowadays, healthcare is being converted from acute care
to home-based or post-acute care to enable medical service
consumers to feel more comfortable and acquire the best
healthcare solutions via IoT technology, which activates a
variety of ways to better manage patients' health. If medical
products could previously only be accessed during a service
event, IoT technology has revolutionized healthcare by
allowing medical professionals to capture data continuously,
opening up vast opportunities in all medical fields in terms of
expanding their portfolio of connected devices. It also allows
medical professionals and patients to respond rapidly to their
requirements and eliminate downtime, resulting in significant
cost savings for both. HIoT applications aid in the digital
transformation of the healthcare industry and the
enhancement of medical service quality. As a collecting goal,
IoT technology entails sensing activation and aggregating
data from the human body. Breaking down the technology
implications, IoT-based healthcare operations look as
mentioned below [6]:
 Interconnected devices capture health-related data
from patients and transmit it as data input.
Monitors, sensors etc. are examples of these
devices.
 The analog data collected from the sensors must be
gathered and translated into digital streams. After
IoT data has been digitized and aggregated,
additional processing may be necessary before it
reaches the cloud or a data center [7].
 As a result, physicians, medical professionals, and
virtual assistants can use data from IoT-based
devices to make data-driven and educated
judgments.
IoMT includes telemedicine, in-patient monitoring,
consumer healthcare, wearables, hospital operations,
connected imaging and workflow management.
III. HEALTHCARE MOBILE IOT (HMIOT)
For patients' health data, M-IoT integrates mobile
computers, sensors, communications, and cloud computing.
This means it joins mobile networks (such as 4G or 5) and
personal area networks to facilitate online medical care.
Medical professionals may now quickly diagnose and treat
patients using HIoT services using mobile devices. Several
studies have looked into mobile healthcare computing [8].
HIoT systems with sensors for fall detection and heart rate
management were developed in another study. It might also
use a GPS to find patients. Based on IoT, notifies patients
when their heart rate reaches 60–100 beats per minute. User
security and privacy are crucial in M-IoT. These are among
the measures proposed in [6].
Figure 1. Architecture of Healthcare IoT (HIoT) [5]
IV. SENSOR BASED HEALTHCARE MONITORING
The sensor-based health monitoring system warns the
patient via an audible alarm when the patient's health status
changes. Breathing sensors, ECG, pulse rate and temperature
are commonly used for continuous health monitoring. On the
patient's body or in clothing, shoes and wristwatch. The
sensors can assess both physiological and environmental
changes. Pharmacies, patients, and medical gadgets all
require sensor-enabled systems. Monitoring patients' health,
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4th International Conference on Recent Trends in Computer Science and Technology (ICRTCST-2021)
ISBN: 978-1-6654-6633-2 397 PART: CFP22P42-ART
prescription use, and other activities can minimize health
care expenses and time spent managing chronic conditions.
Health-monitoring sensors are increasingly seen in
smartwatches and cellphones. Health and drug
administration use RFID to track drug supplies. Smart
intensive care unit (ICU) devices record real-time medical
data using a three-layer RFID-based sensor technology [6]. It
features an antenna in the tags and an IC chip with the
identification code to transfer data via electromagnetic fields.
Using an RFID-based healthcare monitoring system is
simple and cost-effective. Any sensor that can capture and
transmit data about the environment or physical qualities is a
WSN [8].
V. THE ARCHITECTURE OF HEALTHCARE IOT (HIOT)
The IoT framework for healthcare applications helps
medical professionals use cloud computing and IoT
technology. It also establishes the standards for transmitting
patient data from a variety of medical devices to a specific
health communications system. A HIoT topology is the
configuration of numerous Internet of Things (IoT)
healthcare processes. A simplified HIoT system (Figure 1)
includes a publisher, cloud computing, warnings and
analyzers [9]. The publisher represents a network of sensors
and other medical devices that can record ECG, oxygen
saturation, heart rate, EMG, and other vital signs.
If aberrant data is discovered, the terminal will warn.
Examine and analyze inaccurate facts now. In emergency
rescue situations, the monitor's exact condition is inspected
first. Keep track of the subjects' indices. Its hardware design
is based on current research and commercial demand for
IoT-based human health monitoring [10]. Terminals track
people's health. As shown in Figure 2, they have data
receiving, data collecting, data processing, alarm, and data
transmission modules.
VI. FRAMEWORK FOR MONITORING HEALTH THROUGH
HIOT
The Internet of Things uses mobile computing and
wireless networks to monitor medical data (IoT). Through
this strategy, patients can gain access to health and medical
information from any location in the world. Wearing the
appropriate equipment allows for precise measurement of the
patient's heart rate, body temperature, blood pressure and
pulse. As indicated in Figure 2, data was sent through Wi-Fi,
Zigbee, UWB, short-range wireless, and Bluetooth [11]. This
is critical in an Internet of Things-based human health
monitoring system. If aberrant data is discovered, the
terminal will warn. It's vital now to quickly study and
analyze incorrect facts. First, the precise location of the
monitor must be confirmed before any emergency rescue
efforts can be undertaken. Since this is the case, it's critical to
keep an eye on the subjects' numerous metrics. Summary:
Research findings and market demand are used to guide the
design of hardware for Internet of Things health monitoring.
As depicted in Figure 2, all of the terminal's essential health-
monitoring mechanisms are depicted.
Figure 2. The IoT based framework for health monitoring [6]
VII. DISEASE PREDICTION IN MOBILE IOT (MIOT)
The Internet-assisted disease prediction is a recent
development of monitoring, identification, and rapid
treatment based on software and AI trained models for next-
generation healthcare advancement. IoT, as well as the
electronic web for the healthcare organization, is now
strongly relied on and linked with the entire medical
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4th International Conference on Recent Trends in Computer Science and Technology (ICRTCST-2021)
ISBN: 978-1-6654-6633-2 398 PART: CFP22P42-ART
industry. It can be used for patient health monitoring, digital
trail tracking, drug monitoring and equipment, as well as
smart patient intake and occupancy, smart pill dispensers, an
alert system, and medical history analysis to track a patient's
medication intake [12].
Diseases prediction and analysis
COVID-19 detection with RT-PCR is the first step in the
detection process, however, it is insufficient for combating
the pandemic. The Internet of Things, artificial intelligence,
and machine learning can all help [12]. Rapid diagnosis and
detection are achieved by the use of automated radiological
technology such as CT scans, magnetic resonance imaging
(MRI), and digital X-rays. X-ray data is used to pre-train the
ResNet50, InceptionV3, and Inception-ResNetV2 models for
COVID-19 prediction, which are then used to forecast the
disease. COVID-19 Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment
Assistant Program (nCapp) for clinical assistance were
developed by renowned medical advisers with the use of IoT
and artificial intelligence [13].
Aim of Care (AOC) diagnostics are utilized for medical
testing of bedside by instant results, which helps the elderly,
physically challenged, chronic disease patients, and critical
patients. For example, Traditional ultrasound scanners have
been reduced in size by graphics processors to portable
ultrasound scanners (PUS) and digital signal processors
(DSP), which can be utilised for point-of-care diagnosis,
remote health care, and emergency circumstances [14]. In
telesonography, a non-professional performs AOC
ultrasonography and the results are promptly forwarded to a
specialist for diagnosis. Healthcare Comarch offers a
comprehensive range of healthcare solutions, including
medical record management software, hospital IT software,
remote medical care and radiology software, as well as
experience in IoT, m-Health, healthcare cyber security, a
platform of cloud and usage of AI in a health sector [4][15].
It has also developed a number of items, including Comarch
Life Wristband, Comarch Diagnostic Point and Comarch
Cardio Vest [16].
Comarch Diagnostic Point helps medical practices
manage appointments, time, and costs. A tablet app gathers
Bluetooth data from a peripheral device and sends it to the
Remote Care Center.
Patients can reach out to the telemedicine center by
pressing the SOS button on their Comarch Life Wristband.
The telecare center is alerted when the sensors detect a loss
of consciousness. A patient's EHR, personal information, and
emergency contact information are all accessible to doctors
through the system's built-in health care.
The Comarch Cardiac Vest is a gadget used to monitor
and diagnose adult cardiac patients. It collects and sends
ECG data to a telemedicine platform, which analyzes it and
diagnoses the disease or deviation from the norm.
Figure 3 illustrates the medical practitioners that can
utilize IoT to forecast disease and save patient data in the
cloud for later use by medical professionals.
VIII. HEALTHCARE MANAGEMENT
Worldwide lockdown and house quarantine produced
health mismanagement that can be remedied through m-
health which changes to [17]:
 Medical Distancing- Telehealth and telemedicine reduce
COVID-19 transmission.
 The surge in demand for health gadgets- Pandemic worry
increases the usage of sensored wearable devices and
m-health applications. People feel more in control of
their health when they receive correct feedback on their
body temperature, blood pressure and other vital signs.
 Crowdsourced illness monitoring- Keeping track of
patients' health and travel history as well as data.
Global healthcare infrastructure based on patient
medical treatment, data and diagnosis.
Healthcare management in India
India's digital health market is one of the world's fastest
expanding digital health sectors, with market size of more
than $1 billion. According to the 2019 Future Health Index
report, people have access to HER, 80 percent of healthcare
professionals exchange this data, and 46 percent of
healthcare professionals employ artificial intelligence (AI)
technologies in their clinical practice. In order to counteract
COVID-19, the Defense Research and Development
Organization (DRDO) and the Central Intelligence Agency
(CSIR) have developed numerous equipment and technology
[6]:
 It uses water mist aerator technology, is a non-contact
ultrasonic sensor. It produces an aerated mist of hand
rub sanitizer. Hands are sanitized with the least amount
of product. The entire cone spray is given over both
palms to finish the hand disinfection process.
 UVC Sanitizing Devices- Developed a sanitizing box and
a handheld UV-C system for disinfecting personal items
like phones and computers Insecticides based on UV
with the Defense Research Ultraviolet Sanitizer
(DRUVS), no chemicals are needed.
 The Mobile Virology Research and Diagnostic
Laboratory can test COVID-19 remotely (MVRDL).
 In the Hospital Aide section, there is a High-End WISK,
an Econo-WISK, and a COVID19 Sample Collection
Kiosk (COVSACK). The company also created a Single
Outlet Automatic Resuscitator and a Medical Oxygen
Plant.
 CSIR-CSIO is developing a portable ventilator (Respi-
AID) with the collaboration of the Hospital in
Chandigarh and Government Medical College.
IoT-based software, servers and other platforms
developed by the Indian government are discussed below [6].
 AarogyaSetu- A web-based mobile application that uses
Bluetooth, GPS and proximity sensors to provide an API
for COVID-19 administration and information
exchange. In collaboration with NITI Aayog, the
Ministry of Health and Family Welfare published
Telemedicine Practice Guidelines to legitimate remote
consultation by video, audio, text, or email.
 e-Sanjeevani- mobile app to support pan-India
telemedicine implementation.
 National Health Stack (NHS)- A digital infrastructure
supporting m-health, HER, and telemedicine for Indian
residents.
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4th International Conference on Recent Trends in Computer Science and Technology (ICRTCST-2021)
ISBN: 978-1-6654-6633-2 399 PART: CFP22P42-ART
Figure 3. Disease prediction in Mobile IoT [16]
IX. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
To enable IoT applications to provide the services at the
right time, context-aware systems are described in this paper.
It also examined AI's role in developing dependable IoT apps
and services. AI concepts and context-aware tactics were
used to solve Healthcare Monitoring Systems using IoT
platforms. The potential benefits of IoT in healthcare were
highlighted, as were the limitations and concerns.
Additionally, this study recommended the development of a
general framework for Internet of Things-based context-
aware healthcare monitoring systems.
The framework identifies and models healthcare
monitoring components. These are in the sensor layer, cloud
and fog platform. To assess the suggested framework's
efficacy a detailed study is obligatory.
 Context element on Healthcare Monitoring
Systems: a more detailed design.
 Develop an extensive set of designs for Healthcare
Monitoring Systems.
 Various scenarios of selecting one control
(centralized or decentralized) over another.
To help manage healthcare and fight COVID-19, this
paper also promotes the use of Internet-assisted technologies.
COVID-19 can be recognized and diagnosed fast with the
aid of Artificial Intelligence (AI) - based algorithm trained
models and Internet of Things (IoT). This paper also outlined
the methods utilized in India to promote the usage of digital
healthcare.
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