IMPROVING THROUGHPUT FOR AN IMPROVED DUAL-SINK CLUSTER-BASED PROTOCOL IN WBAN

Abstract

Wireless Body Area Network is an inherent part of Wireless Sensor Network, where a number of sensor nodes are deployed strategically to the human body to sensed physiological parameters and transmit it to medical personnel via the internet for an examination. Since the power source of these nodes are been derived from the rechargeable batteries, it suffices the user to always make sure that there is continuity of the network operation by adopting the hop-elimination method and Time Division Multiple access to have a successful data transmission to its destination node at a given time, in order to tackle the energy limitation of the WBANs. To work on this limitation, this work proposes an improving throughput for an improved dual-sink clustering approach for WBAN to attain energy efficiency. Simulation is carried out MATLAB 2017b. The result of the improved algorithm over the existing algorithm in terms of throughput shows a 6.59% improvement. .

Full text

1st International Conference on Engineering and Applied
Natural Sciences
https://www.iceans.org/
May 10-13, 2022, Konya, Turkey
IMPROVING THROUGHPUT FOR AN IMPROVED DUAL-SINK
CLUSTER-BASED PROTOCOL IN WBAN.
Matthew Iyobhebhe *, Agburu.O. Adikpe2 , James .G. Bashayi3, , Caleb. A. Amlabu4 , Chukwudi.
J.Ezugwu5and Omojola.B.A6.
1 Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering. ABU Zaria, Nigeria.
2 Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering. ABU Zaria, Nigeria.
3 Department of Electrical/Electronic Technology Engineering, Nasarawa. Nigeria.
4Department of Electrical/Electronic Technology Engineering, Nasarawa. Nigeria.
5Department of Electrical/Electronic Technology Engineering, Nasarawa. Nigeria.
6Department of Electrical/Electronic Technology Engineering, Nasarawa. Nigeria.
*(mattoiyobhe@gmail.com.)
Abstract – Wireless Body Area Network is an inherent part of Wireless Sensor Network, where a number
of sensor nodes are deployed strategically to the human body to sensed physiological parameters and
transmit it to medical personnel via the internet for an examination. Since the power source of these nodes
are been derived from the rechargeable batteries, it suffices the user to always make sure that there is
continuity of the network operation by adopting the hop-elimination method and Time Division Multiple
access to have a successful data transmission to its destination node at a given time, in order to tackle the
energy limitation of the WBANs. To work on this limitation, this work proposes an improving throughput
for an improved dual-sink clustering approach for WBAN to attain energy efficiency. Simulation is carried
out MATLAB 2017b. The result of the improved algorithm over the existing algorithm in terms of
throughput shows a 6.59% improvement.
.
Keywords – WBAN, Hop-Elimination Method, TDMA, Dual-Sink, Sources Node, Destination Node, Energy
Efficiency

Iyobhebhe et al., Improving throughput for an improved Dual-Sink Cluster-Based protocol in WBAN, ICAENS 2022, Konya,
Turkey
I. INTRODUCTION
In Wireless Body Area Network, human
intelligent radio transceivers are been
assembles strategically and positioned on, in,
or around the body to monitor physiological
signs such as body temperature, glucose, and
so on, and this network system are been
structured in a Wireless Personal Area
Network to delivers the sensed parameters
successful within a given period. In an
attempt to get the physiological sign from the
human body as data by the source node to its
destination node successfully at every given
time either by any of the available routing
protocols used such as multi-hop routing or
single routing, effective and efficient
management of the sensor node in the
network must be highly implemented,
otherwise, some limitations can occur in the
Wireless Body Area Network system
(WBANs) such as end-to-end delay,
throughput, dead nodes, residual energy, and
so on, the sensor nodes are energy-dependent
with a limited energy source because the
sensor nodes get powered through
rechargeable batteries which control the cue
elements for general execution of the system.
To mitigate these challenges mentioned
earlier, Media Access Control (MAC) layer
protocol should be the link of addressing
these [2], [3], [4]. Medium Access Control
(MAC.) protocol is responsible for managing
effective and efficient sensor nodes towards
their channel and also it creates avoidance of
packets collision which enhances a better
network throughput [5], [6], [7], [8]. These
body transceivers work in proximity with a
space of a few millimeters implanted in the
body to enhance different healthcare services
and non-healthcare services such as sport in
their implementations [1]. In Wireless Body
Area Networks (WBAN), there is a need to
have a well robust architecture to have
improved successful data transmission from
the source node to its destination node per
unit time. Figure 1, shows WBAN
architectural model where the first layer is
talking about the Body Area Network (BAN)
with multiple sensor nodes placed in the
human body within a limited geographical
area, thus establishing Wireless Personal
Area Network, and layer2 is talking about the
user interaction devices in form of Personal
Digital Assistant (PDA) or smartphones with
the help of Bluetooth module as an access
gate and finally the layer 3 talks about the
medical personnel services when received
from user interactive device via internet and
analyse, filter and decision making is been
carried out [9], [10]. For proper managing
and controlling the network, it is imperative
to adhere to the general problem of sensor
network which is energy-efficient and bring
in well efficient and organized techniques
that improve the network’s system which
culminates in improved throughput.
II. MATERIAL AND METHOD
RELATED WORK
The Low Power Wide Area Networks
scheme to put a patient under observation
medically at a distance was proposed by [12].
It was adopted as a quick fix in providing a
real-time observation of a medically sick
person by the application of the new trends in
communication technologies. They also
brought direction in the area of challenges
that surrounds Wireless Body Area Networks
when rendering health services to the patient
like energy efficiency and so on, which is the
constraint to short-range communication
technologies that are always identified with
Wireless Body Area Networks. Therefore,
the techniques body transceivers are designed
as rechargeable batteries and they are always
subject to drainage after long network
activities, this process is not always
consistent with communication technologies
used in WBANs such as ZigBee, Bluetooth
which engaged extra energy in the networks
when data are been transmitted. LPWANs

Iyobhebhe et al., Improving throughput for an improved Dual-Sink Cluster-Based protocol in WBAN, ICAENS 2022, Konya,
Turkey
look into the existing WBANs and bring forth
a more robust than what has been observed
concerning the following elements in it;
power transmission, data transmission rate,
etc within the circumstances of a well-
organized data delivery ratio, area of
coverage during transmission, and delay as
well as their merits and demerits. However,
they do not examine buffer traffic status in
their various sensor nodes, which may reduce
throughput in the networks they would have
gotten more data transmission at the
receiving end than what they have at a given
period. More energy MAC. Protocols for
WBANs were proposed by [13]. They gave
an understanding of a new trend in energy-
efficient MAC. Protocols for WBANs and
juxtaposition of different techniques were
characterized by a well-organized MAC. The
protocol is defined and also a different area
that was characterized with energy
inefficiency is found. There was also a
discovery of a quite number of research open
challenges concerning MAC. Protocol.
However, much was not directed to the area
of energy which is the common problem
sensor nodes face. Limitations of throughput
and latency of IEEE 802.15.6 were proposed
by [14]. They adopted optimization of low-
power in–body/on-body nodes to cater for
healthcare servicing and non-healthcare
servicing approaches. This work introduces
numerical formula to estimates the
conceptual throughput and latency limits of
IEEE 802.15.6 systems to consummate
wireless channel that is free from
transmission error and their bandwidth
efficiency. However, more concentrations
were completely shifted away from assigning
time slots to the sensor nodes when they are
active. Patients under observation in the
presence of Energy-Aware were proposed by
[15]. In this work, they adopted a controller
in form of MMS that can control all
implanted sensor nodes in the sick persons’
body to form a member. They also ensure to
carry out if the in-body sensor node senses
anything signs, it can be juxtaposed against
the set threshold value if variation occurs, it
transverses through the critical data routing
during the communication exercises, and
otherwise, it is in rest mode. However, more
energy could have been saved if they
considered using the Time Division Multiple
Access schemes for assigning slots to the
nodes. Successful delivery of data per unit
time by switching was proposed by [16].
They adopted transceiver nodes that transmit
the signal to the Access Point where RF
energy is coming out of the transmitting node
when demanded, whereas, the transceiver
connected to on –body transverses the sensed
vital signs from the body to the Access Point,
due to distance coverage loss of signal
strength is set in because the transceiver
farther away from the Access Point harvest
less RF energy and also the transceiver close
to the Access Point harvest more RF energy
and a slot period is always assigned to get an
improved throughput. However, they would
have gotten a higher throughput, if they
considered the hop-nodes elimination
method in the networks. Sensor nodes who
are in their active state to minimize the
energy usage in the network.
These tools were used during this work are:
MATLAB 2017 b and Laptop (dell). This
paper developed an improving throughput for
an improved Dual-Sink Cluster based
protocol in WBAN using Hop- node
elimination method shown in Figure 2 and
Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
scheme protocol shown in Figure 3 to
mitigate energy consumption in the
networks. The developed protocols hop-
eliminate the nodes during data transmission
to minimize the nodes’ energy consumption
because sensor nodes are energy-dependent
and the second protocol assigns time slots to
sensor nodes who are in their active state to
minimize the energy usage in the network.

Iyobhebhe et al., Improving throughput for an improved Dual-Sink Cluster-Based protocol in WBAN, ICAENS 2022, Konya,
Turkey
A. HOP- ELIMINATION METHOD
Wireless Body Area Network suffers
energy
Problems because the sensor nodes are
energy-dependent and they are been powered
through rechargeable batteries and the need
to manage the transmission of data so that we
do not experience the number of dead nodes
that we result in low throughput in the
WBANs is very imperative. We have to
develop a Hop-elimination method’s model
equation that guides us during the routing of
packets between the intermediary nodes
before getting to its destination node. Let the
distance between the first hop from the
previous node towards a given destination be
“a1”. Let the distance between the second hop
from the previous node towards a given
destination node be a2. Let the distance
between the third hop from the previous node
towards a destination node be a3.
Considering, a Source Node (SN) during
routing packets from source node towards
immediate node before getting towards its
destination node, it we, first of all, compare
the distance of the second hop is equal to or
half the distance of the previous hop, it will
send it packets straight to the third node in the
second hop in “a2” before routing it to the
destination node. By such elimination
method of nodes in the network, a lot of
energy are been saved which accumulates the
entire network energy. The developed model
equation is:
a1 ≤

 (1), Where x , x is the
integer. By applying this developed model
equation more energy will be saved and the
operation of the WBANs will continue
smoothly, hence a better throughput will be
realized.
TIME SLOT ALLOCATION
Figure 3. is Allocation of Time slot by the
receiving node using Time Division Multiple
Access scheme protocol, the allocation of
time slot amongst the contending sensor
nodes during transmission of packets
necessitate the employing of Time Division
Multiple Access (TDMA) protocol in
WBANs. In this scheme, the receiving node
broadcast “Hello packet” by making use of
the first period to inform all the transmitting
nodes to send their data if they sense any,
Upon reception, the transmitting nodes with
sensed data make a “REPLY” message which
contains the sequence number and their
current health data status and at the receiver
end, an Acknowledgement message will be
sent to the transmitting node for receiving
their reply. It is only the transmitting nodes
with sensed data that can be in an active state
and those without sensed data will be in sleep
mode to conserve networks’ energy. The
availability of individual nodes’ energy
accumulates entire the network’s energy,
which guarantees the continuity of the
network operation, and the transmitted
packets will be able to get to the destination
node per unit time.
B. Figures and Tables

Iyobhebhe et al., Improving throughput for an improved Dual-Sink Cluster-Based protocol in WBAN, ICAENS 2022, Konya,
Turkey
Figure.1.WBAN Model
Figure 2: Framework Hop- elimination method algorithm
Figure3. Allocation of Time Slot by Receiving Node.

Iyobhebhe et al., Improving throughput for an improved Dual-Sink Cluster-Based protocol in WBAN, ICAENS 2022, Konya,
Turkey
Table 1:SIMULATION PARAMETERS
Parameter
Value
Simulator
MATLAB 2017b
Initial Energy
0.6J
Minimum voltage
supply
1.8V
Frequency (f)
2.4GHz
ETX-amp
1.98nJ/bit
ETX-CCT
16.7nJ/bit
DC current (TX)
10.6Ma
Wavelength (󰇜
0.138m
MAX
7
Figure 4: Plot of Throughput against Network Processing Time

Iyobhebhe et al., Improving throughput for an improved Dual-Sink Cluster-Based protocol in WBAN, ICAENS 2022, Konya,
Turkey
Table 2. Throughput Execution analysis of Existing and Improved Algorithms
S/N
Algorithm
Average
throughput
%
improvement
using Eqn (2)
1
Existing
2.28
6.59%
2
Improved
2.43
The developed iDSCB routing algorithm
over the existing one in terms of percentage
improvement is used in Table 2.
% improvement = 
 X 100 (2)
III .RESULTS
In this work, the successful delivery of
packets from the source sensor node to its
destination per unit time is what is referred to
as throughput. Figure 4 depicts the
throughput execution of the developed
algorithm versus the existing algorithm.
IV. DISCUSSION
Figure 4 depicts that the throughput
increases as the processing Time increase for
both the developed and the existing
algorithms. This is due, because of the
employing of dual-sink nodes that help in the
adequate transmission of packets to the
Cluster Head. However, the improved
algorithm depicts a better throughput than the
existing algorithm because the developed
algorithm examines other
Parameters like the hop-elimination
method in the selection of nodes during
transmission, whose effect reduces dead-
nodes in the network. The improved
algorithm depicts an improvement of 6.56%
when compared with the existing algorithm.
Table 2 depicts the percentage improvement
estimation of both improved and the existing
algorithms.
V. CONCLUSION
Because of data transmission
inefficiencies of Wireless Body
Area Network, this work developed an
improved algorithm for WBAN. The hop-
count elimination method ensures there is no
hindrance to the transmission when routing in
the network is estimated. Also, the improved
algorithm enhanced the execution of WBANs
when this developed clustering scheme along
with Time Division Multiplex Access.
Simulation result depicted IDSCB algorithm
improved the execution of WBAM in terms
of throughput.

Iyobhebhe et al., Improving throughput for an improved Dual-Sink Cluster-Based protocol in WBAN, ICAENS 2022, Konya,
Turkey
AKNOWLEDGEMENT
To God be the Glory, Adoration,
and praises for granting me the
grace to complete this work
successfully. I also acknowledge
the support of my immediate
family and my department
Federal poly. Nasarawa for that
enabling environment given to me
to put this work together.
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Iyobhebhe et al., Improving throughput for an improved Dual-Sink Cluster-Based protocol in WBAN, ICAENS 2022, Konya, Turkey