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Mushrooms as a Source of Anti-Inflammatory Agents
Abstract
Inflammation is nowadays well known to be involved in the development of several chronic diseases such as arteriosclerosis, obesity, diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer. Treatment for chronic inflammatory disorders has not been solved yet, and there is an urgent need to find new and safe anti-inflammatory preventive and therapeutic compounds. Medicinal mushrooms have been traditionally used in Asian countries to manage and treat different diseases. On the other hand, edible mushrooms have recently attracted much interest as a functional food because of their antimutagenic, anti-tumoral, anti-viral, anti-thrombotic, hypocholesterolemic, hypolipidemic, and anti-oxidant properties. Among all of these healthy properties, special attention was paid to the immunomodulatory activity of some fungal compounds such as polysaccharides, mainly β-glucans. Recently, some studies have demonstrated that both whole mushrooms and extracts may show anti-inflammatory activity due to the presence of bioactive compounds. This review summarizes the most recent studies investigating immunomodulatory and especially, anti-inflammatory properties of both medicinal and edible mushrooms, the compounds putatively implicated and the mechanisms that were already established.
... The consumable mushrooms have been recognized as a part of modern medicinal plants in preventing and treating various diseases (Kidd, 2000). So far, many edible mushrooms have been found to be rich sources of nutraceuticals and possess antibacterial, antiviral, and antioxidant activities (Garcia-Lafuentea et al., 2010;Ribeiro et al., 2007;Schillaci et al., 2013). Some species of mushrooms are reportedly more nutritive than vegetables. ...
Pathogenesis of neurological diseases is associated with free-radical-mediated inflammatory processes. Phenolic compounds, saponin, and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) are nutraceuticals with neuroprotective properties. Lentinus squarrosulus is a mushroom with high proteins low calories, and nutraceuticals. This research aimed to investigate the nutraceutical contents of total phenolic compounds, saponins, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and antioxidant activity in this mushroom after drying and frying for snack production. The nutraceutical contents and antioxidant activity were measured by Folin–Ciocalteu method and 2,2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, respectively. The stability of these nutraceuticals was also determined after drying and deep frying mushrooms in preparation for snack production. Results showed that the mushrooms after drying at 50 and 60 °C until the moisture content was below 12 % (according to Thai Community Products Standard) had water activity (aW) of 0.52 to 0.59. The dried mushrooms had lower lightness, redness, and yellowness with the increased drying temperature (p ≤ 0.05). The total phenolic content of dried mushrooms was not significantly different from that of fresh mushrooms, but saponin, GABA, and antioxidant activity were higher than in the fresh samples.
... Such mushrooms are rich in anti-inflammatory compounds, namely, polysaccharides, phenol, and indole compounds, steroids, fatty acids, carotenoids, vitamins, and metals. Edible mushrooms are used as functional foods due to their antagonistic role against the tumor, virus, cholesterol, blood glucose, and free radicals [69,70]. ...
Throughout history, mushrooms have occupied an inseparable part of the diet in many countries. Mushrooms are considered a rich source of phytonutrients such as polysaccharides, dietary fibers, and other micronutrients, in addition to various essential amino acids, which are building blocks of vital proteins. In general, mushrooms offer a wide range of health benefits with a large spectrum of pharmacological properties, including antidiabetic, antioxidative, antiviral, antibacterial, osteoprotective, nephroprotective, hepatoprotective, etc. Both wild edible and medicinal mushrooms possess strong therapeutic and biological activities, which are evident from their in vivo and in vitro assays. The multifunctional activities of the mushroom extracts and the targeted potential of each of the compounds in the extracts have a broad range of applications, especially in the healing and repair of various organs and cells in humans. Owing to the presence of the aforementioned properties and rich phytocomposition, mushrooms are being used in the production of nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals. This review aims to provide a clear insight on the commercially cultivated, wild edible, and medicinal mushrooms with comprehensive information on their phytochemical constituents and properties as part of food and medicine for futuristic exploitation. Future outlook and prospective challenges associated with the cultivation and processing of these medicinal mushrooms as functional foods are also discussed.
... Besides, mushrooms contain various secondary metabolites, including phenolic compounds, polyketides, terpenes, and steroids that act as antioxidants (Ahmed et al., 2015;İnci and Kırbağ, 2018;Krupodorova and Sevindik, 2020). In studies on natural mushrooms in different parts of the world, it has been reported that mushrooms have different biological activities such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, antitumor, antiproliferative, antiinflamatuvar, DNA protective, anti-aging, and antiallergic (Bae et al., 2007;Bal et al., 2017;Garcia-Lafuentea, et al., 2010;Osman and Toliba, 2019;Sevindik et al., 2017;Zhang et al., 2019;Umaña et al., 2020). In this context, the discovery of new natural products has been inevitable, especially in recent years, due to the interest of people in natural products and the possible side effects of synthetic drugs. ...
Son yıllarda yapılan birçok çalışmada mantarlarda bulunan faydalı doğal bileşenlerin çeşitli hastalıkları iyileştirmede ve hastalık etkenini ortadan kaldırmada çok önemli olduğu bulunmuştur. Farklı ülkelerde yayılış gösteren mantarların biyolojik aktivitelerinin olduğu bildirilmiştir. Bu çalışmada Türkiye’de Entoloma sinuatum (Bull.) P. Kumm’un antioksidan seviyesi, oksidan seviyesi ve antimikrobiyal aktivitesi belirlendi. Mantarın etanol özütü soxhlet cihazında çıkarıldı. Antioksidan ve oksidan seviyeleri Rel Assay TAS ve TOS kitleri kullanılarak belirlendi. Ayrıca antibakteriyel ve antifungal aktivite agar dilüsyon metodu kullanılarak bakteri ve fungus suşlarına karşı test edildi. Yapılan çalışmalar sonucunda mantarın TAS değeri 2.64±0.15, TOS değeri 6.58±0.23 ve OSI (Oksidatif stres indeksi) değeri 0.25±0.02 olarak belirlendi. Ayrıca mantarın etanol özütünün bakterilere karşı 200 ve 400 μg/mL, funguslara karşı 50 μg/mL konsantrasyonlarda etkili olduğu belirlendi. Sonuç olarak E. sinuatum'un doğal antioksidan ve antimikrobiyal ajan olduğu belirlendi.
... Similar to legume seeds, edible mushrooms are rich source of proteins, essential amino acids, dietary fibre and carbohydrates (Sanmee et al., 2003). They are also known for vitamins and therapeutic potential to regulate the blood pressure, lowering the blood cholesterol, stimulation of immune system and quench the free radicals (Mattila et al., 2000;Sanmee et al., 2003;García-Lafuentea et al., 2010). The proximal components of food stuffs (proteins, carbohydrates, fibers, lipids and calorie) favorably transform depending on the conditions of processing (e.g. ...
This study focused on the functional properties of two edible wild mushrooms Auricularia auricula and Termitomyces umkowaan occurring in the scrub jungles of southwest India. The least gelation capacity was lower in A. auricula than T. umkowaan. The water-absorption capacity was higher in A. auricula compared to T. umkowaan. The oil-absorption capacity was similar in both mushrooms. Foam capacity was high in cooked A. auricula, while it was opposite in T. umkowaan. Both mushrooms showed excellent foam stability. Uncooked and cooked samples of these mushrooms possess desired functional attributes, hence they could be employed in production of value-added food products. Owing to the large quantities of fruit bodies occur in the scrub jungles during wet season, strategies to collect, process and preserve them for utilization as food source and quality food production need further attention.
Keywords: Auricularia, Termitomyces, ethnic nutrition, food security, functional foods, mushroom flour, scrub jungles
... White mushrooms are consumed globally due to their superb characteristic taste, flavor, and nutritional value (Garcia-Lafuentea et al., 2010;Guillamón et al., 2010). But the respiration and metabolism of mushrooms is more active after harvesting than fruits and vegetables, which leads to rapid weight loss (Lee et al., 2003). ...
This study was conducted to identify effective CA (Controlled Atmosphere) gas compositions for the storage of white mushrooms. We analyzed the quality characteristics of mushrooms inside argon-based and nitrogen-based CA storage. Mushrooms were stored under 5 different gas compositions in a chamber for 9 days at 4℃. The CO 2 production, weight loss and color change in 90% argon gas was lower than that of all other samples at the end of the storage period. Further, the samples in a CA retained their hardness during the 9-day storage time, unlike the control. The viable count of aerobic bacteria showed the highest value under the control condition. The smallest viable count of Pseudomonas spp. was detected under 75% nitrogen condition. Polyphenol oxidase activity was lowest under 75% argon condition. In summary, a 90% argon gas was shown to be the most effective at preventing deterioration in mushroom quality.
The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a highly infectious positive RNA virus, has spread from its epicenter to other countries with increased mortality and morbidity. Its expansion has hampered humankind’s social, economic, and health realms to a large extent. Globally, investigations are underway to understand the complex pathophysiology of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) induced by SARS-CoV-2. Though numerous therapeutic strategies have been introduced to combat COVID-19, none are fully proven or comprehensive, as several key issues and challenges remain unresolved. At present, natural products have gained significant momentum in treating metabolic disorders. Mushrooms have often proved to be the precursor of various therapeutic molecules or drug prototypes. The plentiful bioactive macromolecules in edible mushrooms, like polysaccharides, proteins, and other secondary metabolites (such as flavonoids, polyphenols, etc.), have been used to treat multiple diseases, including viral infections, by traditional healers and the medical fraternity. Some edible mushrooms with a high proportion of therapeutic molecules are known as medicinal mushrooms. In this review, an attempt has been made to highlight the exploration of bioactive molecules in mushrooms to combat the various pathophysiological complications of COVID-19. This review presents an in-depth and critical analysis of the current therapies against COVID-19 versus the potential of natural anti-infective, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and antithrombotic products derived from a wide range of easily sourced mushrooms and their bioactive molecules.
The aim of this study is to determine the effect of growing media on antioxidant properties and antimicrobial activities of Pleurotus ostreatus(Jacq. ex Fr.) P. Kumm. In the study, growing substrates were prepared with five tree sawdust (80%) and waste (20% Tea Waste or Wheat Bran) at different ratios (80% Sawdust + 20% TW, 80% Sawdust + 20% GW). The antimicrobial activities of methanol extracts from 19 P. ostreatus against microorganisms were tested by agar well diffusion technique. The total phenolic content was measured using the Folin-Ciocalteau procedure. The antioxidant capacity was determined using ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and free radical scavenging activity of DPPH. It was observed that the addition of 20% tea waste in the substrate had a positive effect on antimicrobial activity. It was determined that the methanol extract of mushrooms obtained from the 80QS+20TW substrate was the most effective extract against to all of microorganisms investigated in this study. Significant differences (P
Cultivation of the oyster mushroom on horse manure and wheat straw compost without nutrient supplementation was investigated. The growing, yield and fruiting body size effects on open trays and substrate bags were determined. Incubation and fruiting period on trays and inoculated bags were compared. The bagged compost yielded higher mushroom growth rate and yield than the tray compost. The fruiting bodies of the mushroom on trays were smaller, pile and thinner as compared to the mushrooms on the bags, which were bigger, fresh and strong. However, it was found that when oyster mushroom are grown on trays, the yield decrease, there is less moisture in the tray and substrate is exposed to heat, the pin head dries as they develop and those that succeed to grown further will grow as thin with a little head due to lack of oxygen. Comparing compost in bags with compost substrate in trays, bags yielded about 20% more mushrooms than trays under the same cultivation conditions. Conversely, the incubation period of compost in bags took longer, as compared to the incubation of compost in trays. Trays gave their first flash 10% earlier than the bags.
Mushrooms are among the few natural products that have been relied upon for prophylactic and therapeutic applications in human diseases. They have been referred to as forest gems since they can be picked in the wild or better domesticated for appropriate use. Several scientific studies have been conducted to establish claimed potentials or further probe new areas into which mushrooms can find application. Many disciplines, including mycology, microbiology, physiology, chemistry, genetics, and medicine, among others, conduct research on mushrooms. These enable broad and in-depth studies of mushrooms, to include in vitro and in vivo demonstrations of their bioactivity, structural characterization, and isolation of bioactive components. This chapter highlights the bioactive composition of mushrooms by relating structure to bioactivity and demonstrating therapeutic effects on some human diseases using existing literature. The potentials of mushrooms or their products for the treatment or management of diseases, such as tropical illnesses and COVID-19 pandemic, among other issues, have been discussed. Chemistry of bioactive compounds, structure–activity relationships, patents, and analyses of data obtained have been reported and studied for interpretation of results.
Maintenance of equilibrium between free radical production and antioxidant defences (enzymatic and non enzymatic) is an essential condition for normal organism functioning. When this equilibrium has a tendency for the production of free radicals we say that the organism is in oxidative stress. In this situation, excess free radicals may damage cellular lipids, proteins and DNA, affecting normal function and leading to various diseases. In aerobic organisms, the free radicals are constantly produced during the normal cellular metabolism, mainly in the form of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and Reactive Nitrogen Species (RNS). Exposition of the organism to free radicals has led to the development of endogenous defence mechanisms to eliminate them. These defences were the response of evolution to the inevitability of ROS production in aerobic conditions. Natural products with antioxidant activity may help the endogenous defence system. In this perspective the antioxidants present in the diet assume a major importance as possible protector agents reducing oxidative damage. Particularly, the antioxidant properties of wild mushrooms have been extensively studied by our research group and by others, and many antioxidant compounds extracted from these sources have been identified, such as phenolic compounds, tocopherols, ascorbic acid, and carotenoids. We will review the compounds identified so far in mushrooms, as well as the mechanism of action involved in their antioxidant properties. Wild mushrooms might be used directly in diet and promote health, taking advantage of the additive and synergistic effects of all the bioactive compounds present.
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the most commonly used drugs in inflammatory diseases, since they are effective in management of pain, fever, redness, edema arising as a consequence of inflammatory mediator release. Studies have shown that both therapeutic and side effects of NSAIDs are dependent on cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibition. COX iso forms have been named constitutive (COX-1) and inducible (COX-2). COX-1 catalyzes formation of cytoprotective prostaglandins in thrombocytes, vascular endothelium, stomach mucosa, kidneys, pancreas, Langerhans islets, seminal vesicles, and brain. Induction of COX-2 by various growth factors, proinflammatory agents, endotoxins, mitogens, and tumor agents indicates that this isoform, may have a role in induction of pathological processes, such as inflammation. It is well known that therapy with COX inhibitors is associated with a number of side effects including gastrointestinal erosions, and renal and hepatic insufficiency. Such critical adverse reactions are mostly dependent on COX-1 inhibition. As a result of research focused on reduction of the adverse effects of NSAIDs, selective COX-2 inhibitors, such as celecoxib and rofecoxib have been developed. However, many data demonstrate that mechanisms of action of these drugs are multidirectional and complex. These drugs or their derivatives, which belong to the same group, have distinct pharmacological effects, side effects and potencies which implies that there may be more than two, five or even tens of COX isoforms.
Two new cuparene-type sesquiterpenes, enokipodins C (1) and D (2), were isolated from culture medium of an edible mushroom, Flammulina velutipes, along with enokipodins A (3) and B (4). The structures of 1 and 2 were determined using spectroscopic methods (HRMS, H-1 and C-13, and 2D NMR). The absolute configuration of enokipodin C was determined from the observed IH NMR chemical shifts and NOEs in NOESY experiments after conversion into the corresponding esters with the chiral reagent 2-(2'-methoxy-1'-naphthyl)-3,4-dichlorobenzoic acid. All the metabolites showed antimicrobial activity against a fungus, Cladosporium herbarum, and Gram-positive bacteria, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus.
Thelephora vialis is a mushroom that grows in symbiosis with pine trees in Yunnan, China, a place known to have some of the richest and most diverse bioresources in the world. This is one of the most favored edible mushrooms, due to its flavor. Our screening for bioactive compounds from these mushrooms isolated a novel potent antioxidant, vialinin A, together with known compounds, from the dry fruiting bodies of T. vialis. Vialinin A is a terphenyl derivative and was elucidated by spectroscopic and chemical methods. Vialinin A showed anti-allergic activities, inhibition of β-hexosaminidase, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin 4 and monocyte chemotactic protein 1 release from RBL-2H3 cells, whereas atromentin and an inseparable mixture of ganbajunins D and E showed no such effects. Vialinin A displayed potent inhibition of TNF-α production from RBL-2H3 cells (IC50, 0.09±0.01 nM), indicating stronger inhibition than tacrolimus for organ transplantation (IC50, 0.25<0.03 nM). The potent inhibitory activities of these compounds against TNF-α production indicate promising new candidates for anti-allergic agents.
Accumulating evidence suggests that nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E-2 (PGE(2)) are involved in the pathogenesis of various chronic inflammatory diseases and cancer. During the course of a screening program to identify natural anti-inflammatory substances, we isolated the compound 2-amino-3H-phenoxazin-3-one (APO) from an extract of the edible brown mushroom Agaricus bisporus IMBACII. APO inhibited NO production by mouse peritonea[ macrophages in response to the pro-inflammatory stimuli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon (IFN)-gamma(LPS/IFN-gamma) at low concentrations (IC50 =1.5 mu M) through reduced inducible NO synthase protein expression. PGE(2) production by LPS/IFN-gamma-stimulated macrophages was inhibited by APO at much lower concentrations (IC50 =0.27 mu M) than those required for the inhibition of NO production. Mechanistic analysis showed that APO inhibited both cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and COX-2 enzyme activities with almost equal selectivity. Secretion of NO and the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 by IFN-gamma-activated RAW264.7 cells, a murine macrophage-like cell line, was also dose-dependently reduced by APO. Furthermore, APO increased the secretion of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-4 by antigen-stimulated T cells and promoted the polarization of CD4(+) Th cells toward the anti-inflammatory Th2 phenotype at equimolar concentrations that inhibited NO production. Our results suggested that APO induced polarization toward the Th2 subset, at least in part through the down-regulation of IL-12 production. Thus, APO appears to have polent anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory properties that may provide a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of T cell-mediated inflammatory autoimmune diseases as well as for bacteria-induced chronic-inflammatory diseases.
Grifolan, GRN, is a fungal antitumor fl-glucan isolated from Grifola frondosa. Various studies suggested that the underlying mechanism of the antitumor activity of GRN is strongly related to immune modulation. In the previous publication (Adachi et al., 1994; Okazaki et al., 1995), we have shown that GRN activates macrophages to produce tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in vitro. In this study, the structural unit essential to produce TNF was examined by chemical modifications of GRN. GRN suspended in distilled water was treated at 150 degreesC for up to 3 h. Addition of the resulting turbid solution to the RAW 264.7 macrophage-like cell line produced TNF, and the relative activity was diminished in relation to the heat treatment period. The fractions with a heating period longer than 15 min did not show any activity. After centrifugation of the resulting solution, significant activity was shown by precipitate fractions, suggesting that the insoluble form of GRN is important for TNF production. Interestingly, the precipitate fraction obtained from 9 min of treatment also had significant activity. In addition, admixing the soluble fraction with the particles significantly inhibited the TNF production. In contrast to these observations, the high-molecular-mass subfraction of the soluble fraction prepared by ultrafiltration produced significant amounts of TNF. Similar phenomena were shown with sodium hydroxide treatment and dimethylsulfoxide treatment. These facts strongly suggested that insoluble as well as a high molecular mass soluble form of GRN are required for TNF production by macrophages.
The immunomodulating effects of various gel-forming (1 -->3)-beta -glucans, grifolan (GRN), SSG, sonifilan (SPG) and alkaline-treated SPG (SPG-OH), on balancing helper T cell activity were examined in a murine model, Plasma from mice that were injected with GRN or SPC-OH and trinitrophenyl ovalbumin (TNP-OVA) contained TNP-specific antibodies of both IgG1 and IgG2a isotypes, Administration of SSG and TNP-OVA significantly augmented the synthesis of IgG2a antibodies, while the synthesis of IgG1 was reduced. However, SPG did not enhance the antibody response. In the culture supernatants of splenocytes obtained from GRN- or SPG-OH-administered mice, high levels of IgG1 and low levels of IgG2a and IFN gamma were detected. In contrast, high levels of IgG2a and IFN gamma and low levels of IgG1 were detected in the case of administration of SSG, Furthermore, it was shown by intracellular cytokine staining that the proportion of IFN gamma (+)CD4(+) double-positive cells among the CD4(+) cells from mice administered SSG was most strongly increased by addition of PMA and A23187. On the other hand, the expression of IL-12 p40 mRNA was more markedly elevated in splenocytes after combined administration of TNP-OVA plus SSG than after administration of TNP-OVA alone, The highest IFN gamma production was observed when adherent cells of mice administered TNP-OVA and SSG were cultured with TNP-primed lymphocytes. This effect of administration of SSG on IFN-gamma Production was completely inhibited by addition of anti-IL-12 mAb. In conclusion, our study showed that beta -glucans have various effects on the Th1 or Th2-dependent antibody subclasses, in particular, SSG induces the development of Th1 cells via the IL-12 pathway.
An antitumour-promoting activity in two-stage carcinogenesis, was found in the methanol and ethyl acetate extracts of the Japanese edible mushroom ‘Buna-shimeji’, Hypsizigus marmoreus (Tricholomataceae). From the active fractions of the extracts, two sterols, ergosterol and ergosterol peroxide, were isolated. The isolates showed inhibitory activity against 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate induced ear inflammation in mice, and ergosterol markedly inhibited tumour promotion in a two-stage carcinogenesis experiment. These sterols may be useful in developing an effective method of cancer prevention.