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January 2005 - present
January 2003 - December 2004
Publications
Publications (140)
The impact of global warming has required the development of efficient new types of batteries. One of the most promising is Zn-O2 batteries because they provide the second biggest theoretical energy density, with relevant safety and a cycle of life long enough to be fitted for massive use. However, their industrial use is hindered by a series of ob...
The control of humidity between certain limits is essential to avoid the alteration of historical objects, such as unstable historical glasses. However, the usual limits can be altered due to the presence of volatile organic compounds. This work presents the results of the exposure of soda, potash, and mixed‐alkali silicate glasses to neutral and a...
Graphene and its derivatives have been widely used to develop novel materials with applications in energy storage. Among them, reduced graphene oxide has shown great potential for more efficient storage of Na ions and is a current target in the design of electrodes for environmentally friendly Na ion batteries. The search for more sustainable and v...
Sol-gel synthesis using alkoxides is employed to obtain fluorine-modified BaZr0.8Y0.2O3-δ nanopowders with Ba excess at 750 °C. Possible effects of F loss at high temperature were limited on densifying at the low temperature of 1200 °C for 4 hours on addition of ZnO as sintering agent. The presence of F in sintered samples was confirmed by X-ray ph...
Flashed glasses are composed of a base glass and a thin colored layer and have been used since medieval times in stained glass windows. Their study can be challenging because of their complex composition and multilayer structure. In the present work, a set of optical and spectroscopic techniques have been used for the characterization of a represen...
Barium zirconate-based perovskites (BZY) are intensely studied proton conductors for high-temperature electrochemical applications; however, their refractory nature means excessive temperatures are required for sintering (∼1700 °C). Although different strategies have been employed to improve densification, a high-temperature step (1300-1700 °C) is...
The most frequent cause of glass degradation is environmental moisture, which is adsorbed on its surface forming a hydration layer that induces the rupture of the glass network. This pathology is accelerated by the accumulation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), like formic acid. Although there is extensive knowledge about their impact, concentr...
George Ravenscroft designed the lead silicate glasses in 17th-century; however, the first pieces produced showed degradation pathologies after few years. This study reproduces one of the glasses produced by George Ravenscroft and analyses its chemical stability in comparison to two other glasses based on the original composition but with the additi...
Due to the abundance and low cost of exchanged metal, sodium-ion batteries have attracted increasing research attention for the massive energy storage associated with renewable energy sources. Nickel oxide (NiO) thin films have been prepared by magnetron sputtering (MS) deposition under an oblique angle configuration (OAD) and used as electrodes fo...
We strongly encourage you to participate in this Special Issue of Energies MDPI (impact factor 2.702)
"Advanced Researches in Materials for Low Temperature Fuel Cells" is online
Guest Editors: Dr. Mario Aparicio (maparicio@icv.csic.es) y Dr. Jadra Mosa (jmosa@icv.csic.es)
Synthesis of the proton-conducting electrolyte SrZr0.9Y0.1O3−δ(SZY) was undertaken by the sol–gel method employing an all-alkoxide route from reaction of strontium alkoxide produced in-situ and commercial zirconium and yttrium alkoxides. The solution was homogenized by a previous ligand exchange in 2-methoxyethanol to control the polycondensation r...
The development of anodes based on Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 (LTO) for lithium ion batteries has become very important in recent years on the basis that it allows a long service life (stability in charge-discharge cycling) and safety improvements. The processing of this material in the form of thin film allows for greater control of its characteristics and an...
Some historical glasses (lead‐wood ash glasses, lead‐crystal glasses…) are silicate glasses with high content of lead and potassium. This work presents the evaluation of the chemical stability of high‐lead glasses in a high relative humidity atmosphere and as result of aqueous immersion. In both situations, the alteration mechanism begins with the...
In the current context of demand for reliable, low cost and low environmental impact energy sources, many countries and companies are mostly focused on fuel cells (FCs) in fields as transportation, stationary power generation and portable devices. Lately, FCs have begun to be applied in naval and aeronautical systems due to their high efficiency, l...
Membranes commonly used in direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) are expensive and show a great permeability to methanol which reduces fuel utilization and leads to mixed potential at the cathode. In this work, sulfonated styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene (sSEBS) modified membranes with zirconia silica phosphate sol-gel phase are developed and studied i...
teady graphene oxide (GO) scaffolds created by direct ink writing are used to develop a silicon carbonitride (SiCN) -graphene oxide hybrid material through a preceramic polymer route. For achieving mechanically stable GO scaffolds, the drying method is critical as the ink contains about 5 wt.% of GO, 10 wt.% of polyelectrolytes and 85 wt.% of water...
Organic/inorganic hybrid membranes that are based on GTT (GPTMS-TMES-TPTE) system while using 3-Glycidoxypropyl-trimethoxysilane (GPTMS), Trimethyletoxisilane (TMES), and Trimethylolpropane triglycidyl ether (TPTE) as precursors have been obtained while using a combination of organic polymerization and sol-gel synthesis to be used as electrolytes i...
Magnetron sputtered WO3 thin films for anodes in sodium ion batteries
WO3 thin film electrodes were successfully prepared by magnetron sputtering (MS) deposition under an oblique angle configuration (OAD). Intercalation of Na ions in the tungsten oxide layers has been studied using electrochemical techniques. Sample characterization before and after sodium intercalation has been carried out by Raman, XPS and XRD meas...
Magnesium alloys, with a density two-thirds that of aluminum, are very attractive for industry. However, these alloys are extremely susceptible to corrosion in the presence of aggressive electrolytes such as NaCl solutions. Here, we designed hybrid coatings obtained by the consolidation of organically modified polysilsesquioxanes “melting gels” for...
This chapter examines the production of anticorrosive hybrid glass coatings on 304 stainless steel using melting gels prepared using ethyltriethoxysilane (EtTES) and diethyldiethoxysilane (DEtDES). The hybrid glass coatings were characterized to compare the poured and electrodeposited coatings. The hydrophobicity was estimated using contact angle m...
Inorganic and hybrid organic–inorganic sol–gel coatings are one of the most interesting alternatives for the corrosion protection of metallic substrates based on the design possibilities offered by this processing method. These include the ability to combine the barrier function between the metal and the surrounding environment, and the self-healin...
Melting gels are a class of materials which are capable of protecting 304 stainless steel against corrosion. These are organically modified silica gels that are rigid at room temperature and begin to soften when heated to 110°C. They are consolidated at temperatures above 120°C where they are transformed into hybrid glasses, which are excellent ant...
Combination of electrochemical techniques is essential to accurately analyze the corrosion protection mechanism of sol–gel
coatings, including passive and active protection, ion diffusion, delamination, etc.
Inorganic and hybrid organic–inorganic sol–gel coatings are one of the most interesting alternatives for the corrosion
protection of metallic...
Fuel cells are electrochemical devices that convert the chemical energy of a fuel and oxidant directly to electrical energy. Three types of fuel cells are (a) protonexchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), (b) molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFCs), and (c) solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). In each case, there is a role for sol-gel processing. In the case...
Presently, sustainable energy as well as efficient and economical energy conversion and storage technologies has become an important work in light of the rising environmental issues and dependence on portable and uninterrupted power sources. Electrical energy storage technologies play a significant role in the demand for green and sustainable energ...
This completely updated and expanded second edition stands as a comprehensive knowledgebase on both the fundamentals and applications of this important materials processing method. The diverse, international team of contributing authors of this reference clarify in extensive detail properties and applications of sol-gel science and technology as it...
Passivating or protecting metal surfaces for implants, automobiles, and electronic devices could improve their longevity and reduce direct and indirect costs of corrosion. Low cost, easy processability, flexibility, and the ability to prevent gas exchange between the surfaces and the atmosphere are amongst the many requirements that can be satisfie...
This work describes the preparation of novel and low cost hybrid organic-inorganic membranes via sol-gel chemistry and direct infiltration method using a novel inorganic precursor (40SiO2−40P2O5−20ZrO2) and sulfonated styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene triblock copolymer (sSEBS) for their use in fuel cells (PEMFC). sSEBS shows a distinct phase separ...
Hybrid organic-inorganic gels and glasses have been studied for many years for a variety of applications. Using the sol–gel process, it is possible to prepare silica-based hybrid gels that are rigid at room temperature, but soften and flow around 110 °C. This softening behavior has been called melting, even though it is not melting in a thermodynam...
This study is focused on structural characterization of hybrid glasses obtained by consolidation of melting gels. The melting gels were prepared in molar ratios of methyltriethoxysilane (MTES) and dimethyldiethoxysilane (DMDES) of 75%MTES-25%DMDES and 65%MTES-35%DMDES. Following consolidation, the hybrid glasses were characterized using Raman, (29)...
Homogeneous and crack-free methyl-substituted organic–inorganic hybrid glass coatings (thickness up to 10 μm) were deposited on AISI 304 stainless steel. Different hybrid glasses obtained from consolidation of the diluted melting gels with various methyltriethoxysilane (MTES)/dimethyldiethoxysilane (DMDES) ratios were evaluated considering chemical...
Presently, sustainable energy as well as efficient and economical energy conversion and storage technologies has become an important work in light of the rising environmental issues and dependence on portable and uninterrupted power sources. Electrical energy storage technologies play a significant role in the demand for green and sustainable energ...
Fuel cells are electrochemical devices that convert the chemical energy of a fuel and oxidant directly to electrical energy. Three types of fuel cells are (a) proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), (b) molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFCs), and (c) solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). In each case, there is a role for sol–gel processing. In the cas...
In this study, tantalum nitride (TaN) thin films were deposited on Si(100) and 316L stainless steel (SS) substrates by reactive DC magnetron sputtering. The effect of the nitrogen fraction ([N2]) in the gas mixture on the composition, phase formation, roughness and corrosion resistance was investigated. The films were characterized by Rutherford ba...
Organic–inorganic hybrid solid electrolytes based o n silica- Polyethylene glycol PEG(200, 400)
with Bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide lithium salt (LiTFSI) or Lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate LiOTf were synthesized by a sol–gel process. The thermal and structural properties of the materials thus obtained were systematically investigated by a varie...
Las microbaterías de ión litio tienen un interés creciente
en aplicaciones de baja potencia en una sociedad donde el
número de sistemas electrónicos portátiles crece rápidamente.
Las baterías recargables comerciales están basadas
en electrolitos líquidos, que presentan diversas restricciones
respecto al tamaño, seguridad y a la necesidad de incorpo...
Hybrid inorganic oxides which have simultaneously meso- and macro-porous texture leading to high surface area and high pore volume were prepared by templating in polystyrene monoliths in highly concentrated emulsions. The synthesis was carried out by a two-step method. In the first step, macroporous polystyrene monoliths were prepared using highly...
En el presente estudio se sintetizaron recubrimientos híbridos multicapa barrera-biomimético vía sol-gel sobre la aleación de magnesio Elektron 21, de potencial (gran?) aplicación en el diseño de implantes ortopédicos de uso temporal. Para la síntesis sol-gel se empleó mezclas de los precursores de películas inorgánicas, TEOS, orgánicas y GPTMS. Se...
(1)H NMR spectroscopy at 400 MHz in toluene-d8 of evaporated mixtures of lithium ethoxide and titanium(iv) isopropoxide in ethanol, used to prepare the spinel Li4Ti5O12 by the sol-gel method, may help clarify why the atomic ratio 5Li : 5Ti and not 4Li : 5Ti is the right choice to obtain the pure phase when performing hydrolysis at room temperature....
Insufficient corrosion resistance and surface conductivity are two main issues that plague large-scale application of stainless steel (SS) bipolar plates in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). This study explores the use of nanocrystalline Ta/TaN multilayer coatings to improve the electrical and electrochemical performance of polished 316...
Organic/inorganic hybrid membranes based on (3-glycidoxypropyl) trimethoxysilane (GPTMS) and ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether (EGDE), have been prepared by sol-gel method and organic polymerization as solid electrolytes for Li-ion batteries. Lithium bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonamide (LiTFSI) was used as Li salt. FTIR and Raman spectroscopies were us...
The anticorrosive properties of different coatings on mild steel are insufficient and chromate corrosion protection is being eliminated owing to its toxicity. This paper shows an anti-corrosion bi-layer environmentally-friendly sol–gel coating doped with cerium (26 μm thick) on mild steel, combining a barrier effect with self-healing. Both layers h...
Organic/inorganic hybrid membranes based on (3-glycidoxypropyl) trimethoxysilane (GPTMS) and 3-mercaptopropyl trimethoxysilane (MPTMS) have been prepared by sol–gel method and organic polymerisation, as candidate materials for proton exchange membranes in direct alcohol fuel cell (DMFC) applications. The –SH groups of MPTMS are oxidized to sulfonic...
This chapter focuses on the study of the development of sol-gel materials with application in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) and solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). The sol-gel method is an excellent process to produce proton-conducting materials because the gels contain a large number of micropores filled with liquid that can be used for...
Organic/inorganic hybrid membranes based on (3-glycidoxypropyl) trimethoxysilane (GPTMS) and 3-mercaptopropyl trimethoxysilkane (MPTMS) have been prepared by sol-gel method and organic polymerisation, as candidate materials for proton exchange membranes in direct alcohol fuel cell (DMFC) applications. The –SH groups of MPTMS are oxidized to sulfoni...
In the current context of demand for reliable, low cost and low environmental impact energy sources, many countries and companies are mostly focused on fuel cells (FC) in fields as transportation and stationary power generation and portable devices. Lately, FCs have begun to be applied in naval and aeronautical systems due to its high efficiency, l...
Among the many applications proposed for solid electrolytes, their employment in lithium-based secondary batteries has the greatest impact in terms of technology and market potential [1]. Rechargeable thin film microbatteries have recently become the topic of widespread research for use in low power applications and energy storage systems for elect...
In the current context of demand for reliable, low cost and low environmental impact energy sources, many countries and companies are mostly focused on fuel cells (FC) in fields as transportation and stationary power generation and portable devices. Lately, FCs have begun to be applied in naval and aeronautical systems due to its high efficiency, l...
Ordered mesoporous coatings, especially those structured as channels in three dimensions, could be applied as thin proton conducting membranes for application in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC). This kind of materials shows high proton conductivity due to their favourable architecture with small and interconnected porosity. Transparent...
In this work, highly conductive hybrid organic inorganic membranes loaded with SiO2, TiO2-P2O5 and SiO2-TiO2-P2O5 meso/macroporous particles were prepared via a sol gel process. Meso/macroporous particles were incorporated to hybrid membranes, for improving water retention and enhancing electrochemical performance. These particles with a polymodal...
Li4Ti5O12 thin-film electrodes by in-situ synthesis of lithium alkoxide for Li-ion microbatteries, Electrochimica Acta http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2014.10.054 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscr...
Thin films of garnet-type Al-doped Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZ) are prepared by the sol-gel process. Thin films are prepared on MgO substrates by a dip-coating process using a precursor sol from Zr-alkoxide and Li, La and Al nitrates. After the dip-coating, the dried films are calcined at 450 °C to get precursor films. When the precursor films are heat-treat...
Rechargeable thin-film batteries have recently become the topic of widespread research for use as efficient energy storage devices. Spinel Li4Ti5O12 has been considered as one of the most prospective anode materials for Li-ion batteries because of its excellent reversibility and long cycle life. We report here the sol–gel synthesis and coating prep...
Spinel Li4Ti5O12 thin films were prepared by a mist CVD process, using an aqueous solution of lithium nitrate and a water-soluble titanium lactate complex as the source of Li and Ti, respectively. In this process, mist particles ultrasonically atomized from a source aqueous solution were transferred by nitrogen gas to a heating substrate to prepare...
LiMn2O4 cathode thin films for thin film lithium secondary batteries were prepared by using so-called the "mist CVD process", employing an aqueous solution of lithium acetate and manganese acetate, as the source of Li and Mn, respectively. The aqueous solution of starting materials was ultrasonically atomized to form mist particles, and mists were...
Mesoporous LiFePO4 thin films prepared using a facile and low-cost synthesis approach have been studied as electrodes for Li-ion batteries. LiFePO4 mesoporous films (300 nm) were synthesized by a template-directed sol–gel chemistry coupled with the dip-coating approach, followed by heat-treatment under a reducing atmosphere (10% H2/N2) at temperatu...
Spinel Li4Ti5O12 has been considered as one of the most prospective anode materials for Li-ion microbatteries.
Homogeneous, transparent and crack-free Li4Ti5O12 coatings with thickness around 110 nm
have been prepared by dipping gold-coated quartz substrates in sols prepared using titanium isopropoxide
and lithium acetate. The influence of the ther...
Sol-gel coatings represent an alternative corrosion protection method to the chromate based systems which must be replaced. Recently, it was shown that ZrO2 based sol-gel coatings deposited on AA6060 can provide a good corrosion protection to AA6060. However, ZrO2 based sol-gel systems are not able to provide the self-healing effect which is instea...
Homogeneous and transparent film-shaped spinel Li4Ti5O12 electrodes on gold coated quartz were synthesized by sol–gel and a dipping procedure after thermal treatments at 700 °C. The influence of the lithium precursor content on the phase composition, structure and electrochemical behavior of this material was studied. Spectral ellipsometry measurem...
IntroductionExperimentalResults and DiscussionConclusions
Acknowledgements
Organic–inorganic hybrid materials are a blending of two components where at least one of them is at the nanoscale. The sol-gel process is an interesting method to synthesize these materials because it allows a wide variation in compositions and inorganic/organic ratios, together with an excellent control of porosity (volume, size and connectivity)...
Sol-Gel Processing for Conventional and Alternative Energy is a comprehensive source of information on the use of sol-gel processing in materials in energy systems, conversion, storage, and generation. The volume editors include numerous applications, primarily in nuclear fuel processing, electrolytes for fuel cells, and dye-sensitized solar cells...
The factor which currently precludes the use of carbon fibre reinforced silicon carbide (C/SiC) in high temperature structural applications is the oxidation of carbon fibres at temperatures greater than 450ºC (1). For this reason, it is necessary to develop coatings capable of protecting C/SiC components from oxidation for extended periods at 1600º...
The development of aero-engine and aircraft industry is aimed to hypersonic technology, efficiency enhancements and pollutant emission reductions. This objective can only be reached by increasing the operating temperatures, utilising new materials which mechanical properties are retained up to high temperatures. SiC matrix composites reinforced wit...
[ES] Comparadas con los motores de combustión interna, las pilas de combustible de intercambio de protones (PEMFC) son capaces de operar sin emisiones de agentes contaminantes. El aumento de la temperatura de operación de la pila de combustible por encima de 100ºC es uno de los grandes objetivos en este campo ya que facilitaría el desarrollo comerc...
Development of Cr-free coatings is an important issue for replacement of chromate conversion coatings in aerospace and automotive industry. This aspect was targeted in the framework of MULTIPROTECT IP project funded by the European Community. This paper is an overview of research activities carried out by our groups in the framework of the MULTIPRO...
A novel hybrid sol–gel coating has recently been introduced as an alternative to high toxic chromate-based corrosion protection systems. In this paper, we propose a multiscale computational model to estimate the amount and time scale of inhibitor release of the active corrosion protection coating. Moreover, we study the release rate under the influ...
The fact which currently excludes the use of C/SiC composites in high temperature structural applications is the high oxidation rate of carbon fibres at temperatures higher than 450ºC. In this second part of the paper, a review of the different oxidation protection systems, including inhibitors, surface modification of composites, coatings and prev...
Hybrid membranes containing Nafion and phosphosilicate gels were prepared using infiltration and recasting methods. The hybrid membranes were investigated using complex impedance spectroscopy. Conductivities were determined as a function of relative humidity. Infiltrated membranes, which contained gel in more or less discrete particles, were compar...
In this work, a split-cell technique and image-assisted electrochemical noise analysis, which provide minimal perturbation of the freely corroding system and good time resolution, are proposed as a tool for simultaneous investigation of the corrosion inhibition mechanism and assessment of performance. The results obtained are compared with results...
The coating system usually employed for corrosion protection of metal substrates consists of different layers which can be constituted of a chemical conversion coating applied on the metal surface followed by a number of organic layers. Hybrid films prepared by the sol–gel method provide a good approach as protective layers on metallic surfaces, al...
a b s t r a c t New hybrid electrolytes based on 2-allylphenol (AP), (3-glycidoxypropyl) trimethoxysilane (GPTMS) and tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) have been synthesized by sol–gel method and organic polymerisation. Pro-ton conductivity has been endowed on the base of three strategies: a high concentration of hydroxyl groups from the inorganic component...
The aim of this work was to study the effect of
the incorporation of cerium nitrate in a silica-methacrylate
sol–gel hybrid matrix reinforced with silica nanoparticles.
Sols, coatings and powders have been studied, focusing
specially in the determination of the redox ratio Ce
3?
/Ce
4?
and films structure. Sols have been characterised using
viscosit...
Aluminium alloys such as AA2024 are susceptible to severe corrosion attack in aggressive solutions (e.g. chlorides). Conversion coatings, like chromate, or rare earth conversion coatings are usually applied in order to improve corrosion behaviour of aluminium alloys. Methacrylate-based hybrid films deposited with sol–gel technique might be an alter...
The aim of this work is the synthesis and characterization of hybrid coatings doped with cerium salts for corrosion protection
of AA2024. The control of the inorganic and organic polymerization process allows the preparation of coatings with an open
structure and a hydrophilic character. These facts facilitate the incorporation and mobility of ceri...
Tesis doctoral de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Química Inorgánica. Fecha de lectura: 26 de mayo de 2008 Bibliografía
Hybrid sol–gel coatings provide an approach as protective layers on metals. In this work, corrosion protection of aluminium and magnesium alloys by SiO2-methacrylate coatings doped with TiO2–CeO2 nanoparticles was studied. The films show an improvement of the barrier properties at initial immersion. The reactivity of both alloys produces a deterior...
An important research area in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) is devoted to the development of low cost membranes able to work at temperatures higher than 100°C. In this work, homogeneous, transparent and crack-free hybrid membranes have been synthesized using tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), 3-glycidoxipropyl trimethoxysilane (GPTMS) a...
In this work we present the development of a nanocomposite material composed by silica nanoparticles in a hybrid organic–inorganic sol–gel matrix for corrosion protection of aluminium alloys. The sol–gel matrix was produced from an inorganic precursor, tetraethoxysilane (TEOS), a hybrid precursor organically functionalized with CC groups, 3-metacry...
Metallic materials are the most used materials as orthopaedic or dental implants because of their excellent mechanical properties. However they are not able to create a natural bonding with the mineralized bone and occasionally suffer localized corrosion. This work describes the electrochemical behaviour of a system of coatings with the addition of...
AISI 316L stainless steel is a biocompatible alloy used in prosthetic devices for many years. However this alloy tends to suffer localized corrosion and needs external fixation to hard tissues. This work describes the development of a coating system of two layers with complementary properties. The inner layer is prepared using TEOS and MTES that ha...
Homogeneous, transparent and crack-free P2O5–ZrO2 and P2O5–ZrO2–SiO2 membranes have been synthesized by the sol–gel process. A first step has been oriented to the optimization of the synthesis and characterization of different compositions by TGA, FE-SEM, FTIR and EIS to choose the best inorganic composition in terms of chemical and mechanical stab...
