Margarita Bernales

Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile | UC · Escuela de Enfermería

Objective: To validate an instrument measuring the cultural competence in health care workers from Chile. Methods: Using Sue & Sue's theoretical model of cultural competence, we designed a scale, which was assessed by health care workers and experts. Subsequently, the scale was applied to a sample of 483 different health care workers, during 201...

Las voluntades anticipadas en salud tienen como finalidad que la persona manifieste de manera anticipada su voluntad sobre los cuidados y el tratamiento de su salud, lo cual le permite expresar personalmente y de forma previa sus preferencias. Esta revisión de la literatura tiene por objetivo describir el concepto y la estructura de las voluntades...

Healthcare providers needs and coping strategies regarding end of life care of critically ill patients

Se propuso conocer la vulnerabilidad sanitaria y necesidades de salud de personas inmigrantes en Chile, a través de un estudio cualitativo exploratorio. Los hallazgos indican que su vulnerabilidad estaría dada por su condición irregular, trabajo precario y bajos ingresos, cuando lo tienen. Las afecciones de salud son morbilidad común, de salud ment...

RESUMEN Objetivo Describir, a partir de las percepciones de adolescentes y personal de atención de salud, las formas en que los adolescentes varones se relacionan con la atención de salud sexual y reproductiva, las transformaciones percibidas en este ámbito y las estrategias desplegadas por Espacios Amigables para la atención de salud adolescente...

International migrants are a socially vulnerable group within the context of disasters. However, disasters research focusing on this group is limited. This problem is the primary focus of the present study. Aim To explore responses, behaviors and experiences concerning natural hazards among migrants living in Valparaíso, Chile. Methods Following...

Objective: To explore the social determinants of health (SDH) of international migrant children, from the perceptions of caregivers, health workers and local authorities in eight municipalities in Chile. Materials and methods: A secondary analysis of data was conducted from a qualitative study that took place between 2014 and 2017. The original...

Objetivo: Describir principales barreras y facilitadores percibidos por equipo de salud para la implementación de Saturometría Pre y Post Ductal (SPPD) como método de detección de Cardiopatías Congénitas (CC), en recién nacidos (RN) previo al alta hospitalaria. Material y Método: Desde un paradigma constructivista de investigación, se realizó un e...

Objetivos: Indagar la manera en que se está construyendo la interculturalidad en los ámbitos de la salud en Chile en la actualidad, explorando tanto en los tránsitos que las personas realizan por diferentes prácticas médicas así como en la incorporación que instituciones públicas de salud en Chile hacen de tradiciones terapéuticas no biomédicas. Ma...

RESUMEN Tanto la cultura como los grupos sociales a los que pertenecemos afectan la forma en que conceptualizamos nuestra salud y nos relacionamos con los trabadores de salud. Comprender esto es especialmente relevante dado que la llegada de migrantes a nuestros país ha aumentado considerablemente en los últimos años. Este escenario plantea desafío...

Introduction and purpose of this study: Colegio Ingles is the largest and oldest school in the city of Iquique, the capital of Chile's northern Tarapaca Region. In accordance with the School Evacuation Plan, a drill was held in 2013 with the entire student body (n = 1600). The majority of the students had experienced the 2014 Pisagua earthquake. Co...

Objectives. To investigate the perceptions of primary health workers (PHW) about the challenges of health care for migrants. Materials and methods. A qualitative multicase study was conducted in eight communes of Chile, using the snowball technique, where 101 PHW and local authorities were recruited. Semi-structured interviews and focal groups were...

La migración internacional como determinante social de la salud en Chile: evidencia y propuestas para políticas públicas.

Background: Latin America has experienced a tremendous growth in a number of medical schools, and there are concerns about their quality of training in critical areas such as professionalism. Medical professionalism is a cultural construct. The aim of the study was to compare published definitions of medical professionalism from Latin American and...

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Purpose: This study aims to describe human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related knowledge and beliefs, as well as understanding attitudes towards masculinity in the context of HIV prevention, held among Chilean men. Design: This study reports the qualitative findings of a sequential qualitative-quantitative mixed methodology study: Bringing men...

Libro gratuito en español con resumen ejecutivo en español e inglés. Se puede descargar completo desde Web Facultad de Medicina UDD: http://medicina.udd.cl/formulario-libro-vulnerabilidad-social/ O simplemente entrar a la Web medicina.udd.cl

Sr. Editor: El mito que ronda ante un “naufragio” de cualquier tipo es que mujeres y ninos deben ser asistidos y rescatados en primer lugar; la poblacion restante, los hombres, adquieren el rol de valientes rescatistas que asistiran a los mas desvalidos antes de pensar en su propia salvacion. El imaginario de este mito devela la imposibilidad de pe...

Sr Editor: En salud es frecuente que se utilicen variables que no se observan directamente, como, por ejemplo, la calidad de vida, la satisfaccion usuaria, o la competencia cultural. Estas variables son conocidas como latentes y muchas veces son tratadas de la misma manera que aquellas que son observadas directamente, como el sexo o la estatura. Si...

Sr. Editor: La competencia cultural es entendida en el ambito de la salud como la habilidad que deben poseer los trabajadores de la salud (TS) para incorporar una vision del contexto social y cultural de cada usuario, incrementando asi la posibilidad de lograr una real comunicacion con este ultimo. Habitualmente, la necesidad de desarrollar la comp...

Simulated patients (SPs) have participated successfully in nursing and medical education. The SPs portraying stressful situations may have psychological or physiological effects for several days after their performance; however, long-term effects have not been well documented in the literature. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact...

Background: Cigarette smoking among adolescents is a major health problem in Chile, which is determined by several factors. Among these, it is important the role of perceived norms regarding cigarette use among peers and the general population. Aim: To study the social norms about the perceived prevalence of smoking and its relationship with cigare...

Background: Cigarette smoking among adolescents is a major health problem in Chile, which is determined by several factors. Among these, it is important the role of perceived norms regarding cigarette use among peers and the general population. Aim: To study the social norms about the perceived prevalence of smoking and its relationship with cigare...

The impact of a professionally facilitated peer group intervention for HIV prevention among 400 low-income Chilean women was examined using a quasiexperimental design. At 3 months postintervention, the intervention group had higher HIV-related knowledge, more positive attitudes toward people living with HIV, fewer perceived condom use barriers, gre...

Accessible summary Depression is considered a factor that interferes with HIV prevention. Depression may reach 41% among low‐income Chilean women. The current study analyzed the impact of Mano a Mano‐Mujer , an HIV prevention intervention, on depressive symptoms among low‐income Chilean women. Mano a Mano‐Mujer provided significant benefits for wom...

Objective: To explore the relationship between knowledge level and occupational risk exposure to HIV/AIDS in primary care health workers. Methodology: Analytical cross-sectional study. 720 health workers from Santiago answered a survey about HIV/AIDS that included: knowledge level (appropriate, inappropriate), occupational risk (with or without...

We present a review of the literature available on the psychological issues of the rehabilitation of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The review is organized around four main themes. First, we present the more commonly psychological manifestations described among patients with COPD, in particular depression and anxiety. S...

Background: In Chile, members of the civil society and government achieved the passing of the HIV/AIDS Law (19.779). The level of knowledge of the law held by healthcare workers in Chile is not well known. Aim: To analyze the effect of an intervention on knowledge of the existence of the law and its application in clinical practice amongprimary hea...

In Chile, members of the civil society and government achieved the passing of the HIV/AIDS Law (19.779). The level of knowledge of the law held by healthcare workers in Chile is not well known. To analyze the effect of an intervention on knowledge of the existence of the law and its application in clinical practice among primary healthcare workers...

We tested the impacts of a professionally assisted peer-group intervention on Chilean health workers' HIV-related knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors using a quasi-experimental design with a pretest and 3-month posttest. Two Santiago suburbs were randomly assigned to the intervention or delayed intervention control condition. Five community clinics...

The objective of this study was to determine if a relationship exists between intimate partner violence (IPV) and HIV risk among socioeconomically disadvantaged Chilean women. A correlational analysis with data from the NIH-funded project, "Testing an HIV/AIDS Prevention Intervention for Chilean Women," was conducted. Two hundred and sixty-one wome...

PURPOSE: When healthcare workers have stigmatizing attitudes toward people living with HIV it may lead to discriminatory behavior that interferes with prevention, treatment, and care. This research examined the HIV-related stigmatizing attitudes reported by health workers in Santiago, Chile. METHODS: The study used focus group data from the first p...

Objective: To explore the relationship between knowledge level and occupational risk exposure to HIV/AIDS in primary care health workers. Methodology: Analytical cross-sectional study. 720 health workers from Santiago answered a survey about HIV/AIDS that included: knowledge level (appropriate, inappropriate), occupational risk (with or without...

Objective: the purpose of this revision is to analyze studies of prevention programs in HIV in order to determine what aspects should be included in successful HIV prevention programs with women. Design and method: a literature review was carried out using searches done in the databases Proquest and CINAHL, Pubmed and Scielo. The search was limi...

In Chile, little information about the use of standard precautions (SP) among health care workers (HCWs) exists. As part of a larger study to tailor and test an HIV prevention intervention for community HCWs, this study describes the observed frequency with which appropriate SP were used by HCWs in low-income community clinics of Santiago. Also, th...

Violence against females is a very important health problem in Chile. Reports from SERNAM1 suggest that in Chile, over 50% of females suffer from domestic violence in their households and is estimated that every day one woman is killed in Chile due to this type of violence. Although machismo is considered a main problem that may partly explain this...

INTRODUCTION The HIV and AIDS epidemic has quickly spread over the world with a tendency towards feminization, pauperization, and heterosexualization. Partner communication around HIV has been described as one protective factor for the acquisition of this disease, favoring the adoption of safe sexual practices, such as couple negotiation and condom...

According to a 2004 report by the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS, Chile has an incipient HIV/AIDS epidemic. Regardless of the classification, every year the cumulative incidence of HIV/AIDS increases. Young Chileans have been the most affected group; still, their knowledge, attitudes, and concerns about HIV/AIDS are not known. This stud...

BACKGROUND Epidemiological characterization in Chile points to the feminization, pauperization and heterosexualization of the HIV epidemic, which indicates increased risk for socially disadvantaged women. When the use of substances is added to this, the vulnerability of this group in terms of HIV is magnified. OBJECTIVE To describe the use of subs...