![IoT generic architecture for a Smart City: The focal point an IoT solution for a Smart City is in the Integrated Information Center (IIC) with storage servers, security devices (firewalls, IPS, Proxies etc), communication equipment, availability and accessibility of information by emergency crews, supervisors of specific areas in cities or by the local government [6].](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Manuel-Perez-Cerquera/publication/322876769/figure/fig1/AS:631610760237094@1527599148881/IoT-generic-architecture-for-a-Smart-City-The-focal-point-an-IoT-solution-for-a-Smart_Q320.jpg)
![Logical Architecture for a Smart City: In the Infrastructure Management level all the applications, services, management gateways, nodes and sensors are located to ensure the continuous operation of the Smart City. On the plane of the IoT experimentation layer, code tests, new applications, enhancements to the network infrastructure among others are made. Finally, the Smart City Service layer comprises API software and services [21].](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Manuel-Perez-Cerquera/publication/322876769/figure/fig2/AS:631610760249390@1527599148978/Logical-Architecture-for-a-Smart-City-In-the-Infrastructure-Management-level-all-the_Q320.jpg)
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IoT Paradigm into the Smart City Vision: A Survey
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... This paper also cites specific platforms with services for deploying infrastructure available in the city, such as FIWARE, Carriots, and ICOS. Similarly, [Medina et al. 2018] grouped into three levels regarding the architecture of a Smart City from the technological IoT perspective: A. Device level, with sensors and Near Field Communication. B. Communication level, with 6LoWPAN, Bluetooth LE, and WiFi, C. Server level, with Big Data; Data Mining. ...
... For example, for the healthcare sector, the following technologies are listed: field communication, IoT-based special sensors, MEDiSN, Wisepill technologies, COAP, MQTT, artificial intelligence, Sensors, Wearables, and telemetric systems. In [Medina et al. 2018], the Stack4Things was adopted, and its services and functionalities were exploited to integrate CPSs and pave the way toward smart cities. It lists several enabling technologies such as Digital Twins, Semantic Models, Cybersecurity mechanisms, and Microservices Applications. ...
... From the 15 selected articles, [Hejazi et al. 2018], [Kirimtat et al. 2020], and [Medina et al. 2018] did not discuss challenges and gaps in the SC domain. Some papers mention the challenges as simple lists without getting deep into context or explanation. ...
As the world becomes increasingly developed, there is a growing need to address of urbanization. Smart cities offer a way to address these challenges by using technology to make cities more efficient, sustainable, and livable. However, it is a recent field of development with a lack of understanding of some concepts. Therefore, we performed a literature review of secondary studies to characterize Smart Cities regarding their attributes, applications, technologies, and challenges. The findings indicate the research opportunities in the field, focusing on designing Smart Cities solutions, and a characterization of Smart Cities outlining issues that need to be addressed for them to be established.
... LPWAN infrastructure includes sensors, gateways, routers, servers, and cloud platforms, all working together to provide a reliable and secure communication pathway [2]. Mostly, the communication is done using low-power wireless communication technologies such as Long-Range (LoRa), Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), SigFox, Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT), and Zigbee [3]. Communication over long distances using unlicensed frequency bands, such as LoRa 868 MHz in Europe and 915 MHz in North America, is particularly suitable for transferring smaller amounts of data, such as sensor readings or control commands. ...
Low-Power Wide-Area Network (LPWAN) technologies offer new opportunities for data collection, transmission, and decision-making optimization. Similarly, a wide range of use cases of computer vision and object detection algorithms can be found across different industries. This paper presents a case study focusing on the utilization of LPWAN infrastructure, specifically the Helium network, coupled with computer vision and object detection algorithms, to optimize passenger ferry operation. The passenger ferry called M/S Dessi operates between Kalmar and Färjestaden in Sweden during the summer season. By implementing an Edge-computing solution, real-time data collection and communication are achieved, enabling accurate measurement of passenger flow. This approach is superior to traditional methods of collecting passenger data, such as manual counting or CCTV surveillance. Real-time passenger data is invaluable for traffic planning, crowd prediction, revenue enhancement, and speed and fuel optimization. The utilization of the Helium network ensures reliable and long-distance data transmission, extending the system’s applicability to multiple ferries and distant locations. The proposed approach can be utilized to integrate passenger ferries that operate in close proximity to urban areas into society’s digital transformation efforts. This study highlights the potential of LPWAN, computer vision, and object detection in enhancing passenger ferry operations, contributing to enhanced efficiency and sustainability.
... In this section, we describe the logical architecture of communication infrastructure based on both the paradigms of Internet of Things (IoT) [17], [34], and publish/subscribe (PUB/SUB) [35], [36]. The proposed infrastructure supports the virtual bridge service, and the relative data flows between the vessels' Command and Control (C2) systems and the ashore control station. ...
A distributed decision support system has been developed to assist seafarers during several navigation tasks, for instance, in avoiding a collision with a detected obstacle in the sea and envisioning a future autonomous navigation system. In this paper, the decision support system is based on the results of a customized simulation model representing the ship’s behavior, including hydrodynamics, propulsion, and control effects. Sensors monitor and collect the parameters of the environment and the ship onboard. The telemetry and the calculated route are visualized on a wearable visor exploiting augmented reality. Such context information is also replicated ashore through a narrow-band satellite link using an IoT publish-subscribe communication paradigm to allow one or more remote seafarers to supervise the situation in a virtual reality environment. Overall, the potential of the proposed system is presented and discussed for application in the context of autonomous navigation.
... Moreover, IoT extends beyond smart consumer devices by introducing wireless embedded systems in crucial structures, including, among others, health and care services, industrial sensor networks, and municipal infrastructures. 10 Reliable sensor networks are required because of these IoT application areas' crucial nature. 11 Therefore, this review investigates the effect of meta-heuristic and nature-inspired algorithms in creating a reliable network to overcome the problems of IoT networks. ...
The widespread use of Internet of Things (IoT) in various wireless sensor networks applications has increased their importance in recent years. IoT is a smart technology that connects anything anywhere at any time. These smart objects, which connect the physical world with the world of computing infrastructure, are expected to permeate all aspects of our daily lives and revolutionize a number of application domains such as healthcare, energy conservation, and transportation. As wireless networking expands, the disadvantage of wireless communication is clearly obvious. People's apprehension over the IoT's dependability has therefore skyrocketed. IoT networks' key requirements are dependability, channel security, fault tolerance, and reliability. Monitoring the IoT networks depends on the availability and correct functioning of all the network nodes. Recent research has proposed promising solutions to address these challenges. This article systematically examines recent articles that use meta‐heuristic and nature‐inspired algorithms to establish reliable IoT networks. Eighteen articles were analyzed in four groups. Results showed that reliable enhancement mechanisms in IoT networks increase fault node detection, network efficiency, and lifetime and attain energy optimization results in the IoT concept. Additionally, it was discovered in the literature that the current studies focus on how to effectively use edge network capabilities for IoT application executions and support, along with the related needs. Reviewing literature to show how valuable “an application of meta‐heuristic and nature‐inspired algorithms for designing reliable networks based on the Internet of things” is. Reviewing the literature to indicate the major orientation of the articles and the solutions provided. Reviewing articles to see how real‐world solutions are implemented. Proposing future tasks to improve the reliable networking of objects.
... These devices contain a radio chip, micro-controller and one or multiple sensors and actuators [1]. The use of IoT devices for numerous applications have increased significantly after the development of low-power radio communication protocols such as Long Range (LoRa), Narrowband IoT (NB-IoT), Sigfox, Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), and ZigBee [2]. ...
Blockchain technology is a secure decentralized data structure technique with no centralized system to take control. Each node in the blockchain plays an important role, where each node can check others’ node validity, create a block, and check the block and transaction integrity. There are many types of data produced in the smart city in different modules. The city's storage system needs a higher cost to improve and maintain system consistency and security. Furthermore, the cyberattack issue will expose crucial data to the attacker if the system security does not become comprehensive. In the blockchain system, nodes call “miner” to perform the consensus-based validation of the created block. Suppose all the miners in the smart city cannot verify the created block in the specified time interval. In that case, it causes high data latency in the smart city, and the participant in the smart city might operate abnormally. The paper aims to investigate the different factors in terms of nodes, miners and others that affect a smart city’s latency when the smart city integrates the new lightweight blockchain methodology known as blockchain manager concept. Lastly, examine the protection ability of different nodes from the DDoS attack on the smart city blockchain network.KeywordsSmart cityLightweight blockchainLatency performanceNodeDDoSPerformance analysis
The internet of things is an emerging technology that is currently present in most processes and devices, allowing to improve the quality of life of people and facilitating the access to specific information and services. The main purpose of the present article is to offer a general overview of internet of things, based on the analysis of recently published work. The added value of this article lies in the analysis of the main recent publications and the diversity of applications of internet of things technology. As a result of the analysis of the current literature, internet of things technology stands out as a facilitator in business and industrial performance but above all in improving the quality of life. As a conclusion to this document, the internet of things is a technology that can overcome the challenges in terms of security, processing capacity and data mobility, as long as the development related to other technologies follows its expected course.
Currently new technology approaches are changing the world in terms of how the people can feel or sense what is happening the whole the time. As regard of this and focusing on the transportation sector, the inhabitants of whatever country wish to know what is happening on the highways, even when they are travelling, in order to be able to take decisions in their routing and timing. There are several systems allow us knowing about the highways and its conditions, a well-known system is waze. However, waze requires a great amount of memory and phone hardware resources and many people do not have the kind of phone terminals that can supports the requirements. In this paper, we present a new way of monitoring taking advantage of an Internet of Things (IoT) approach in order to cooperate with the Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). In our scope, IoT brings to ITS a composite interconnected system that allows gathering and deploying information like an instant message system for the pedestrians, travelers and drivers. We use two hardware IoT platforms like Raspberry Pi and Intel Edison in order to create an ITS application that provides traffic information about the highways through common instant messaging applications.
In this paper we present a customized Internet of Things (IoT) enabled Wireless Sensing and Monitoring Platform to monitor the temperature, relative humidity and light in the context of building automation. In developed system, data is sent from the transmitter node to the receiver node through a customized hopping method. The data received at the receiver node is monitored and recorded in an excel sheet in a personal computer (PC) through a Graphical User Interface (GUI), made in LabVIEW. An Android application has also been developed through which data is transferred from LabVIEW to a smartphone through which data is remotely monitored.
Cities are the most preferable dwelling places, having with better employment opportunities, educational hubs, medical services, recreational facilities, theme parks, and shopping malls etc. Cities are the driving forces for any national economy too. Unfortunately now a days, these cities are producing circa 70% of pollutants, even though they only occupy 2% of surface of the Earth. Public utility services cannot meet the demands of unexpected growth. The filthiness in cities causing decreasing of Quality of Life. In this light our research paper is giving more concentration on necessity of “Smart Cities”, which are the basis for civic centric services. This article is throwing light on Smart Cities and its important roles. The beauty of this manuscript is scribbling “Smart Cities” concepts in pictorially. Moreover this explains on “Barcelona Smart City” using Internet of Things Technologies”. It is a good example in urban paradigm shift. Bracelona is like the heaven on the earth with by providing Quality of Life to all urban citizens. The GOD is Interenet of Things.
In the age of Global warming, Pollution and running out the Earth of its natural resources, where the future will be governed by the development of clean technologies for sustainable environmental management, highlighting the architects role where it's clear that the building sector is the single largest contributor to increase the phenomena of world climate change. This paper addresses itself to that modified challenge, it attempts to define and clarify eco-Architecture as a framework for a comprehensive understanding, and then it will focus on Masdar city as the first eco city in Arab world.
In recent years, the studies in inter-devices communication (M2 M) which is considered to be the Internet, ecosystem of the objects have accelerated in line with the developments in mobile communication technologies. This way, development of systems making human lives easier in smart environment, smart agriculture, smart grid fields with monitoring purposes which can be considered among M2 M implementations is now possible. These systems can be developed with sensor node platform which can detect and communicate. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) consists of these sensor nodes containing simple processors, low power consuming antennas and various detectors. As the sensor networks do not require wired communication infrastructure, they can easily and inexpensively be formed with no harm to the environment. The sensor nodes have the ability to store and process data locally thanks to the software and hardware structure they have. The fact that they can get in contact with each other enables them to collaborate in performing complicated tasks along with exchanging information. As the communication means have low power consumption, it ensures that the life of the sensor nodes is long. The fact, too, that the nodes are programmable after being placed in the medium provides greater advantages. Because of the low cost and flexibility in use, the wireless sensor nodes are convenient to be used in many industrial and environmental applications. In this study, -how to develop smart environment, smart agriculture, smart grid with WSN- is analyzed.
In the Cluster of European Research Projects (CERP) report, the Internet of Things (IoT) is defined as an integrated part of the future Internet, which ensures that `things' with identities can communicate with each other. IoT will be applied in different areas, e.g. smart cities, agriculture, energy, environment protection, health, home automation, etc. However, if different IoT applications are based on different architectures, this will prevent the IoT co-building, convergence, and openness. To reduce investments in the IoT area, a top-down architectural principles need to be followed to unify the design. This paper provides classification of the IoT platforms and proposes a top-level generic IoT architecture particularly suited for the creation of smart cities.
With incoming data era from early 2010's, the word “Big Data” has been taken focus in many of research and development areas. The final purpose of Big Data research is the efficient utilization of useful information; however, the process involves a lot of complex subjects like data processing, data mining, and etc. In this paper, we summarize and discuss the subjects in area of Big Data analysis, for a clearer understanding of scientific challenges in Big Data researches.
During the past decade, water needs have risen exponentially to an unprecedented scale in India. The demand for water supply is ever increasing and satisfying this requirement has been a major challenge for many countries around the world. Urbanization, climatic changes and wasteful usage has further depleted the resource. Water being one of the major requirements for human survival, conservation and management of the resource must be given utmost importance. Ensuring access to safe and clean water is another issue that requires attention. In this paper, we present an IPv6 network connected IoT design for real-time water flow metering and quality monitoring. Our prototype implementation uses CoAP for monitoring and control approach which supports internet based data collection. The system addresses new challenges in the water sector - ease of billing, fair billing and the need for a study of supply versus consumption of water in order to create awareness to curb water wastage and encourage its conservation. Automatic detection of leakage through any of the outlets is notified to the user. We also measure the quality of water distributed to every household by deploying pH and ORP sensors. The traditional water metering systems require periodic manual intervention for both metering and maintenance making it inconvenient and often least effective. Shortcomings of the existing models call for a ubiquitous usage of wireless systems for smart water flow metering and quality monitoring. We propose to do this with the aid of CC2538 motes programmed using ContikiOS to monitor the water consumption and communicate the data to a gateway wirelessly.
The application of communication and information technology in electrical utility makes consumers to be very comfortable. From the perspective of energy saving and power efficiency in Generation, Utility, Industry and homes an effective supervising of appliances is required. Now a day, smart grid conceptusing various cost effective communication technology and architecture proves electrical sector to have a bidirectional communication with utility and consumers as well as remote monitoring. Research and development in smart grid come up with new technology to make human life easier. This paper gives a strong idea about various technologies and standards for smart grid as well as smart metering /AMI. Also it provides knowledge on energy management system (EMS) and Internet of Things (IoT) for various applications.