PROGRESSIVE WOMEN EMPOWERMENT SCENARIO OF BANGLADESH

Abstract

Nowadays, the empowerment of women is a progressive and most argumentative issue around the whole world. It is a worldwide concept and not an easy or straightforward process, rather it is a time being process of where awareness, alternatives, resources, voice, agency, and participation are essential for the empowerment of women. Empowerment of women depends on the country"s cultural, social, economic and political aspects. Half of the population of Bangladesh are women and their economic participation has increased significantly. The purpose of this study is to explore the women empowerment situation and overall development through equal and active participation in the socioeconomic activities in the viewpoint of Bangladesh. This study also identified the factors that facilitate the improvement of women empowerment through reviewing the literature and secondary data which focuses on the empowerment of women.

Full text

ISSN No.: 2454- 2024 (online)
International Journal of Technical Research & Science
DOI Number: 10.30780/IJTRS.V04.I03.006 pg. 48
www.ijtrs.com
www.ijtrs.org
Paper Id: IJTRS-V4-I3-010 Volume IV Issue III, March 2019
@2017, IJTRS All Right Reserved
PROGRESSIVE WOMEN EMPOWERMENT
SCENARIO OF BANGLADESH
Manjurul Hossain Reza1, Nilufar Yasmin2
E-mail Id: reznman@gmail.com
1,2Center for Postgraduate Studies, Limkokwing University of Creative Technology, Malaysia
Abstract-Nowadays, the empowerment of women is a progressive and most argumentative issue around the whole
world. It is a worldwide concept and not an easy or straightforward process, rather it is a time being process of
where awareness, alternatives, resources, voice, agency, and participation are essential for the empowerment of
women. Empowerment of women depends on the country‟s cultural, social, economic and political aspects. Hal f of
the population of Bangladesh are women and their economic participation has increased significantly. The purpose
of this study is to explore the women empowerment situation and overall development through equal and active
participation in the socioeconomic activities in the viewpoint of Bangladesh. This study also identified the factors
that facilitate the improvement of women empowerment through reviewing the literature and secondary data which
focuses on the empowerment of women.
Key words: Bangladesh, empowerment, women and development.
1. INTRODUCTION
Women empowerment has emerged as a familiar term whereas in every nook of the sector and lots of seminars and
meetings and meetings are taking place often in metropolitan cities and other cities about women empowerment.
The World Bank has identified empowerment as one of the key constituent elements of poverty reduction, and as a
primary development assistance goal. The logic of women‟s empowerment is to enhance women‟s ability to make
choices over the areas in their lives that matter to them [1]. Studies have discovered that women‟s rate of
employment is a key indicator of women‟s empowerment has expanded over the years around the world and in
Bangladesh it is increasing especially [2]. An educated mother is important to form a wealthy nation with political
and social attention as well as the empowering women. [2]. Women empowerment needs for an extensive variety of
aspects together with financial and decision making capacities of women and the overall development of a country
depends at the most utilization of country‟s people, both males and females [2].
In Bangladesh women encompasses almost half of the overall populace and no doubt the socioeconomic reputation
of women of Bangladesh in increasing day by day. Women empowerment isn't most effective about upholding the
essential rights preserved in charter and the global conventions and it is also approximately sustainable financial
improvement and prosperity of the state [3]. Women have equal rights with men in all spheres of the state and public
life and development researchers assumed that overall economic development and the process of modernization
would bring about an improvement in the status of women by benefiting both men and women equally [4].
Bangladesh considers women‟s participation as an important issue in the path of women‟s empowerment as one of
the main drivers of transforming the country‟s status from low-income to middle-income [5]. Empowerment process
addresses the structural problems as the power relation‟s change and the women's bargaining situation improves. In
Bangladesh, the last few years the situation has been positive for women working in different sectors together with a
steady rise in female leadership [5]. In Bangladesh education level of rural women increasing day by day and more
woman are contributing significantly to their family‟s household income [6].
We can expect more visibility for working women in terms of availability and acceptability for the empowerment of
women. This paper empirically analyzes the statistical data of nationwide and worldwide several research
organizations about the women empowerment scenario of Bangladesh by considering the relevance of economic,
social, and cultural for the wellbeing of women. This study highlights the progress that Bangladesh has made toward
empowerment in the last few decades
2. WOMEN EMPOWERMENT
Can you imagine a single moment, on the earth, there is no woman? No, it is simply impossible. The reasons behind
today‟s development and modernization of the world are the role of men and women. But unfortunately and for
many reasons, women are not empowered as like men especially in developing countries and women empowerment
is always lower than men. But the scenario is changing gradually day by day. A lot of researchers defined women
empowerment in many kinds of literature. Since the 1990‟s women have been identified as main agents of
sustainable development and women‟s equality and empowerment are seen as central to a more holistic approach
towards establishing new patterns and processes of development that are sustainable [7]. Women empowerment‟
became popular, women were speaking about gaining control over their lives, and participating in making the
decisions that affect them in home and community, in government and international development policies

ISSN No.: 2454- 2024 (online)
International Journal of Technical Research & Science
DOI Number: 10.30780/IJTRS.V04.I03.006 pg. 49
www.ijtrs.com
www.ijtrs.org
Paper Id: IJTRS-V4-I3-010 Volume IV Issue III, March 2019
@2017, IJTRS All Right Reserved
[8].Women‟s empowerment is “an expansion in the range of potential choices available to women so that actual
outcomes reflect the particular set of choices which the women value [9]. women‟s empowerment is separate from
the empowerment of other disadvantaged groups due to issues specific to women, such as household and familial
dynamics and the power relations between men and women [10].
Empowerment of women is essentially the process of the uplifting of the economic, social and political status of
women, the traditionally underprivileged ones, in the society [11]. Women of Bangladesh defined women
empowerment which is related to their financial position, as resulting from “having money” and assets as well as
cooperatively “succeeding” at job [12]. In Bangladesh women empowerment on the family unit rather than the
individual woman or man-which includes the ability to work jointly and well together. Empowerment of women is
now a global issue and this term is usually used for improving women‟s condition, in the real sense it may be
applied to any disadvantaged group of society for bringing them to the same level of advanced section [2]. Women‟s
empowerment is a dynamic process that has been quantified, measured, and described in a variety of ways.
The concept of women empowerment will help the country to reach steady progress in gender equality, which
helped to secure gender equality. The World Bank has suggested that empowerment of women should be a key
aspect of all social development programs [10]. Empowerment strategies for women must build on „the power
within‟ as a necessary aid to improving their ability to control resources, to determine agendas and make decisions
[13]. Empowerment is an active, multi-dimensional process which enables women to realize their full identity and
powers in all spheres of life [14]. Women empowerment is not to take power from men by women rather it is the
goal of women is to develop their own power while respecting men for who they are [15].
Eight empowerment indicators to measure women empowerment especially for Bangladesh perspective [16] .
According to Hashemi, (1996) the eight indicators are: 1. Mobility 2. Economic security 3. Ability to make small
purchases 4. Ability to make larger purchases 5. Involvement in major decisions 6. Relative freedom from
domination by the family 7. Political and legal awareness 8. Participation in public protests and political
campaigning. Women empowerment was measured in four dimensions, namely: 1) mobility, 2) decision-making
power, 3) employment status and 4) headship of the respondent in the household. Mobility had two categories: 1.
ability to go the medical/health center and 2. ability to go outside the house [6]
3. WOMEN EMPOWERMENT IN BANGLADESH
In recent years, there has been an increasing awareness of women's productive roles, mobility and contribution to
development in Bangladesh. If the policies are make them to more empower and giving priority then they can keep
role in poverty mitigation, furthering women's right, education, health care and income engendering activities [17],
[18]. Separately from the household activities, women of Bangladesh are contributing substantially to the national
economy and the majority of women in Bangladesh have yet to be empowered to participate actively in the social,
cultural, economic and political life of the country [2].The policies and programs of the Government of Bangladesh,
NGOs, and other institutions do not sufficiently address the need for women‟s empowerment [19]. Bangladesh has
made progress toward empowerment in the last few decades [19], [20].
The story of Bangladesh's development success is indistinguishable from the story of women's empowerment in
Bangladesh: changes in the lives of women are extensively treated as both cause and effect of the significant
developments in human development in the past quarter century [20], [21]. Gender discrimination is widespread in
Bangladesh, the Constitution of Bangladesh [Article 27, 28(1), 28(2), 28(3), and 65(3)] guarantees equal rights to all
citizens clearly incorporated provisions for equal status of women [2]. In Bangladesh 85% of the workers in the
garments sector are women and the development of the garment industry had a positive impact on female labor force
participation as well as female years of schooling, which in turn delayed childbearing and female marriage in the
urban areas in Bangladesh [20], [22].
The quick keenness of microcredit plans in rural areas of Bangladesh is often cited as a key to improving women‟s
empowerment by improving the authoritative power of women within households [6], [23]. The Union Parishad law
1997 encourages women participation in decision-making and empowerment process in Bangladesh and government
instructed that women members should be president of at least twenty-five percent of these standing committees [2].
In Bangladesh a lot of NGOs‟ are leading to women‟s increased leadership, strengthened decision-making and
agricultural production, and increased control over income. These crucial areas of women‟s empowerment have
been proven to affect both agricultural productivity and food security for the better [7].
The government organizations and non-government organizations are now working together persistently to confirm
women‟s overall improvement through equal and active involvement in the socio-economic doings and removing
the various weaknesses to their empowerment [24].
Table-3.1 Population and Life Expectancy of Bangladesh
Total Population
158.9 million
Male
79.6 million

ISSN No.: 2454- 2024 (online)
International Journal of Technical Research & Science
DOI Number: 10.30780/IJTRS.V04.I03.006 pg. 50
www.ijtrs.com
www.ijtrs.org
Paper Id: IJTRS-V4-I3-010 Volume IV Issue III, March 2019
@2017, IJTRS All Right Reserved
Female
74.5 million
Life expectancy at birth
70.9 Years
Male
69.4 years
Female
72.0 years
Source: Bangladesh bureau of statistics (BBS), 2015
In Bangladesh, since women constitute nearly half of the population [25], they are keeping a great role to planning
and implementing in country‟s socio-economic development programs. Women‟s Life expectancy rate is higher
than male in Bangladesh. Bangladesh has been making steady progress year-on-year in reducing gender inequality.
Bangladesh gained the 47th position among 144 countries in 2017 as per The Global Gender Gap Report, whereas
India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan and Pakistan remain at 108, 109, 111, 124 and 143 positions respectively.
Fig. 3.1 Ranking of Bangladesh in Gender Gap
Source: The Global Gender Gap Index Report, 2017
The Forum‟s “Gender Gap Index of 2017” highlights Bangladesh‟s success in four key areas: education, economic
participation, health, and political empowerment. Bangladesh leads among the South-Asian countries in gender gap
index 2017.
Fig. 3.2 Political Empowerment Ranking of Bangladesh
Source: The Global Gender Gap Index Report, 2017
In political empowerment area, Bangladesh is among top 10 countries of the index and stood 7th among 144
countries which have reduced gender inequality by political empowerment of women. In political empowerment
Bangladesh left behind the Sweden, France and Germany. But Bangladesh has performed badly in health and
survival sub index of gender gap index as the ranking significantly dropped to 125th from last year's 93rd [26].
Fig. 3.3 Female Employment Labor Force (In Million)
Source: Labor Force Survey 2016-17 (BBS)

ISSN No.: 2454- 2024 (online)
International Journal of Technical Research & Science
DOI Number: 10.30780/IJTRS.V04.I03.006 pg. 51
www.ijtrs.com
www.ijtrs.org
Paper Id: IJTRS-V4-I3-010 Volume IV Issue III, March 2019
@2017, IJTRS All Right Reserved
The size of the female labor force in Bangladesh increased at a significantly more rapid rate than that of
men from the year 2015-16 to year 2016-17 and the size of female labor force increased by 4.6%, while
the male labor force increased by 1% [27], [28]. Female participation in the workforce, bringing millions of
women into the labor force and increasing women‟s participation leading to increased productivity and economic
growth. Table-3.2 Educational Attainment Ranking of Bangladesh
Year
Rank
Score
2017
111
0.954
2016
114
0.950
Source: The Global Gender Gap Index Report, 2016 and 2017
Bangladesh has slightly improved in educational attainment to reach 111th position from 114th last year. According
to [29], women are lagging behind in education and literacy and the percentage of literacy of women in Bangladesh
is 54 per cent.
Fig. 3.4 Female Education Attainment in Bangladesh
Source: Center for Research and Information, 2017
To empower women, the current government and non-government organizations has given top priority to girls‟
education. Education of girls up to degree level in public schools is also free. Female are also encouraged to take
teaching as profession and currently 60 percent primary school teachers are women [24].
In civil administration of Bangladesh women‟s participation are increasing and women are visible in different tiers
of the civil administration. Women are playing the role District Commissioner (DC) in 6 districts out of total 64 and
16 are women among 206 Additional District Commissioners (ADC) [24].
Security of life is a key requirement to lead a good life. But security for women in Bangladesh is still elusive.
Without ensuring security for women in their daily life, improving gender equality and women empowerment will
be tough in Bangladesh.
Fig. 3.5 Violence Against Women
Source: Ain o Salish Kendro (ASK) Report, 2016
According to Ain o Salish Kendro (ASK) report 2016, 126 women got killed, 106 physically-tortured and 4 women
committed to suicide because of dowry related violence in the year. Rape is another vicious threat for women. In
2016, 1050 women have been raped and 44 women killed after rape [30]. Many initiatives taken by both

ISSN No.: 2454- 2024 (online)
International Journal of Technical Research & Science
DOI Number: 10.30780/IJTRS.V04.I03.006 pg. 52
www.ijtrs.com
www.ijtrs.org
Paper Id: IJTRS-V4-I3-010 Volume IV Issue III, March 2019
@2017, IJTRS All Right Reserved
government and non-government organizations to protect violence against women of Bangladesh. In 2013, the
Domestic Violence (Prevention and Protection) Rules was passed for ensuring proper implementation of the act and
Child Marriage Control Act, 2013 which provides for strict punishments for marriage of girls below the age of 18
[24]. A National Helpline Center for violence against children and women has been established to provide support to
any women and the helpline number is 109 [24].
Table-3.3 Women, Peace, and Security Ranking of South Asian Countries
Country
Ranking
Index
Nepal
85
0.672
Sri Lanka
97
0.656
Bhutan
108
0.628
Maldives
120
0.605
Bangladesh
127
0.585
India
131
0.580
Pakistan
150
0.441
Afghanistan
152
0.385
Source: Women, Peace, and Security Index Report, 2107
In the women, peace and security index among the south Asian countries Bangladesh exists in fifth position and the
ranking is 127. In this ranking Bangladesh left behind the India, Pakistan and Afghanistan [31]. In Bangladesh
women are participating in a large extent in athletics, swimming, shooting, football, cricket, volleyball gymnastics
etc. The first all-female floor hockey team won a gold on Special Olympic 2017 and The women athletes‟ won 8
medals in South Asian Games [24]
Table-3.4 Employment in Computer Software Industry
Employment of Male & Female
Year
2013-14
2014-15
Total employment size in computer software
manufacturing companies (number)
21514
23478
Male
18801
20656
Female
2731
2822
Source: Report on private sector gross fixed capital formation in software survey 2016.
In Bangladesh computer software industry is flourishing day by day. Though computer software industry is a men
dominating industry, it is a remarkable matter that, in here women employment are increasing from year to year. In
the year 2013-14 the women employment was 2713 persons and in the 2014-15 it was 2822 persons and the increase
rate is 4.01%. It is a great sign in the context of women empowerment of Bangladesh.
Table-3.5 Economic Participation and Opportunity Ranking of Bangladesh
Year
Rank
Score
2017
129
0.465
2016
135
0.410
Source: The Global Gender Gap Index Report, 2016 and 2017
Bangladesh has improved in economic participation and opportunity area this year with a leap by six steps from the
previous year. According to Center For Research And Information (CRI), Women are also entitled to Small and
Medium Enterprise (SME) loan over $30,000 free of collateral, against personal guarantee and in 2017, total 54,000
women entrepreneurs received $600 million as SME fund [24]. This shows that disbursement of loan towards
women entrepreneurs has been increasing both in amount and numbers

ISSN No.: 2454- 2024 (online)
International Journal of Technical Research & Science
DOI Number: 10.30780/IJTRS.V04.I03.006 pg. 53
www.ijtrs.com
www.ijtrs.org
Paper Id: IJTRS-V4-I3-010 Volume IV Issue III, March 2019
@2017, IJTRS All Right Reserved
Table-3.6 Women Business Owners Ranking
Country
Rank
Score (%)
Uganda
1
34.8
Botswana
2
34.6
New Zealand
3
33.3
Russia
4
32.6
Australia
5
32.4
Bangladesh
6
31.6
Vietnam
7
31.4
China
8
30.9
Spain
9
30.8
USA
10
30.7
Source: MasterCard Index of Women Entrepreneurs (MIWE), 2017.
Although Bangladesh is a lower middle income economy country and growing slowly in terms of women‟s
advancement outcomes, knowledge assets, financial access and supporting entrepreneurial conditions, it delivers one
of the highest Women Business Ownership percentage readings among the 54 economies measured (31.6 percent,
rank 6), trailing only Uganda (34.8 percent), Botswana (34.6 percent), New Zealand (33.3 percent), Russia (32.6
percent) and Australia (32.4 percent) [32].
In this ranking Bangladesh left behind the China, Spain and USA those who are belonging in the high income
economy. Economic life of rural women in Bangladesh has been changing and the women are engaged in self-help
projects and credit groups have managed better situation and environment. In Bangladesh microcredit system for
women has become increasingly common as a poverty alleviation intervention in developing countries worldwide
and empowering them [16].
4. SOME WOMEN ORGANIZATIONS IN BANGLADESH
The following women organizations of Bangladesh are researching in the context of women issues such as
improvement of women education, training, economic activities, violence against women, violence survivors,
women health, safe contraception, struggling farmer women etc.
 Institute for Development Studies.
 International Women Studies Institute.
 Naripokhho.
 Centre for Women's Initiatives.
5. INTERNATIONAL WOMEN DEVELOPMENT PARTNERS IN BANGLADESH
To ensure empowerment and increase the living position of women Bangladesh has collaborated with some
international women development partners those are the institution of United Nations. These are: UNDP, UNFPA
and UNICEF.
5.1. Bangladesh and UNDP
Incorporating women‟s concerns into policy is a new idea that is gaining momentum among decision makers in
Bangladesh as a result of technical assistance to the Government as part of its strategy, which is aimed at
mainstreaming gender.
5.2 Bangladesh and UNFPA
UNFPA provides support to the Government for implementing the recommendations of the Convention on the
Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW).

ISSN No.: 2454- 2024 (online)
International Journal of Technical Research & Science
DOI Number: 10.30780/IJTRS.V04.I03.006 pg. 54
www.ijtrs.com
www.ijtrs.org
Paper Id: IJTRS-V4-I3-010 Volume IV Issue III, March 2019
@2017, IJTRS All Right Reserved
5.3 Bangladesh and UNICEF
UNICEF collaborates with a wide range of partners including line Ministries, local governments, communities, and
350 NGOs. UNICEF‟s all activities in line with the Convention on the Rights of the Child, the Declaration and Plan
of Action of the 1990 World Summit for Children, and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of
Discrimination Against Women.
CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION
Women empowerment is not just a query of readjustment of energy both economic and political; it is also depending
on the exchange of values of society. Bangladesh is gradually enlightening the situation of women empowerment
year to year which has proved by gender gap report. Although Bangladesh has been governed through women
leaders for nearly three decades however the situation of women empowerment no longer improved in unexpectedly
alternatively it's far now in a sluggish manner. The authorities of Bangladesh, in association with non-government
groups, international policy companions, the civil society and rights groups, maintains to flourish gender equality
and empowerment. At present women in Bangladesh are fortified to make legal rights claims, compete on the
election, sports activities and community management roles. Women had been discovered to make contributions
fairly to their families, economic system and they have participated in a big amount in Bangladeshi society as
instructors, attorneys, journalists, and politicians and as casual employees. Non-government agencies at the moment
are playing an essential role in women empowerment by means of increasing female education, training,
strengthening female leadership management at the grass root level, and building potential and social attention.
The employment of women workers in the garment sector has already created an enhanced image for working
women, further employment opportunities need to be introduced. More and more women are joining the labor force
in Bangladesh. It is obvious that employed women are empowered and will take an active part in any household or
work-related decision. The last few years have been extremely positive for women working in different sectors-
together with a stable enhance in female leadership. The 33% quota for women is indeed an important impetus to
women‟s empowerment in rural Bangladesh. Many women have been successful entrepreneurs and their successes
and achievement need to be shared nationwide to build up positive images not only for women of elite society but
also representing the women of society‟s every level. To develop the area of women empowerment, to skills
improvement, higher education, household and outside security, and ensure equal opportunities. The education,
domestic and outside security, autonomy power and economic balance increase women‟s self-reliance which help
them to take the decision in every situation of life and ensure the empowerment of women.
REFERENCES
[1] J. Charmes and S. Wieringa, “Measuring Women‟s Empowerment: An assessment of the Gender-related
Development Index and the Gender Empowerment Measure,” J. Hum. Dev., vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 419–435, 2003.
[2] M. Rahman Khan and F. Ara, “Women, Participation and Empowerment in Local Government: Bangladesh
Union Parishad Perspective,” Asian Aff. (Lond)., vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 73-00, 2006.
[3] A. Hussain, “Women and Empowerment,” vol. 4, no. 7, p. 171, 2018.
[4] F. Rashid and C. A. Taibb, “Total Quality Management (TQM) Adoption in Bangladesh Ready-Made
Garments (RMG) Industry: A Conceptual Model,” Am. J. Ind. Bus. Manag., vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 1085–1101,
2016.
[5] A. J. Chaity, “Women empowerment : Bangladesh sets example for the world,” 2018.
[6] S. B. Sanawar, M. A. Islam, S. Majumder, and F. Misu, “Women‟S Empowerment and Intimate Partner
Violence in Bangladesh: Investigating the Complex Relationship,” J. Biosoc. Sci., pp. 1–15, 2018.
[7] F. Handy, M. Kassam, T. C. July, and F. Handy, “Women ‟ s empowerment in rural India,” pp. 1–39, 2004.
[8] M. . A. Rahman, “Women‟s Empowerment: Concept and Beyond,” Glob. J. Hum. Soc. Sci., vol. 13, no. 6,
2013.
[9] N. Kabeer, “Gender equality and women‟s empowerment: A critical analysis of the third Millennium
Development Goal,” Gend. Dev., vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 13–24, 2005.
[10] A. Malhotra and S. R. Schuler, “Women‟s empowerment as a variable in International Development,” World
Bank.org, pp. 71–88, 2002.
[11] N. Dutta, K. Bhakta, and W. Bengal, “Women Empowerment : Dimensions , Needs and Hurdles in India,”
pp. 48–52, 2017.
[12] S. Alkire and J. Foster, OPHI W ORKING P APER N O . 32 Counting and Multidimensional Poverty
Measurement. 2009.
[13] N. Kabeer, Gender Equality and Women ‟ s Empowerment in India, vol. 13, no. 1. 2005.
[14] K. C. Mandal, “Concept and Types of Women Empowerment,” Int. Forum Teach. Stud., vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 17–
30, 2013.

ISSN No.: 2454- 2024 (online)
International Journal of Technical Research & Science
DOI Number: 10.30780/IJTRS.V04.I03.006 pg. 55
www.ijtrs.com
www.ijtrs.org
Paper Id: IJTRS-V4-I3-010 Volume IV Issue III, March 2019
@2017, IJTRS All Right Reserved
[15] N. D. Lincoln, C. Travers, P. Ackers, and A. Wilkinson, “The meaning of empowerment: The
interdisciplinary etymology of a new management concept,” Int. J. Manag. Rev., vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 271–290,
2002.
[16] S. M. Hashemi, “RURAL CREDIT PROGRAMS.” 1996.
[17] G. A. Parvin, S. M. Reazaul Ahsan, and R. Chowdhury, “Women Empowerment Performance of Income
Generating Activities Supported by Rural Women Employment Creation Project (RWECP): A Case Study in
Dumuria Thana, Bangladesh,” vol. 4, pp. 47–62, 1998.
[18] C. Roy, “Women Empowerment Index : Construction of a Tool to Measure Rural Women Empow-erment
Level in India Women Empowerment Index : Construction of a Tool to Measure Rural W omen Empow-
erment Level in India,” no. February, 2018.
[19] G. E. Division, P. Commission, and F. S. Begum, “004_GOB_Gender -Equality-and-Womens-
Empowerment,” no. December, 2014.
[20] M. Mahmud, K. Otsuka, Y. Sawada, M. Tanaka, and T. Tanaka, “Women Empowerment in Bangladesh :
Household Decisions under Development of Non-Farm Sectors and Microfinance Institutions,” no. 154,
2017.
[21] N. Hossain, “POST CONFLICT RAPTURES,” no. March, 2018.
[22] J. Teeravaraprug, K. Kitiwanwong, and N. Saetong, “Relationship model and supporting activities of JIT,
TQM and TPM,” Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol., vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 101–106, 2011.
[23] J. Hunt and N. Kasynathan, “Pathways to empowerment? Reflections on microfinance and transformation in
gender relations in South Asia,” Gend. Dev., vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 42–52, 2001.
[24] CRI, “cri.org.bd,” 2018.
[25] BBS, “Bangladesh Statistics,” pp. 1–15, 2017.
[26] GAP, The Global Gender Gap Report 2017. 2017.
[27] L. F. Survey, “BBS labor force survey 2016-17 : Female labor force growth dwarfs males Rafikul Islam,” pp.
16–18, 2018.
[28] R. Islam, “Prioritizing the nine challenges of Malaysian Vision 2020,” Proc. Int. Symp. Anal. Hierarchy
Process 2011, pp. 1–7, 2011.
[29] USAID, “Empowering Women, Lifting Bangladesh,” 2017.
[30] S. Kendra, “ANNUAL REPORT 2016,” 2016.
[31] P. and S. and P. R. I. O. Georgetown Institute for Women, Women, peace and security index 2017/18:
Tracking sustainable peace through inclusion, justice, and security for women. 2017.
[32] Mastercard, “Index of Women Entrepreneurs 2017,” p. 59, 2017.