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Challenges, Issues and Applications of Internet of Things
Abstract
In world millions of things, objects sense, collect data, share, and communicate these data with each other. Further on analysis, the results obtained are used to initiate some action of decision making and planning in business. This is called Internet of Things (IoT). It has become more relevant to the existing practical world of today due to the evolution of chips, sensors, mobile devices, embedded and pervasive communication, data analytics, and cloud computing. By installing tiny short range of mobile transceivers into everyday items enables new forms of communication and adds new dimension to the world of information and communication. This results to come out new applications and address challenges to the society, such as remote health monitoring, tracking of assets and products, cost savings, optimizing resource usage, enabling quick responses to disasters, smart offices and homes, assisted living, enhanced learning, and e-health. All these will play a leading role in the future. There are numerous potential applications of the IoT, spreading practically into all areas. This chapter throughs light on some potential applications of Internet of Things with its advantages and disadvantages.
... The nano-devices used in IoNT are very small and operate on a nano-scale. The nano network consists of nanosensors that perform simple computations and tasks, nano routers that are integrated with other nano-devices, and a nano-micro interface device (NMID) that acts as an aggregator [4], [5]. The data shared among these devices is communicated from the NMID to the smart gadget for further use. ...
... IoNT is being employed in various disciplines [5], [6] such as Fig. 1 clearly shows the employment of IoNT in the healthcare domain. One may wonder how IoNT would differ from the Medical IoT (MIoT) after looking at Fig. 1. ...
... The IoT industry has undergone a transformation because of this new technology, and the focus has now been directed to IoNT after IoT saw significant growth. However, new technology brings with it new opportunities and challenges [5], [7]. Furthermore, Sicari et al. [4] proposed a secure architecture that serves as a foundation for further developing this novel technology. ...
In recent years, nanotechnology has emerged as a significant field of study with far-reaching implications. Integrating this nanoscale technology into the Internet of Things (IoT) has given rise to the Internet of Nano Things (IoNT) paradigm. This revolutionary technology significantly impacts healthcare, smart homes, and defense. This technological advancement has opened up new possibilities for enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of these areas and has the potential to revolutionize their approach. Many research initiatives are addressing the definition of secure, scalable, and reliable network architectures at the nanoscale. However, the nano nature of this technology poses several security challenges for secure data transmission. Authentication is one of a prerequisite for secure data transmission. Our study presents a novel ECC-based authentication protocol for IoNT in this context. Since the nanoscale devices have less computational capabilities, this protocol leverages a secure hash function and XOR operations to ensure lightweight yet robust authentication. The protocol seamlessly integrates molecular and electromagnetic communication methods, thereby enhancing both security and efficiency within IoNT networks. In such a hybrid approach, parameter settings and message exchange are properly devised to achieve the aforementioned security services effectively. The security and authentication aspects of the protocol are rigorously examined using the Real-or-Random (ROR) model and Burrows-Abadi-Needham (BAN) logic, with its resilience against security threats tested via the AVISPA tool. We also analyze communication costs, computational overhead, and real-world feasibility. Finally, by employing the Nano-sim and N3Sim tools, we simulate and demonstrate the Internet of Nano-Things environment (i.e., expressed in terms of the packet loss ratio and the average amount of time required for propagation of authentication messages through molecular communications). This research stands as a pivotal contribution, fortifying the foundations of IoNT through heightened security and enhanced reliability.
... 3. Compatibility: Devices from diverse vendors will be connected and embedded to the IoT network, so issues regarding monitoring and tagging will arise. These issues can be solved under the condition that all manufacturers agree on the same standards, which is impossible to be attained [348]. 4. Scalability: IoT is expected to face a lot of challenges associated with the probable abundant number of co-operating entities besides the major differences in the interaction behaviors and patterns. ...
... However, applications of similar technologies in human society, with the Internet of Things, point to the potential for much more sophisticated collection of ecological data. Most obviously, connection to the Internet allows automated downloading of data as well as remote monitoring and control of devices ( Madhvaraj and Manjaiah 2017). As another example, more sophisticated edge computing-providing substantial computational resources at the data loggers-can enable the integration of multiple streams of data at their source, facilitating subsequent data management. ...
While networked sensors are becoming a ubiquitous part of many human lives, their applications to the study of wild animals have been largely limited to off‐the‐shelf and stand‐alone technologies such as web cameras. However, purpose‐designed systems, applying features found in Internet‐of‐Things devices, enable more efficient gathering, managing, and disseminating of a diverse array of data needed to study the life histories of wild animals. We illustrate these claims based on our development of a system of networked nest boxes that we created to study nesting birds in urban environments. This system uses general‐purpose processors within nest boxes to perform edge computing to control data acquisition, processing, and management from multiple sensors. A central data‐management system permits easy access to all data, once downloaded, which has facilitated our uses to date of this system for formal university‐ and school‐level education, and informal science education.
Indoor air quality monitoring and analytics is one of the important interdisciplinary research areas, which is attracting significant attention of various researchers from environment, mathematics, material science and electrical and computer engineering. According to a research study conducted by World Health Organization (WHO), pollution of indoor air is the most known hazardous case for respiratory diseases such as lung cancer, asthma and chronic diseases. Lack of information about the pollution sources and its serious impact on health leads to a huge number of people likely to be affected by various types of respiratory diseases. With the recent developments in sensing technology, machine learning and communication technology, IoT based Smart Real Time Indoor air quality sensing and analytics have been implemented to promote better awareness for users to alert them about indoor air quality to maintain the wellbeing in their indoor environments. The paper provides a proof of concept on IoT based Indoor air quality sensing system and analytics. The data is collected for analyzing indoor air quality in various indoor settings such as kitchen for oily based cooking, living room for insecticide spray, and smoking and flour mill for detecting flour dust during crop grinding. We used J48 and Naïve Bayes machine learning algorithm to model the air quality status. Result shows that the Naïve Bayes Algorithm detects 99.11% and J48 algorithm detects 99.30 % accurately
The phrase Internet of Things (IoT) heralds a vision of the future Internet where connecting physical things, from banknotes to bicycles, through a network will let them take an active part in the Internet, exchanging information about themselves and their surroundings. This will give immediate access to information about the physical world and the objects in it leading to innovative services and increase in efficiency and productivity. This paper studies the state-of-the-art of IoT and presents the key technological drivers,potential applications, challenges and future research areas in the domain of IoT. IoT definitions from different perspective in academic and industry communities are also discussed and compared. Finally some major issues of future research in IoT are identified and discussed briefly.
The term “Internet-of-Things” is used as an umbrella keyword for covering various aspects related to the extension of the Internet and the Web into the physical realm, by means of the widespread deployment of spatially distributed devices with embedded identification, sensing and/or actuation capabilities. Internet-of-Things envisions a future in which digital and physical entities can be linked, by means of appropriate information and communication technologies, to enable a whole new class of applications and services. In this article, we present a survey of technologies, applications and research challenges for Internet-of-Things.
Ubiquitous sensing enabled by Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) technologies cuts
across many areas of modern day living. This offers the ability to measure,
infer and understand environmental indicators, from delicate ecologies and
natural resources to urban environments. The proliferation of these devices in
a communicating-actuating network creates the Internet of Things (IoT),
wherein, sensors and actuators blend seamlessly with the environment around us,
and the information is shared across platforms in order to develop a common
operating picture (COP). Fuelled by the recent adaptation of a variety of
enabling device technologies such as RFID tags and readers, near field
communication (NFC) devices and embedded sensor and actuator nodes, the IoT has
stepped out of its infancy and is the the next revolutionary technology in
transforming the Internet into a fully integrated Future Internet. As we move
from www (static pages web) to web2 (social networking web) to web3 (ubiquitous
computing web), the need for data-on-demand using sophisticated intuitive
queries increases significantly. This paper presents a cloud centric vision for
worldwide implementation of Internet of Things. The key enabling technologies
and application domains that are likely to drive IoT research in the near
future are discussed. A cloud implementation using Aneka, which is based on
interaction of private and public clouds is presented. We conclude our IoT
vision by expanding on the need for convergence of WSN, the Internet and
distributed computing directed at technological research community.
The connection of physical things to the Internet makes it possible to access remote sensor data and to control the physical world from a distance. The mash-up
of captured data with data retrieved from other sources, e.g., with data that is contained in the Web, gives rise to new synergistic
services that go beyond the services that can be provided by an isolated embedded system. The Internet of Things is based on this vision. A smart object, which is the building block of the Internet of Things, is just another name for an embedded system that is connected to
the Internet. There is another technology that points in the same direction – the RFID technology. The RFID technology, an extension of the ubiquitous optical bar codes that are found on many every-day products, requires
the attachment of a smart low-cost electronic ID-tag to a product such that the identity of a product can be decoded from
a distance. By putting more intelligence into the ID tag, the tagged thing becomes a smart object. The novelty of the Internet-of-Things (IoT) is not in any new disruptive technology, but in the pervasive deployment of smart objects.
The Internet of Things as an emerging global Internet-based information architecture facilitating the exchange of goods and services is gradually developing. While the technology of the Internet of Things is still being dis-cussed and created, the legal framework should be established before the Internet of Things is fully operable, in order to allow for an effective introduction of the new information architecture. The regulatory framework must provide for provisions ensuring the security of the structure as well as the privacy of its users. Furthermore, legal barriers that may stand in the way of the coming into operation of the Internet of Things are to be considered. The Internet of Things has positive effects in different fields, such as the inclusion of developing countries in global trade and the use of search engines to the benefit of civil society. Copyright © Schulthess Juristische Medien AG, Zurich - Basel - Geneva 2010. All rights are reserved.
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