BATTERY LIFE IMPROVEMENT TECHNIQUE FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLE

Abstract

This paper discusses different methods to enhance the efficiency and life of an electric vehicle. In hybrid type electric vehicle, batteries based on lithium-ion plays a major role and are very helpful. In enhancing battery life nanotechnology is playing a very important role. So in battery design the use of nano-structure materials are increasing. This paper describes different energy storage techniques, nanotechnology in lithium-ion (Li-oin) battery, configuration of parallel battery, battery charging. Super-capacitors are used to enhance the efficiency, life and performance of the battery.

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BATTERY LIFE IMPROVEMENT TECHNIQUE FOR
ELECTRIC VEHICLE
Utkarsha Fulari1, Sudhir B. Lande2, Lokesh K. Bramhane3, Manisha Lande4,
123Department of E&TC, VPKBIET Baramati, Pune, Maharashtra, INDIA
4Department of Mechanical Engg., VPKBIET Baramati, Pune, Maharashtra, INDIA
1utkarshafulari@gmail.com, 2sudhir.lande@vpkbiet.org, 3lokesh.bramhane@vpkbi
et.org, 4manisha.lande@vpkbiet.org
Abstract: This paper discusses different methods to enhance the efficiency and life of an electric vehicle. In
hybrid type electric vehicle, batteries based on lithium-ion plays a major role and are very helpful. In
enhancing battery life nanotechnology is playing a very important role. So in battery design the use of nano-
structure materials are increasing. This paper describes different energy storage techniques, nanotechnology
in lithium-ion (Li-oin) battery, configuration of parallel battery, battery charging. Super-capacitors are used
to enhance the efficiency, life and performance of the battery.
Keywords: Battery charger, Efficiency, Electric vehicle, Nano-structure Materials, Pb-acid battery,
Li-ion battery.
1. INTRODUCTION
In electric vehicles, the battery is a key component that calculates vehicle performance.
Electrochemical systems consist of batteries and super-capacitors. Batteries and super-
capacitors are store and deliver energy. Depending on the requirement for particular
application, storage capacity of the system becomes the main parameter that can be
further scrutinized by the power density and power required [1]. Hybrid electric vehicles
are environmentally friendly. As population increases day by day, increment in vehicles
are also increasing on same pace. This leads to an increase in transportation and it
depends on fuels and cause environmental problems. To avoid such problems hybrid
electric vehicles must be used. Efficiency of battery is used to calculate the hybrid electric
vehicle performance. Hybrid electric vehicle uses different type of batteries for an
example Nickle-Mh battery, lead acid battery and so on. However, lithium-ion battery is
most popular out of them. Improved performance of the battery such as high energy
density, maximum life period, and increased capacity is demanding parameters for
development of the vehicle based on the electricity. Use of nano-particle in the
construction of the battery results high performance [2]. The development of technology
brought considerable changes to our planet. Climate change and increased pollution are
the most negative effects. Moreover, conventional vehicles engines stimulated by petrol
and diesel fuels are contributing in enhance the pollution as a result thereby increasing
possibility of the climate change. Therefore, these days conventional vehicles are replaced
with electric vehicles (EV). As the higher price of electric vehicles, which depends on
battery and battery cycle life, these have some barriers [3]. To increase application
flexibility and battery capacity, batteries are connected in parallel [4]. The paper is
arranged in six parts: the first part gives the introduction, the second part presents the
characteristics of the energy storage system, the third part shows battery technologies, the
fourth part discusses the different methods to enhance the performance of the battery, the
fifth part presents a literature survey, and last part is about summary, conclusion and
future scope. 2. LITERATURE SURVEY
This section presents a literature survey. The following table presents different techniques/methodologies to
improve efficiency. Also, it shows the advantages and results of different techniques.
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Table 1. Reviews
Ref.
No.
Methodology/
Technique
Advantages Result
1
The energy source contains solar
photovoltaic (PV), ultra-capacitor
and battery.
Reduction in size of battery,
increased battery life.
Overall efficiency
increases.
2
Nano-particle base Li-Ion Battery
for the improvement of battery
performance, use nano-materials
on the surface of anode and
cathode of battery.
Increase overall stability.
By utilizing nano particle, it
become compact and
enha
nced power storage
capacity.
Improves efficiency of
battery, als
o increases
overall parameters of
the vehicle.
3
Standard charging, Modified
charging. Increases life of battery and
holding capacity.
Modified charging
allows a larger
capacity.
4
The power supply is connected in
parallel to the Pb-acid battery and
Li-ion battery.
Improve efficiency.
Improved power
storage.
3. SPECIFICATION OF THE POWER STORAGE SYSTEM
• Storage Capacity: Amount of power consumed after charging the battery.
• Available Power: Expressed as an average value or peak value, used to express
the highest power of charge or discharge.
• Power Transmission Rate: Time required to extracting stored energy.
• Efficiency: Energy utilization compared to the stored one.
• Autonomy: System can continuously release energy in maximum amount of time.
• Self-discharge: Portion of stored energy dissipated during ideal time.
4. RECHARGEABLE BATTERY
Rechargeable batteries are used in the vehicles in which conversion of the chemical
energy into electrical energy take place. Batteries are ordinary storage device. Batteries
are the unique part in an electric vehicle. To fulfill requirements of an electric vehicle
battery must be efficient [2].
A. Pb-acid battery
Pb-acid battery can store energy in terms of chemical energy. This battery contains a lead,
PbO2, and composition of sulfuric acid and water widely known as electrolyte [1].
Two different category of Pb-acid battery:
 Flooded Type: Comparatively less costly as well as used in the several applications
belongs to industry.
 Sealed Type: It is used in many applications containing power supplies.
Advantages: Low cost and easy recyclability.
Drawback: During the large discharge capacity decreases in same pace.
B. Ni-MH battery
It can be recharging as many times as per the retention period of the battery. Ni-MH stand
for the nickel-metal hydride and can be composed using the + NiOH, negative metal
hydride, and a bunch of nylon separator.
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The advantages of Ni-MH cells are ecological, low cost, and higher thermal stability.
NiMH cells are used in digital cameras. Discharge time of Ni-MH is very small that can
be reduced by changing the hydride materials [1].
C. Li-ion battery
It is also one of the classes of rechargeable batteries. It is generally used in portable
electronic vehicles like in mobile phones, laptops, tablets, cameras. Inside the battery,
movement of Ions moved from +ve terminal to the -ve terminal during the time of
plugged-in and vice versa when it discharges. The advantages of these types of batteries
are less discharging time, free from effect of memory, and high density of energy. Lithium
is weightless when compared to all other metals with higher electro-chemical potential
and higher energy per weight. The Li-ion batteries are most demanded one in electric
vehicles market for the storage [1].
The comparison between the Ni-metal hydride and Li-ion batteries has been shown
below. Moreover certain benefits of the Li-ion Battery makes it first choice for the electric
vehicle and low discharge rate helps to avoid the tight situation. But its cost is comparably
high.
Table2: Comparison table of Ni-Metal Hydride and Li-ion Battery
Ref.
No.
Parameters
Ni-MH Battery
Li-ion Battery
1
Energy density
Moderate
Higher
2
Self-discharge rate
High
Low
3
For low load/current devices
Unreliable
Reliable
4
Internal resistance
Low
Very low
5
Output voltage
1.2 V
3.7V
6
Charging time
2 - 4 hours
1 – 2 hours
7
Extreme temperature
Cannot tolerate
Can tolerate
8
Cost
Moderate
High
4. DIFFERENT METHODS TO IMPROVE EFFICIENCY
In this paper, different methods are discussed to enhance the performance of the battery
used in the electric vehicles.
A. The Hybrid Energy Storage System
The formation of source is the combination of solar photovoltaic (PV), ultra-capacitor and
battery. The battery is the main energy source connected with the large capacitor. When it
is stimulated, battery exhibits a source of energy. This system is very advantageous in
terms of travel range, small size and large life. When solar irradiation is non-uniform, the
power source is deficient that demands for the extra storage to eliminate the problem.
Generally, V (valve) R (regulated) L (lead) A (acid) batteries are used. VRLA batteries
are added with super-capacitors, to construct an advanced hybrid storage system. Battery
can behave like a constant origin of the source and the large capacitor will supply
instantaneous energy in the hybrid system. Embedded system contains solar panels,
energy holding devices, capacitor, and regulators. Sunlight sometimes not covers the
entire system for better charging so, to charge the battery, the photovoltaic panel is not
enough. DC to DC bi-directional conversion unit is required for handling the rotatory
engine mounted at the vehicle [5].
New
Crystalline
Storage
System
DC to DC bi-
directional
conversion
Motor
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Figure 1: Shows the model of the system.
As the use of aforementioned technique, overall efficiency is now boosting-up that result
in high conversion of the energy by the solar panel [5].
B. Nanotechnology enabled hybrid power system
To enhancing battery life nanotechnology plays an important role. And how it is
structured it matters on the material that is used. Anode-cathode is the main part of the
battery. Use of nanostructure materials on the anode and cathode make battery efficient.
From a battery performance point of view it important to know that how it structured
using nano partical. To fulfill requirements for hybrid electric vehicles battery must be
efficient. Lithium-ion batteries are some issues such as slower to charge, safety issues. To
overcome these problems nanotechnology is used. This system makes use of
nanotechnology that contains Nano particals, high valued capacitors that are useful to
enhance the overall efficiency. Large amount of power can be store in lithium-Ion battery.
For this, coated anode-cathode and Lithium Manganese Silicate (Li2MnSiO4) are used to
improve the electro-chemical strength of the battery [2][17].
C. Battery charging with rest periods
For enhancing battery performance authors consider a method that increases capacity and
expands the life of the battery. This will be achieved for an electric vehicle battery by
realizing the greatest charging profile and recognizing pluged-in time for an enhance
durability & life. In this method, for a pre-set finite time the charger will charge and pause
for the rest until fully charged [3]. For electric vehicle batteries, there are some usual
charging methods [1]:
Uniform voltage: Battery charges at a uniform voltage for all kinds of batteries this is the
suitable method. The battery charging current changes through the charging process. The
drawback of this method is, in the early stage of charging it requires very high power.
Constant current: The voltage applied to the battery is controlled to keep constant current
to the battery.
Another method that can be implemented is constant V-I mechanism. Through the
plugged-in procedure of a battery, constant-voltage and constant-current both the
techniques will be used.
Figure 2: Standard and modified charging with ideal periods. [3]
Constant V-I mechanism is conventional one that supplies uniform current until and
unless it is fully charged. After that, to stop over-voltage till the charge finish it begins to
fall charging current. The modified profile is a type of pulse one. Adopting this method
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for supplying the particular battery eliminates the problem of over-heating due to
increment in temperature. It is very important because in high temperature efficiency
gradually decreases with temperature [3][16].
D. The configuration of the parallel battery
Fig. 4 shows demonstrates the proposed management system for providing the un-
interrupted supply to the Li-ion battery while other unable to power the vehicle. In this
proposed system, both batteries are connected in such a manner or in parallel that during
the time of Pb-acid battery when it supplying a power to the vehicle, Li-ion holds its state
at rest. But when Pb-acid comes below its cut-off region and unable to power the vehicle,
it must supply to Li-ion battery so that it can be boost-up to supply the vehicle. All the
incorporated components and configuration are explored in the Fig. 4 for the convenience
[4].
Figure 3: Proposed configuration of parallel system
4. CONCLUSION
This paper focuses on the improvement in efficiency and stability. For this, parallel
connection of both Pb-acid battery and Li-ion battery are used, to enhance the efficiency
of the battery. Moreover, nano-materials are incorporated to improve entire efficieny. It
demonstrates the better result compared to its counterpart. In the future, study the other
different technologies of battery and methods to improve the performance of an electric
vehicle battery.
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