Malcolm Henry Campbell

University of Canterbury | UC · School of Earth and Environment

The main purpose of this thesis is to explore social and spatial inequalities of ill-health in Scotland using a spatial microsimulation modelling approach. The complex questions of what socio-economic or geographical factors may influence the health of individuals are explored in this PhD, using a variety of statistical methods. Using data from the...

This paper presents applied geographical research based on a spatial microsimulation model, SimAlba, aimed at estimating geographically sensitive health variables in Scotland. SimAlba has been developed in order to answer a variety of “what-if” policy questions pertaining to health policy in Scotland. Using the SimAlba model, it is possible to simu...

This paper begins by exploring a smart city approach in post-earthquake Christchurch, New Zealand, by telling the city's story so far. We take the position of critical scholars who are engaged in a live smart cities project that involves the measurement of air quality by using sensor tools. As the project is still ongoing, the final results of the...

The spatial locations of food retailers are considered to be an influential aspect of population consumption patterns. Such contextual relationships are often related to socio‐economic deprivation, with disparities in accessibility having important implications. This study used Geographic Information Systems and an Enhanced Two‐Step Floating Catchm...

The role of accommodation-sharing platforms, such as Airbnb, is seen as a disruption to more conventional accommodation providers and rental markets in many cities and regions worldwide. This Regional Graphic focuses on New Zealand, showing a snapshot in time of the spatial distribution of the accommodation provided by Airbnb. What the map shows ar...

Few metrics of area-level socioeconomic deprivation exist that are comparable over time and space. This study aimed to create a consistent historic time-series area-level deprivation metric for 1981, 1986 and 1991 in Aotearoa New Zealand (hereafter, New Zealand) using census data at census area unit (CAU) level. Consistent variables, geography and...

Mental health conditions pose a significant public health challenge, and low area-level socioeconomic status (SES) is a potentially important upstream determinant. Childhood exposure might have influences on later-life mental health. This study, utilises data from the Christchurch Health and Development Study birth cohort, examining the impact of a...

This study investigated associations between change in the food environment and change in measured body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) in the Christchurch Health and Development Study (CHDS) birth cohort. Using Geographic Information Systems to link the data, our findings suggest that cohort members who experienced the greatest propo...

This nationwide geospatial study from Aotearoa New Zealand describes the frequency and spatial patterning of residential mobility and examines the interplay between patterns of residential mobility and the environments in which adults reside. Data from the Integrated Data Infrastructure (n = 4,781,268 adults) defined levels of residential mobility...

The COVID-19 pandemic continues to have unprecedented impacts on people and places globally, challenging the ability of both government and citizens to respond. The use of Nonpharmaceutical Interventions (NPIs) has been widespread in attempting to curtail the spread of COVID-19. However, there were important distinctions in how governments chose to...

The environment may be an important influence on adolescent behaviour. We combined accelerometry and global positioning system data to investigate how the environment was related to physical activity and sedentary behaviour. Adolescents spent most of their time in very close proximity to a range of both health-promoting and health-constraining feat...

Globally, geospatial concepts are becoming increasingly important in epidemiological and public health research. Individual level linked population-based data afford researchers with opportunities to undertake complex analyses unrivalled by other sources. However, there are significant challenges associated with using such data for impactful geohea...

Lukas Marek was erroneously omitted from the author list during the copy-editing process. The original author list is incorrect. The correct author list is presented above. The original article has been corrected.

Over the course of the COVID-19 pandemic, it has become increasingly apparent that a public health crisis exposes underlying inequalities in society. This commentary focuses on emergent digital inequalities in Aotearoa New Zealand, noting the accelerated use of digital tools and technologies such as smartphone applications, online maps and vaccinat...

Changes in people's movement and travel behaviour have been apparent in many places during the COVID-19 pandemic, with differences seen at a range of spatial scales. These changes, occurring as a result of the COVID-19 ‘natural experiment’, have afforded us an opportunity to reimagine how we might move in our day-to-day travels, offering a hopeful...

Derived from a wider study of place-based economic, social, cultural and environmental regeneration initiatives in small regional New Zealand towns, and reflecting on international research that emphasises the importance of long-term collaborative effort, effective governance and locally-based leadership in regional regeneration, this paper examine...

Data on the location of gaming venues (n=1081) were obtained from the 2018 Department of Internal Affairs register and were extracted based on proprietary classification in the register for all licenced gaming venues. Constructs were defined as consistent with the Department of Internal Affairs register and included licensed venues operating gaming...

Nationwide population vulnerability data based on demographic variables, socioeconomic deprivation, long-term health conditions, health behaviours, linguistic barriers and health service awareness at Statistical Area 2 (SA2) level.

https://theconversation.com/why-new-zealand-is-more-vulnerable-to-a-new-covid-19-outbreak-than-ever-before-163163

Volunteering is a way for people to develop meaningful relationships within a social group and can lead to the building of social capital, from which both individuals and the wider group can benefit in the form of enhanced well‐being. This study aimed to explore and describe the impact of volunteering on the volunteer coordinators and volunteers th...

Accounting for multiple environmental influences, such as the clustering of environmental exposures which are either health-promoting ‘goods’ such as green spaces, or health-constraining ‘bads’ such as alcohol outlets may represent a more accurate reflection of how environments influence behaviour and health. Nationwide data were collected, process...

Alcohol outlet data in New Zealand were obtained, cleaned and geocoded. Alcohol outlets were sourced from the Alcohol Regulatory & Licensing Authority (ARLA) for the period 2015-2018 from the current and active licence register. All alcohol outlets (n=19,035) were extracted from the database based on the proprietary classifications provided by ARLA...

Acknowledging a paucity of emerging research, and some variation by sub‐field, the geographical measures of exposure used in health and medical geography have largely stagnated often focusing on residence‐based (‘static’) conceptualisations to define an individuals mobility or exposure. Detailed spatiotemporal data, such as smartphone data, allow r...

Background: Accounting for the co-occurrence of multiple environmental influences is a more accurate reflection of population exposure than considering isolated influences, aiding in understanding the complex interactions between environments, behaviour and health. This study examines how environmental ‘goods’ such as green spaces and environmental...

Acknowledging a paucity of emerging research, and some variation by sub-field, the geographical measures of exposure used in health and medical geography have largely stagnated often focusing on residence-based (‘static’) conceptualisations to define an individual’s mobility or exposure. Detailed spatiotemporal data such as smartphone data allow ri...

COVID-19 can affect the entire population, but it poses an increased risk for particular population groups. Socioeconomic and demographic factors as well as long-term health conditions can make populations vulnerable to adverse health outcomes and mortality related to COVID-19. This study uses geospatial methods to visualise metrics of vulnerabilit...

Background Declining childhood immunization represents a serious public health problem globally and in New Zealand. To guide efforts to increase immunization coverage, this study monitors nationwide change in immunization coverage since the introduction of the National Immunisation Register (NIR) in 2005 and spatiotemporal patterns of immunization...

This working paper focuses on accommodation sharing in three smaller settlements in the South Island of New Zealand. We report on the experiences of the ‘Thriving Regions’ study areas, comprising three settlements, Ashburton, Timaru and Oamaru. We show the local impacts of accommodation sharing by utilising both absolute and relative measures of in...

Background: The prevalence of children with elevated weight or obesity is concerning for public health due to associated comorbidities. This study investigates associations between parental adiposity, physical activity (PA), fruit and vegetable consumption, and child adiposity and moderation by both child and parent gender. Methods: Cross-sectiona...

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has asked unprecedented questions of governments around the world. Policy responses have disrupted usual patterns of movement in society, locally and globally, with resultant impacts on national economies and human wellbeing. These interventions have primarily centred on enforcing lockdowns and introducing social d...

Background: This study investigates the association between television (TV) viewing and child adiposity and if parental education and child ethnicity moderate this association. Method: Cross-sectional, pooled (2013/14–2016/17) adult and child New Zealand Health Survey (NZHS) were matched resulting in 13,039 child (2–14 years) and parent dyads. Chi...

This study combines data on the location of health-constraining ‘bads’ (i: fast-food outlets, ii: takeaway outlets, iii: dairy outlets and convenience stores, iv: alcohol outlets, and v: gaming venues) and health-promoting ‘goods’ (i: green spaces, ii: blue spaces, iii: physical activity facilities, and iv: fruit and vegetable outlets) into a natio...

This nationwide study investigated the relationship between proximity to alcohol outlets (off-licence, on-licence, and other-licence) and two adverse outcomes; hazardous drinking and crime (common assault, non-aggravated sexual assault, aggravated sexual assault, and tobacco and liquor offences). After adjustment for important individual- and area-...

Background Immunisation is a safe and effective way of protecting children and adults against harmful diseases. However, immunisation coverage of children is declining in some parts of New Zealand. Aim Use a nationwide sample to first, examine the socioeconomic and demographic determinants of immunisation coverage and spatial variation in these de...

The aim of this research is to analyse the spatial epidemiology of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and investigate associations with the built environment in urban New Zealand. Data on T2DM was sourced from the New Zealand Virtual Diabetes Register (2016), and data on environmental variables sourced from the Ministry for Primary Industries and Terr...

Social and natural capital are fundamental to people’s wellbeing, often within the context of local community. Developing communities and linking people together provide benefits in terms of mental well-being, physical activity and other associated health outcomes. The research presented here was carried out in Christchurch - Ōtautahi, New Zealand,...

Background We examined the association between area-level deprivation and dental ambulatory sensitive hospitalizations (ASH) and considered the moderating effect of community water fluoridation (CWF). The hypothesis was that higher levels of deprivation are associated with higher dental ASH rates and that CWF will moderate this association such tha...

This literature review focuses on articles from a larger annotated bibliography that relate to the regeneration and revitalisation of small cities and towns, referred to in New Zealand as ‘second-tier’ settlements. The project is part of the Regenerating for Success research programme funded by the National Science Challenge ‘Building Better Homes,...

Introduction Despite improvements in oral health outcomes in New Zealand over the last number of decades, there are still high levels of preventable tooth decay in adults and children. We investigate the prevalence and spatial variation of non-fluoride toothpaste use in a nationally representative sample of adults and children in New Zealand. Metho...

We discuss case studies of three South Island small towns: Ashburton, Timaru and Oamaru and their wider local authority jurisdictions, focusing on how local stakeholders are defining the issues facing these places and identifying, prioritising and investing in regeneration initiatives, sometimes with the support of central government and other exte...

The New Zealand Government should be commended for including the nation's wellbeing as a measure of success. However, health inequity in New Zealand is persistent. The scarcity of tangible reductions in inequity between Māori and non-Māori populations raises questions about the effectiveness of policies to date. To address health inequity, New Zeal...

Objectives To investigate risk factors for women with obesity of childbearing age. Methods A cross-sectional survey of New Zealand women (15–49 years) with measured height and weight was used [unweighted (n = 3625) and weighted analytical sample (n = 1,098,372)] alongside sociodemographic-, behavioural- and environmental-level predictors. Multilev...

We report a study of Timaru, focusing on attempts to realise the full potential of a currently underdeveloped local visitor economy. Once an important seaside resort, there is a growing level of interest in taking advantage of Timaru's tourism potential and diversifying an economy that is now based primarily on food/beverage processing and agricult...

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease is a progressive lung disease affecting the respiratory function of every sixth New Zealander and over 300 million people worldwide. In this paper, we explored how the combination of social, demographical and environmental conditions (represented by increased winter air pollution) affected hospital admissions d...

This paper emerges from a conversation about the strength and integrity of regional settlements in New Zealand and the need to 'reboot' what are commonly perceived as struggling regions. The research team is focusing on the ways the residents of three South Island second-tier settlements, Ashburton, Timaru and Oamaru, are defining their situation a...

[This corrects the article on p. 230 in vol. 4, PMID: 27818989.].

The opportunity of an emerging smart city in post-disaster Christchurch has been explored as a way to improve the quality of life of people suffering Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), which is a progressive disease that affects respiratory function. It affects 1 in 15 New Zealanders and is the 4th largest cause of death, with significan...

The opportunity of an emerging smart city in post-disaster Christchurch has been explored as a way to improve the quality of life of people suffering Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), which is a progressive disease that affects respiratory function. It affects 1 in 15 New Zealanders and is the 4th largest cause of death, with significan...

Aims: Rotaviruses have long been recognised as the most common cause of diarrhoea-related childhood morbidity and mortality worldwide. The benefits of national rotavirus vaccination programmes have been proven, with estimates of the reduction in hospital stays ranging from 70% to 90%. Previous work has found spatial variation in rotaviral rates be...

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This report is part of the BRANZ 2015/16 Building a Better New Zealand – Industry Research Strategy. This comes under the Building better cities and communities stream of work, which focuses on the need to have high preforming urban environments reflecting their importance as the main habitat of our society and economy. To build the cities that New...

This short paper aims to discuss the role and the importance of the Census in New Zealand. It also discusses some of the multitude of uses of Census data in various contexts to help us understand the demographic and socio-economic landscape of New Zealand. Debates internationally on the nature, scale and frequency of a national Census, or even whet...

Objective: This study explored whether male and female suicide rates are associated with variations in unemployment at a national level in New Zealand for the period 1970-2009. Methods: Suicide rates by age-group and sex in the working population (15-64 years) were calculated for the period 1970-2009. Using records of national unemployment for the...

Objectives: The determinants of health and mortality inequalities in New Zealand and Australia have been subjected to research, with the influence of a range of socio-economic and demographic influences (deprivation, social class, ethnicity) receiving notable attention. Both countries are considered privileged, positioned amongst the world leaders...

The determinants of health and mortality inequalities in New Zealand and Australia have been subjected to research, with the influence of a range of socio-economic and demographic influences (deprivation, social class, ethnicity) receiving notable attention. Both countries are considered privileged, positioned amongst the world leaders in rankings...

One challenge in human geography is that the available data are often confidential or small samples of a population. Spatial Microsimulation Modelling is a tool which can help to overcome these limitations and produce policy relevant results at small area level. Obesity is a major health challenge in many countries including both Australia and New...

Objective: To detect spatial clusters of high infant mortality rates in New Zealand for Māori and non-Māori populations and verify if these clusters are stable over a certain time period (1995–2008) and similar between the two populations. Method: We applied the Kulldorff's spatial scan statistics on data collected by New Zealand Ministry of Health...

Within the constituent parts of the United Kingdom (UK) there are many differing demographic characteristics which are not routinely researched and understood. Among these characteristics are age-specific fertility rates (ASFRs) which differ between the constituent countries of the UK. This paper aims to address a gap in the fertility literature by...

Objective: To examine the association between hospitalisations for otitis media and area-level measures of household crowding among children in New Zealand. Methods: Counts of hospital admissions for otitis media by census area unit were offset against population data from the 2006 national census. Area-level household crowding, exposure to toba...

This paper is an observational study of particular historical trends in mortality inequality within Great Britain, comparing England and Wales with Scotland for the period 1925-2005. The inequalities in mortality within Great Britain have become more apparent over time. Growing inequality in premature mortality in Britain affected young Scottish me...

Regional scientists have increasingly been playing a very important role in the development and application of spatial microsimulation models for policy analysis. It has long been argued that spatial microsimulation modelling has enormous potential for the evaluation of the socio-economic and spatial effects of major developments in the regional or...

Land-use regression (LUR) modelling is widely used in many parts of the world, especially in Europe and North America. Only one published study has previously been carried out nationally in New Zealand for PM10; none for NO2. One previously identified limitation of LUR has been its limited effectiveness in small areas at fine spatial scales. In thi...

The previous decade has given rise to the importance of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in explaining inequalities in health outcomes between groups based on their spatial location and social background. The GeoHealth Laboratory, based at the University of Canterbury, is a joint venture with the Health and Disability Intelligence unit within t...

This seminar presents and discusses outputs of SIMALBA, a spatial microsimulation model of Scotland. Spatial microsimulation is a technique that can be used to create simulated data by merging datasets to 'populate' and create a 'new' synthetic population that is as close as possible to the real population, for geographical areas. The seminar will...

This paper presents a spatial microsimulation modelling approach to the estimation of small area income distributions in two historic cities located in the island countries of Britain and Japan. In particular, it revisits relevant past research comparing the social geography of Edinburgh and Kyoto. First, the paper provides a brief overview of soci...

To examine the association between geographic access to alcohol outlets and serious violent crime in New Zealand. A national study of alcohol outlet access and serious violent crime used a cross-sectional ecological analysis. Serious violence offences recorded between 2005 and 2007 were aggregated for 286 police station areas. Using Geographical In...

This paper presents and discusses outputs of SIMALBA, a spatial microsimulation model of Scotland. SIMALBA is constructed from the UK Census of population and the Scottish Health Survey datasets. Spatial microsimulation is a technique that can be used to create simulated data by merging datasets to `populate' and create a `new' synthetic population...

Please click here to download the map associated with this article.This paper concerns spatial and social inequalities in Northern Ireland (NI). Social and spatial inequalities are essentially the differences between areas (or individuals) within a given context, for example, within a country. NI is an often omitted region of the United Kingdom in...

This project is kindly sponsored by the Scottish Government and the ESRC. Exploratory Research Questions What are the main socio-economic and geographical factors affecting the risk that Scottish individuals will suffer from ill-health, and how are these factors changing over time? What are the socio-economic and geographic factors affecting social...