A REVIEW ON ANTIDIABETIC POTENTIAL OF TRADITIONAL MEDICINAL PLANTS

Abstract

The present study of review is to explore the antidiabetic activity of various medicinal plants. Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease in an individual due to absolute or relative insulin deficiency that results in too much of sugar in a blood. It occurs in such conditions where the β cells of the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas which control the level of glucose in the blood is no longer able to synthesis the insulin. Glucose is the main source of energy that comes from the food, for example: Carbohydrate, Protein, Fat. Since last few decades there are great value in aspect of herbal medicine. In this brief review, we highlight, that the use of herbal medicine can treat and control the diabetes mellitus with their active principles.

Full text

A REVIEW ON ANTIDIABETIC POTENTIAL OF TRADITIONAL
MEDICINAL PLANTS
Nisha R, Tina S Biju, Malarvizhi R, Senthil J*
Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Arts and Science, Bharath Institute of Higher
Education and Research, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India.
ABSTRACT:
The present study of review is to explore the antidiabetic activity of various medicinal
plants. Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease in an individual due to absolute or relative insulin
deficiency that results in too much of sugar in a blood. It occurs in such conditions where the β
cells of the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas which control the level of glucose in the blood is
no longer able to synthesis the insulin. Glucose is the main source of energy that comes from the
food, for example: Carbohydrate, Protein, Fat. Since last few decades there are great value in
aspect of herbal medicine. In this brief review, we highlight, that the use of herbal medicine can
treat and control the diabetes mellitus with their active principles.
Keywords: Diabetes mellitus, Insulin, Antidiabetic activity, Medicinal plants.
I. INTRODUCTION
Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorder which are characterized by chronic
hyperglycemia, resulting from defects in insulin secretion [1]. Diabetes is the most common
endocrine disorder in men and women. It is occurred when there is no proper insulin production
or low level of insulin secretion in our body which results in the increasing level of blood
glucose. Diabetes occurred when there is an irregulation of carbohydrate, protein, fat metabolism
that leads to high level of blood glucose and secondary lack of hormone insulin [2]. Blood
glucose is the main source of our body to make energy that comes from the food. Insulin is a
peptide hormone produced from the β cells which regulates the amount of glucose in the blood.
Insulin inability is due to the degenerative changes in β cells. Diabetes may also cause long term
damage, dysfunction, failure of various organ. Deficiency of insulin leads to diabetes where
glucose gets accumulated in the blood, leads to various complication such as polydipsia,
polyphagia, polyuria, blurred vision, excessive weight loss [3]. There are three types of diabetes
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mellitus and they are Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus, Non Insulin Dependent Diabetes
Mellitus and Gestational Diabetes. The causes of diabetes may be the family history, genetic
makeup, ethnicity, life style, stress, no physical exercise, health and environmental factors during
pregnancy [4,5]. During both, ancient and modern time, medicinal plants played an important
role in the diabetes treatment.
Different parts of medicinal plants such as leaf, root, flower and seed are used as extracts
and they are used to produce drugs [6]. Medicinal herb parts contain natural active agents.
Herbal plants can control and treat the diabetes because they contain many phytocompounds like
flavonoids, tannins, phenolics, alkaloids, stilbenes, curcuminoids, coumarins, lignans, quinones
[7]. For example, Flavonoids protect the plants from different biotic and abiotic stress and it is
unique UV filters [8]. Tannins or tannoids is a compound that play a role in protection from
predation including pesticides and it helps the regulation of plant growth [9]. Phenolic role in
these plants are mainly lignin and pigment biosynthesis. Other than these unique features of
phytochemicals, they have a vital role in the management of diseases naturally. Up to date, over
400 traditional plants have been reported to treat diabetes, in which some of them are discussed
below.
II. MEDICINAL PLANTS WITH ANTIDIABETIC PROPERTY
Plants which shows the anti diabetic activity are attributed to their ability to restore the
pancreatic function [10]. Medicinal plants are most important therapeutic aid and in last few
decades, traditional systems of medicine were in use. This way of using traditional medicine is
still continued at present too.
Achyranthes aspera:
Achyranthes aspera belongs to the family, Amaranthaceae. It is said to be a common
weed. The seeds are rich in carbohydrates, proteins, tannins, flavonoids and saponins. The oral
administration of seed extract (600 mg/kg) to the diabetic rats for 28 days significantly reduced
the blood glucose level. These seed extracts also possess antioxidant properties [11].
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Acorus calamus:
Acorus calamus belongs to the family, Acoraceae. It is also known as vacha or sweet flag
and used to prepare ayurvedic medicine. It is also used to treat the psychoneurosis, sleeping
disorder, mania, epilepsy and loss of memory [12-14]. It also has antidiabetic property which are
very effective in type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Aegle marmelos:
Aegla marmelos belongs to the family Rutaceae and is medium sized and deciduous tree.
It is commonly known as bael, also Bengal quince, golden apple, Japanese bitter orange, stone
apple or wood apple, is a species of tree native to the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia. It
is present in Sri Lanka, Tamilnadu, Thailand, and Malesia as a naturalized species. It is more
effective with oral hypoglycemic therapy. Bael leaves with oral hypoglycemic agent bring the
glucose to normal levels [15]. It also contains antioxidant property.
Aframomum melegueta:
Aframomum melegueta belongs to the family Zingiberaceae which is closely related to
cardamom. Its seeds are used as a spice; it imparts a pungent, black-pepper-like flavor with hints
of citrus. It is usually called as guinea grains, grains of paradise, alligator pepper and melegueta
pepper, Crude leaf extract of Aframomum melegueta are widely used in West Africa, as an anti
diabetic drug. It significantly reduces blood glucose level [16]. It can be effective for type 2
diabetes.
Allium cepa:
Allium cepa belongs to the family of Amaryllidaceae. It is herbaceous biennial plant in
the Amaryllidaceae, grown for its edible bulb. The onion is likely native to south-western Asia
but is now grown throughout the world. Soluble and insoluble extraction of dried onion powder
shows a antihyperglycemic activity in diabetic rabbits. Alloxan induced diabetic rats treated with
onion extracts significantly control blood glucose and also lipid in serum and tissues. 50g of
onion juice significantly controlled post – prandial glucose level [17].
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Allium sativum:
Allium sativum belongs to the family of Amaryllidaceae. The aqueous and ethanolic
extract shows a significant role in anti diabetic activity. Raw garlic played a major role in
reducing blood sugar, cholesterol and triglycerides in diabetic rats [18]. Methanolic extract also
shows a anti hyperglycemic effect on alloxan induced diabetic rats [19].
Argemone mexicana (L.):
Argemone mexicana L. belongs to the family, Papaveraceae and it is commonly known as
prickly poppy. In Rajasthan, the herbal is mainly used for the medicinal purpose. They are rich in
alkaloids including berberine, protopine, sarguinarine, optisine, chelerythrine etc. They were
widely used in both traditional and modern medicines. The aqueous and ethanolic plant extract
shows an good hypoglycemic effect [20].
Azadirachta indica:
Azadirachta indica, indigenous plant widely available in India and Burma that belongs to
the family Meliaceae. Neem leaves contain the phytochemicals such as flavonoids, triterpenoid,
antiviral compounds and glycosides which help to manage blood sugar levels. Many parts of
Neem tree are used as a traditional medicine. The compounds found in Neem is found to be
beneficial in controlling type 2 diabetes. It also contains the anti inflammatory, antipyretic,
antimicrobial and diverse pharmacological properties [21].
Bambusa arundinacea:
Bambusa arundinacea is a member of Poaceae family. The ethanol extract of leaves
shows a significant role in hypoglycemic effect [22].
Brassica juncea:
Brassica juncea, traditional medicinal plant belongs to the family Cruciferae. Brassica
juncea, is a species of mustard plant, commonly called as leaf mustard, brown mustard, Indian
mustard, Chinese mustard, vegetable mustard and Oriental mustard. The aqueous seed extract
shows a hypoglycemic activity in STZ induced diabetic male albino rat. It has a beneficial effect
in the treatment of diabetic rat. This can also act as cardio protective [23].
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Butea monosperma:
Butea monosperma belongs to the family Fabaceae and its common name is Flame of the
forest. The aqueous extract of fruit has a potential flavonoid property and it helps in controlling
the type 2 diabetes [24].
Chaenomeles sinensis:
Chaenomeles sinensis belongs to the family, Rosaceae. The ethyl acetate extract of
Chaenomeles sinensis fruit shows a significant antidiabetic property [25].
Datura innoxia Mill.:
Datura innoxia belongs to Solanaceae family and its common name is Datura. It is a low
growing medicinal plant which is widely used in traditional and modern medicines, and reported
to have antidiabetic activity. Each and every part of plant acts as an effective medicines for
insanity, rabies and leprosy. Leaf extract contains flavonoids, phenolic compounds, cardiac
glycosides and sugar. Seed extract of Datura was found to possess anti oxidant activity [26].
Eugenia jambolana:
Eugenia jambolana (Syzygium cumini) belongs to the family, Myrtaceae. It is commonly
known as black plum or jamun. It is widely used as a traditional medicine to treat the diabetes.
The seed extract shows antidiabetic activity manifested by the reduction in high blood glucose
level. It also contains chemical compound that are rich in flavonoids [27].
Feronia elephantum CORREA (Limonia acidissima L.):
Feronia elephantum belongs to the family of Rutaceae. It is commonly known as Bela,
Billin which is used to treat various disorder including diabetes mellitus. The aqueous fruit
extract shows a significant anti diabetic effect in alloxan rat. It’s active compounds are
Bioflavonoid, triterpenoid, stigmasterol and Bergapten [24,28-33].
Ficus racemosa:
Ficus racemosa belongs to the family of Moraceae. Ficus racemosa is used as traditional
medicine for the several treatments including diabetes mellitus. The ethanolic extract has anti
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hyperglycemic and hypolipidemic activity in alloxan induced diabetic rats [34]. The tree bark
contains a healing power.
Helicteres isora L.:
Helicteres isora L belongs to the family of Malvaceae. Hot water extract of Helicteres
isora fruit shows an antioxidant and antidiabetic activities. The ethanolic extract contain a
hypolipidemic activity which has a vital role in type 2 diabetes [35].
Ipomoea sepiaria (Koenig Ex Roxb):
Ipomoea sepiaria belongs to the family, Convolvulaceae. It is commonly known as
Lakshmana (Purple heart glory). It is a highly potent ayurvedic herb and mainly used to cure
infertility in women. It rejuvenates the body and improves strength. The oral administration of
the leaves extract (200 mg/kg) to diabetic rats for 14 days has shown significant decrease in
blood glucose levels [36]. One of the compound in the leaves was identified as best bioactive
compound against type 2 diabetes based on molecular docking analysis [37].
Juglans regia:
Juglans regia belongs to the family of Juglandaeae. It is one of the traditional medicinal
plant which is used to treat diabetes. The ethanolic extract of leaves shows a anti diabetic activity
in type 2 diabetes induced rats [38].
Lodoicea seychellarum:
Lodoicea seychellarum is commonly known as sea coconut which belongs to the palm
family. The fruit extract of Lodoicea seychellarum plays a major role in type 2 diabetes and its
one of the active compound is carbohydrate which does not increase the blood glucose level [24].
Ocimum sanctum:
Ocimum sanctum L. is known as Tulsi which belongs to the family Labiateae or
Lamiaceae. Tulsi is common plant that can be found anywhere. In ancient period, tulsi are used
for its medicinal properties. Ethanolic extract of leaves shows significant reduction in blood
sugar level in streptozocin induced diabetic rats [39,40]. Tulsi also contains antioxidant,
antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antiasthemitic, antistress, antitumor, gastric antiulcer activity,
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antimutagenic and immunostimulant activities [41]. Tulsi can help to manage high blood sugar
level in people with type 2 diabetes.
Ougeinia oojeinense:
Ougeinia oojeinense, the only species in the genus Ougeinia, which is a flowering tree
that are native to India and Nepal. It is also known as the Ujjain desmodium tree or sandan. It
usually grows 6–12 meters tall. Its leaves are quite large and trifoliate, with rigid, leathery
leaflets. It belongs to the family, Fabaceae. The Ougeinia oojeinense bark part contains the
hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic property which was evaluated on alloxan induced diabetic rats
[42].
Psidium guajava:
Psidium guajava belongs to the family of Myrtaceae and its common name is Guava. It
is rich in B1, B2, B6, C Vitamins, glucose, sucrose and carotene. The aqueous extract of leaf
shows a beneficial effect in reducing the blood glucose level in the hyperglycemic rat induced by
alloxan. Ethanol extract of the bark shows a hypoglycemic effect [43].
Semecarpus anacardium:
Semecarpus anacardium belongs to family of Anacardiaceae. The milk extract of nut of
Semecarpus anacardium shows antidiabetic activity and it is effective in type 2 diabetes [44].
Tamarindus indica:
Tamarind is a leguminous tree which belongs to Fabaceae family. Methanolic extract of
seed and fruit shows a reduction in blood sugar level and its active compound is fagomine, 4-0-
beta-D-glucopyranosylfagomine,castanispermine [45-49].
Terminalia arjuna:
Terminalia arjuna is a tree of the genus Terminalia. It is commonly known as arjuna in
English, marudha maram in Tamil. It belongs to the family Combretaceae. The stem bark of
Terminalia arjuna has a antidiabetic activity on alloxan induced diabetic rats. Ethanol extract of
bark of Terminalia arjuna significantly decrease the blood glucose level [50].
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Tinospora cordifolia:
Tinospora cordifolia which belongs to the family of Menispermaceae. It’s common name
is heart-leaved moonseed, giloy and guduchi. It is an ayurvedic medicine for treating diabetes
mellitus. The oral administration of root extract shows a significant reduction in blood and urine
glucose level in alloxan induced diabetic rats. The extract administered rat groups maintained the
body weight. Alcoholic or aqueous extract of Tinospora cordifolia decrease the blood glucose
level [51].
III. CONCLUSION
In ancient period, many herbal medicines in different oral formulation have been
recommended for the diabetes mellitus. This review evaluated some medicinal plants that can
treat and control the diabetes mellitus. Diabetes mellitus cannot be cured but some medicinal
plants can control the disorder. Plant drugs and herbal formulation were very less or non toxic
and free from side effects than synthetic ones. Hence the traditional medicinal plants played and
plays an essential part in human life in all the era.
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