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Solar Energy
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/solener
Application of nanofluids and fluids in photovoltaic thermal system: An
updated review
Mohammad Hemmat Esfe
a,⁎
, Mohammad Hassan Kamyab
a
, Majid Valadkhani
b
a
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imam Hossein University, Tehran, Iran
b
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran
ARTICLE INFO
Keywords:
Renewable energy
Solar energy
Photovoltaic thermal
Nanofluid
ABSTRACT
This paper reviews and summarizes application of fluids and nanofluids in photovoltaic thermal systems (PVT).
The numerical, analytical and experimental based literatures are studied. PVT introduced as combined version of
solar collectors and photovoltaic technology to reach simultaneous generation of thermal and electrical energy is
a combination of photovoltaic technology and solar collector in a system which generates electrical and thermal
energy simultaneously. The application of fluids and nanofluids in PVTs has been evaluated by study on single
fluid flows, dual fluid flows (air-liquid), phase change materials (PCM) and nanofluid flows. Among the results,
the electrical efficiency (EE) of PVT systems is increased by water spray cooling, water flow through copper
finned tubes, using reflector, wet absorbent and air flow in the optimized diffuser increased by 2%, 6%, 10%,
15% and 20%, respectively. PVT-PCM systems increase of 15–23% in EE compared to the PV panel. The use of
nanofluids as cooling PVT systems in direct channels, spiral channels and microchannels increased the EE by
20.55%, 37.67% and 27%, respectively. The thermal efficency (TE) for the PVT system with reflector, spiral flow
and dual fluid flow were estimated 62.98%, 54.6% and 66.12%, respectively. Also, TE of PVT-PCM systems for
different types of phase change materials of uric acid, capric acid and nanofluid / nano-PCM (Organic Paraffin
wax as PCM and SiC as nanoparticle) were calculated 90%, 69.84% and 72%, respectively.
1. Introduction
According to research by scientists, non-renewable energy sources
will be finished by the end of the 22st century (Zou et al., 2016).
Therefore, renewable energy sources has been given special attention
since the end of the 21th century. Solar energy is one of the renewable
energy sources which is available for human beings. The solar energy
conversion technologies have been intensely studied in recent decades
and significant advances have been made in this regard, including
photovoltaic (PV), photothermal and photochemical and, thermal
photovoltaic systems as the third generation of solar systems. The dis-
tinctive feature of these collectors, which distinguishes them from other
solar systems, is the co-generation of electricity and heat.
The photovoltaic system is one of a variety of solar power genera-
tion systems. In this method, by using solar cells, the direct generation
of electricity from sunlight is possible (Haddock and Haddock, 2018).
Solar cells are semi-conductive and are made of silicon, the second most
abundant element of the earth's crust. Potential difference between the
opposite poles (positive and negative electrodes) creats an electron flow
between those two. The potential difference happens when the solar
collector exposes to sunlight (Andenæs et al., 2018). Some studies on
solar photovoltaic technologies, panel material, and panel performance
modeling and estimation have been mentioned in the references
(Kanemitsu, 2017; Lokhande et al., 2017; Liu et al., 2019; Zou et al.,
2015; Chin et al., 2015; Meng et al., 2016; Zhang and Li, 2015; Chiang
et al., 2016; Parida et al., 2011; Wolske et al., 2017; Verma et al.,
2016).
The heat source of solar collectors is solar radiation and its ab-
sorption and in fact they are a type of heat exchangers. The main part of
solar collector panel is its collector part with the duty of applied ra-
diation absorption. Looking on duty of solar collectors they transfer the
absorbed heat to various working fluids like water, air and etc
(Stefanovic et al., 2018). The produced heat could be used in different
applications like domestic applications and industrial ones.
(Weldekidan et al., 2018; Elsheikh et al., 2018). Some researchers have
been studied on different types of solar collectors such as flat plate
collectors, parabolic trough and nanofluid based direct absorption
collectors efficiency (Jebasingh and Herbert, 2016; Shugar et al., 2016;
Chen et al., 2016; Xue, 2016; Al-harahsheh et al., 2018; Manderbacka
and Sivula, 2019; Subramani et al., 2018; Verma and Tiwari, 2015;
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2020.01.015
Received 22 August 2019; Received in revised form 6 December 2019; Accepted 4 January 2020
⁎
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: M.hemmatesfe@semnan.ac.ir (M. Hemmat Esfe).
Solar Energy 199 (2020) 796–818
0038-092X/ © 2020 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of International Solar Energy Society.
T
Leong et al., 2016; Olia et al., 2019; Das et al., 2017; Sheremet et al.,
2018).
There is a fundamental difference between the performance of solar
collectors and photovoltaic systems. The main goal of solar collectors is
to temperature increase of target fluid. However, photovoltaic cells
have higher electrical outputs and efficiency at lower temperatures
(Abdelrazik et al., 2018).
If fluids, especially water, are used to cool the modulus, the contact
between the modulus and the fluid is through heat exchangers (Su
et al., 2018). When photovoltaic modules are combined with a thermal
unit, the temperature of target fluid in thermal unit will be increased. It
happens in condition that the fluid temperature is lower than tem-
perature provided by PV modulus (PVMs). As a result, a photovoltaic
thermal (PVT) system is formed that simultaneously generates thermal
and electrical energy and increases the EE of photovoltaic systems
(Tripanagnostopoulos, 2012). In the field of PVTs, studies have been
carried out as development history, investigation of electrical and
thermal performance, use of PCM, the effect of environmental variables
on the system and economic analysis and future goals (Özakın et al.,
2017; Al-Waeli et al., 2017; Guarracino et al., 2016; Browne et al.,
2015; Michael et al., 2015; Kumar et al., 2015; Browne et al., 2016;
Souliotis et al., 2018; Lamnatou and Chemisana, 2017; Pandey et al.,
2016; Tse et al., 2016). Solar radiation and temperature of panel are the
main effective parameters on the photovoltaic TE (Al-Waeli et al.,
2017). Also the type of working fluid is another important parameter in
determining the system efficiency. Nanofluids are one of the new age
working fluids with super improved thermal and rheological properties
and they acts as cooling filters (Yazdanifard et al., 2017). The review
articles published in the last three years on PVT are listed in Table 1.
According to Table 1, PVT systems have been reviewed from different
points of view, and the present work investigates PVT systems from
another perspective.
This review paper investigates the studies on photovoltaic thermal
(PVT) systems using fluids and nanofluids. The aim of this study is to
summarize a number of innovations on PVT and novelties in increase
their efficiency and maximum use of solar energy to reduce fossil fuel
consumption and to keep the environment more sustainable. In this
regard, the use of nanoparticles along with the base fluid has been more
widely discussed in separate categories. Fluid and nanofluid in PVTs
have been evaluated in single fluid flows, dual fluid flows (air-liquid),
phase change materials (PCM) and nanofluid flows.
2. Application of fluids in PVTs
The application of fluid in PVTs has been evaluated by study on
single fluid flow and dual fluid flow (air-liquid). This flow of fluid can
play a role in thermal consumption, but in the first stage, the goal is to
cool solar panels (PV). So far, many studies have been carried out on
various PVTs and there are several results that are the result of research
by scholars in the field. Several of these studies have been presented
below, due to the abundance of these studies, they are placed in the two
categories of single flow and dual flow.
2.1. Application of single fluid flow in PVT
The first idea of PVT systems have been a thermal flow of a single
fluid, usually air or water. Below are studies of a single fluid used in
these PVTs.
Sopian et al. (1996) analyzed single pass and two pass PV/T systems
for air heaters. Their results show that in single-pass systems, the heat
output is 24–28% and the combined efficiency is 25–30% however, in
two-pass systems, the thermal efficiency is 32–34% and the combined
efficiency is 40–45%. Therefore, the efficiency of two-pass PVTs is more
than single-pass systems. They also analyzed the excess pressure drop
charg in comparison to typical air heaters and stated that the preesure
drop in collector is not sensible in comparison to hole system pressure
drop.
Bambrook and Sproul (2012) examined the maximizing output en-
ergy of a PVT air system and found that an increase in air flow rates
could increase the electrical and TE of the system. Their studies also
provided an appropriate understanding of key design parameters such
as air mass flow rates, heat transfer resistance to ambient air and flow of
fluid inside the channel, and the dimensions of the air channel.
Slimani et al. (2017) studied an accurate electrical-thermal model of
three PV/T hybrid air collectors and a PVM. Their results showed that
the two rows of the air channel, which can be possible by placing the
glass on the cells cause higher efficiency than single-row air flow. Also,
the PVM reachs to its highest EE at maximum wind blow compare to
cooling rate. On the other hand, the glass coating addition has positive
effect on total energy efficiency of the system. They found that the sigle
pass system has lower efficiency in comparison to multi-passes.
Shah and Srinivasan (2018) examined a hybrid PV/T system to
improve its efficiency. They modeled the system using COMSOL soft-
ware. In this work, they used water as cooling fluid in the cooling
system and used copper pipes below the PV/T panel (Fig. 1) and in the
end it was concluded that the use of the cooling system would reduce
the temperature by about 30 degrees.
Senthilraja et al. (2019) investigated the photovoltaic thermal per-
formance based on the hydrogen generation system by constructing and
operating a solar water dividing system (Fig. 2). The results revealed
that all outputs of collector including the temperature, voltage and
power have direct mathematical relation with flow rate of the system
and also the temperature of PVM has reverse relation with flow rate. In
their study 33.8% and 8.5% reported as TE and EE of system.
Dupeyrat et al. (2014) evaluated the performance of the flat plate
PVT collector experimentally according to Fig. 3. Then the performance
of this hybrid collector was compared with standard solar systems (such
as solar thermal collector and PV panel) in TRANSYS software. The
Table 1
Summary of recent review papers published in the filed of photovoltaic/thermal systems.
Authors Year Type of review on PVT systems
Yazdanifard et al. (2017) 2017 Study on performance of nanofluid in PVT systems
Huide et al. (2017) 2017 study on three types of solar utilization technologies for buildings: Photovoltaic, solar thermal and hybrid photovoltaic/thermal systems
Al-Waeli et al. (2018) 2018 study on indoor/outdoor experiments of a photovoltaic thermal PV/T system containing SiC nanofluid as a coolant
Preet (2018) 2018 Study on application of water and PCM in PVT systems
Kasaeian et al. (2018) 2018 Study on PVT systems based on parabolic trough or fresnel collectors
Joshi and Dhoble (2018) 2018 Study on PVT systems from unconcentrated and concentrated solar radiation point of view
Yazdanifard and Ameri (2018) 2018 Exergy efficiency of PVT systems
Vaishak and Bhale (2019) 2019 Partnership of the PVT systems with the heat pump systems
Abbas et al. (2019) 2019 Study on impact of nanofluid on the performance enhancement of PVT systems
Jia et al. (2019) 2019 Summarize various research works on technologies like flat-plat PVT systems and concentrator type PVT systems
Tao et al. (2019) 2019 Review on the progress of PV-PCM systems and material selection of PCMs
Lamnatou et al. (2019) 2019 Study on building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) and building - integrated photovoltaic/thermal (BIPVT) systems
George et al. (2019) 2019 A review study on design, heat transfer and application concentrated PVTs
M. Hemmat Esfe, et al. Solar Energy 199 (2020) 796–818
797
results show that in the available limited space, the use of efficient PVT
collectors can be more beneficial than standard PV and solar heating
components, not only in terms of energy, but also with regard to exergy
and primary energy savings.
Tonui and Tripanagnostopoulos (2008) examined improvements in
the efficiency of single-phase PVT systems in the cases of with and
without glass and concluded that placing metal sheets in the middle of
the channel or installing a blade on the back wall of the channel could
improve the heat extraction process. They found the ambient tem-
perature has adverse effect on TE. Also they stated having an optimized
geometry for PVT systems will increase the total efficiency of the
system. For example they introduced the optimal depth of the channel
as improtant effective parameters on system efficiency.
Hosseini et al. (2011) investigated the integration of the photo-
voltaic system with the thermal system like Fig. 4 and found that the TE
during the operating period decreases with a rise in cell temperature.
They found that all types of efficiencies of combined systems are higher
than conventional systems. By controlling the panels temperature in an
optimum level the collected water at the bottom of the system can be
aapplied for heat exchanging goals.
Kim and Kim (2012) evaluated the experimental efficiency of two
non-glazed PVT heat exchangers along with a completely wet absorbent
and, showed that the PVT collector works better with a very wet ab-
sorbent to generate electricity while generating extra thermal energy It
is also stated that the EE of the PVT system with a wet absorbent plate is
2% higher than that of the simple photovoltaic systems. Therefore, the
electrical performance of PVT collector was improved by 15% in
compare with simple photovoltaic systems.
Nualboonrueng et al. (2012) conducted experiments on domestic PV
heat collectors. Their results showed that with the change in panel
material, the photovoltaic system with a multicrystal silicon panel has a
higher EE than a panel with amorphous material while both have si-
milar TE. The results also show that the average annual solar factor for
providing hot water is 0.45 per unit area of collector. According to the
results of this study, PVT technology is useful for supplying heat and
electricity for domestic applications in tropical areas.
Moharram et al. (2013) worked on getting optimized starting time
of cooling panels as a function of PV panels temperature. They found
maximum temperature of PV panels as the best starting time for cooling
system.
Jaiganesh and Duraiswamy (2013) experimentally examined the
efficiency of the PV panel along with the solar thermal system, where
the water passed through the copper pipes that had copper blades as a
cooling agent and absorbed the heat. This will ultimately bring the
system's EE from 10.95% to 11.65%. Studies have shown that the EE of
the PV panel along with the solar thermal system is higher than con-
ventional systems. Their results showed that when the sun's radiation
increases, the electrical output also increases with temperature. In ad-
dition, they found that the electrical performance of the panel also
depends on the temperature.
Fig. 1. PV/T system of Shah and Srinivasan (Shah and Srinivasan, 2018).
Fig. 2. PVT based on Hydrogen generation system (Senthilraja et al., 2019).
Fig. 3. Covered and un-covered PV/T in study of Dupeyrat et al. (2014).
M. Hemmat Esfe, et al. Solar Energy 199 (2020) 796–818
798
Mohsenzadeh and Hosseini (2015) investigated a photovoltaic/
thermal system with a combination of reflector, distributor, amplifier
and vacuum tube for generating electricity and hot water and found
that the thermal and electrical energy output of this system is higher
than that of with photovoltaic panels. They also showed that the cir-
culation of water inside the system would reduce the temperature of the
solar panel. Another remarkable point in their studies was that the
average TE for the PV/T system with reflector is calculated as 62.98%
and primary saving efficiency for PV/T collector with reflectors is
94.31%. The use of reflectors in PV panels with no cooling system is not
recommended.
Nižetić et al. (2016) examined the water spray cooling method
employed in a photovoltaic panel and its performance and, their results
showed that the use of this kind of cooling compared to the same state
has a 2% increase in average EE. They also found that the use of this
type of system would reduce the average panel temperature from 54 °C
to 24 °C. In addition, the effect of the water spray flow indicates an
approximately linear dependence on the efficiency of the electric panel.
Dubey et al. (2009) examined the exergy and energy analyzes of
PV/T air collectors in series and, found that the proposed system offers
better results in terms of thermal energy, electrical energy and exergy.
The functional characteristics of various samples from PV/T air, glass-
to-glass and glass-to-tedlar collectors in the cases of with channel and
without channel were studied theoretically and practically. Experi-
mental results also showed that the glass-to-glass module generates
higher electrical energy and maintains the temperature of the air higher
due to the transmission of sunlight into the closed area. The average
value of efficiency in modules with channel and without channel was
10.4% and 9.75%, respectively.
Brideau and Collins (2014) applied forced convection to the PVT
systems by using of a blow jet that resulted in absorption of 54% from
applied radiation energy and they stated using blow jets will increase
the rate of systeem productivity.
Ji et al. (2007) studied the sensitivity of a hybrid PVT of hot water
with natural circulation. Their experimental results showed that the
daily primary energy saving parameter could be increased to 65%, with
a PV cell factor of 0.83 used for this system. On the other hand, PV cell
coating factor improves overall system performance. They also showed
that PV/T systems are the best option for maximizing solar power
output.
Yang and Athienitis (2014) simulated a single-phase building in-
tegrated photovoltaic thermal (BIPIV) air system in an open-loop and
showed that the use of two air inlet increases the TE by 5% compared to
single air inlet. Also, by placing the vertical glazed collector, the TE
increases by about 8% and by adding wire mesh to the collector, the
efficiency increases to more than 10%.
Khelifa et al. (2016) simulated the cooling of PV cells using water
with ANSYS software that has galvanized steel adsorbents, and reduced
the temperature by 15–20%. In their studies, they also showed that the
photovoltaic panel's efficiency is temperature dependent and decreases
with increasing operating temperature.
Boubekri et al. (2009) examined the solution of energy equations in
FORTRAN by finite difference method for a system in which the water
channel was installed near the cells and, found that the EE was in-
versely related to the curvature angle of the plates and was directly
related to the flow rate. On the other hand, with increasing water flow
rate, the temperature of photovoltaic cells decreases and it increases the
maximum output power. On the other hand, the results show that the
use of suitable thermal conductivity materials increases the efficiency
of the PV/T system.
Tiwari and Sodha (2006) evaluated the performance of the solar
PV/T system experimentally and found that with the flow of water
below the PV cells, overall efficiency increases from 24% to 58%.
Tiwari et al. (2009) also did an exergy analysis on PVT system as water
heater. At constant conditions they showed an increase in TE with in-
creasing the flow rate. But collector temperature increment, lowers the
TE. Next to analyzing TE, they found and introduced an optimal flow
rate of 0.006 Kg/s to reach the maximum EE, but as stated before TE
had a permanent increase by increasing the flow rate.
Huang et al. (2001) evaluated the performance of solar thermal/
photovoltaic systems and found that in the single-phase PVT system,
with the increase in the temperature of photovoltaic panels, the EE of
the system is reduced. They also showed that the efficiency of a PV/T
collector can be improved, while the heat-collecting plate, the PV cells
and the glass cover are placed directly next to each other to form a
glazed collector. In addition, they stated that the cost of producing PV/
T collectors and the cost of the IPVTS system could also be reduced.
Fudholi et al. (2014) done a total performance study on a PV/T
system with a water collector. In their study they focused on the effect
of direct and spiral flow on various efficiencies of PVT system.
Yazdanifard et al. (2016) studied a water based PVT using numer-
ical method in two flow regimes (laminar and turbulent flows). They
also checked the glass-PVT and glass free PVT efficiency and discovered
the positive effect of using glasses in PVT systems. Also they performed
a study on the effect of tube numbers and diameters, length of the
collectors and radiation intensity on system efficiency. p
Özakin and Kaya (2019) investigated the PVT system with blades
added to the air cooling channel by studying the temperature and ve-
locity of air with ANSYS Fluent. They reported that using blades in air
cooling channels improves the TE between 55%-70%. Also the exegy
efficiency improved between 30%-70% by applying different blades
made of different materials. Also the panels surface temperature re-
duced after using blades in comparison to base and conventional PVT.
Fudholi et al. (2019) reported the results of a mixed experimental-
Fig. 4. Cross section configuration of a PV/T and thermal unit.
M. Hemmat Esfe, et al. Solar Energy 199 (2020) 796–818
799
Table 2
Summary of application of single-flow fluid in PVT.
Authors Geometry of study Type of
fluid
Highlights
Bambrook and Sproul (2012)
Air * The experimental PVT air system indicates the increase of
electrical and TE of PV with increasing the air mass flow
rate, with TE in the range of 28–55%, and EE of the PV
between 10.6% and 12.2%.
Slimani et al. (2017) Air * Comparative study was done between four solar device
configurations.
* The results show that if the wind velocity is higher than the
cooling velocity, the PVM will have the highest EE.
* The glazed double-pass PV/T air collector shows the best
monthly and annual energy output.
Tonui and Tripanagnostopoulos
(2008)
Air * The results show that thermal performance increases with
increasing channel output area
Tonui and Tripanagnostopoulos
(2007)
Water
and air
* The results indicate that the FIN system is much better than
two other collector configurations, and that overall
performance is higher in all cases, so it is suitable for PV/T
Air systems.
(continued on next page)
M. Hemmat Esfe, et al. Solar Energy 199 (2020) 796–818
800
Table 2 (continued)
Authors Geometry of study Type of
fluid
Highlights
Mohsenzadeh and Hosseini
(2015)
Hot
water
* A PVT panel with reflectors, vacuum tube asembled and
experimentally studied
* The EE of the final PV/T system with reflectors in
comparison to the simple PVM was in order of 11.9% which
is 1.1% more than that obtained for the simple PVM
* The average TE for the PV/T system with reflector is
calculated as 62.98% and the heat collected was on average
426 W/m
2
during period between 9 am and 5 pm.
* The primary saving efficiency for PV/T collector with
reflectors is 94.31% which is above the value for the
conventional solar thermal collector.
Nižetić et al. (2016)
Water
spray
* Water spray technique was implemented in PV system.
* The experimental results show that the maximum total gain
in output power equal to 16.3% (7.7% effective) and the
overall increase of 14.1% (efficiency of 5.9%) in the EE of
the PV panel is possible using the cooling method under solar
radiation conditions.
Dubey et al. (2009) Air * The temperature difference between room temperature and
ambient temperature in summer and winter is 6.5 °C and
2.8 °C respectively.
Brideau and Collins (2014) Air * It was also found that the modeling of the thermal mass of
the collector has a small effect on the results
(continued on next page)
M. Hemmat Esfe, et al. Solar Energy 199 (2020) 796–818
801
Table 2 (continued)
Authors Geometry of study Type of
fluid
Highlights
Ji et al. (2007)
Water * A flat-box aluminum-alloy photovoltaic and water-heating
system designed for natural circulation was constructed.
* The daily EE was about 10.15%, the characteristic daily TE
exceeded 45%, the characteristic daily total efficiency was
above 52%.
Yang and Athienitis (2014) Air * By adding wire mesh to the glazed collector, the efficiency
increases by about 10%.
Khelifa et al. (2016) Air * The efficiency of the photovoltaic panel is sensitive to the
operating temperature, and when the PV temperature rises,
the efficiency decreases
Tiwari and Sodha (2006) Water * The results indicate that there is a significant increase in
overall temperature utilization from 24% to 58% due to the
use of water flow.
Tiwari et al. (2009) Water * The results show that TE increases with increasing flow
rate and decreases with increasing temperature. The total
exergy and TE of this IPVTS system for maximum hot water
outlet flow rate of 0.006 kg/s is maximum.
Fudholi et al. (2014) Water * Porpused absorber produced a PVT efficiency of 68.4%, a
PV efficiency of 13.8% and a TE of 54.6%
* It also exhibited a primary energy-saving efficiency of
79–91% at mass flow rates ranging of 0.011–0.041 kg/s.
(continued on next page)
M. Hemmat Esfe, et al. Solar Energy 199 (2020) 796–818
802
theorical based study focusing on exergy and sustainability index of a
PVT air collector equipped with corrugated absorbent. Their experi-
mental and theorical results were close enough to each other. Based on
their results the mass flow rate from the system has reverse mathe-
matical relationship with sustainability index.
Amanlou et al. (2018) designed a air cooling equipped PVT system
to eliminate probable concentrated high temperature area. Based on
results their design improved the EE by about 20%. They used uniform
flow of air for cooling purpose.
Elminshawy et al. (2019) proposed a new method to improve the
performance of PVT panels by applying a geothermal cooled air to the
system with the aim of moderate the temperature from 55°C (without
cooling) to 42°C. Their new cooling system also improved the energy
consumption by 12%.
Table 2 summarizes the studies conducted on the use of single-fluid
flow (air or water) in PVT.
2.2. Application of dual fluid flow (air-liquid) in PVT
PVTs in their classical mode are equipped with single-phase fluid,
with the increasing studies in this field the idea of simultaneously using
two or more fluids such as water and air was presented in a system.
Some of these studies, which include the use of two fluid fluids si-
multaneously in the PVT system, have been presented in this section.
The efficiency of dual-fluid PVT systems was studied experimentally
and numerically by Jarimi et al. (2016). Experimental results show that
with increasing water flow rate while air flow rate is constant, TE rises
from 51.88% to 65.7% and energy savings compared with water
Table 2 (continued)
Authors Geometry of study Type of
fluid
Highlights
Yazdanifard et al. (2016)
Water * The results showed that energy efficiency in glazed PVT
system is higher than non-glazed
Özakin and Kaya (2019) Air * result of using the sparse and frequent fins compared to the
empty status, the exergy efficiency of the polycrystal and the
monocrystal panels is approximately increased by 70% and
30% respectively.
* The TE of their is approximately increased by 55% and
70% respectively.
* The air velocity of regions near fins is more slowly because
of the friction effect and the viscous forces, it is faster and
more laminar at the regions in the inlet-outlet of the air
channel and at regions in between of fins.
Wu et al. (2019) Air * Comparison Two design positions, cooling channels above
PV panel (case1) and below PV panel (case2), were
considered
* A maximum total exergy efficiency is obtained at the air
inlet temperature of 298.15 K for case1 system and 295.65 K
for case2 system.
* It is found that the effect of internal radiation in the cooling
channel on the system performance is greater for case1 in
comparison to case2.
* A maximum total exergy efficiency is obtained at the air
inlet temperature of 298.15 K for case1 system and 295.65 K
for case2 system.
Elminshawy et al. (2019) Air * the viability of a newly PV cooling system based on
integrating PV panel with a buried heat exchanger (BHE) has
been experimentally investigated.
* The accomplished experiments revealed that integrating
(BHE) to the PV panel is a promising active cooling system
that can effectively regulate the operating temperature and
consequently improve the PV electrical conversion efficiency
Han et al. (2019) Air *Thermal regulation of photovoltaic façade through passive
air channel provides a cost effective measure for improving
solar to electrical energy conversion efficiency.
*It is found that the maximum surface temperature reaches
57.1 °C for closed channel, 49.1 °C for opened channel.
M. Hemmat Esfe, et al.
Solar Energy 199 (2020) 796–818
803
collectors increase from 64.02% to 77.9%. Also, when the air flow rate
increases while the water flow rate is constant, TE increases from
51.88% to 66.12%, and energy savings will increase from 64.02% to
77.98%. They used MATLAB to simulate a two-dimensional extended
model in steady state. The air, air and water, and water fluids analyzed
simultaneously. It was observed that when the flow rate of one of the
two fluids increases, the TE of the other fluid decreases.
The simulation of the thermodynamic model of water and air fluids
in the PVT system was suggested by Da Silva and Fernandes, 2010),
which was carried out using the MATLAB simulator, where air channel
was placed near PV cells coated with glass and the water channel was
attached to the absorbent plate, and provides better performance than
two separate systems with identical areas. They also suggested using
noble gases or vacuum space to improve system efficiency.
Indartono et al. (2016) reviewed the improved PVT systems de-
signed based on heating of the two fluids that were water and air. They
simulated the thermal model using finite difference method and solved
the model by reversing the matrix and compared the performance of the
system with two fluids flow simultaneously or independently. They
calculated the electrical, thermal and combined efficiency by varying
the flow rate of air and water and it was concluded that when the two
fluids are flowing independently, the thermal and EE of the collector is
suitable, but if they flows at the same time, it has higher efficiency. The
equivalent TE has been estimated at optimal mass flow rate of 76%.
Su et al. (2016) examined the performance of two-channel PVT
systems for four different shapes of channels with three different height
ratios (upper to lower tube height) numerically using MATLAB soft-
ware. The results show that systems with two water channels have the
best electrical and TE. Also, in systems with water and air channels, the
water temperature has the maximum value in comparison to the other
three types. They analyzed and reported the amount of EE and overal
efficiecy under effect of flow rate and geometrical ratios.
Table 3 has provided a summary of studies on the use of dual-fluid
flow (air-water) in PVT.
In this section, all researchers who have studied the number of
cooling channels have concluded that increasing the number of chan-
nels leads to an increase in the TE of the PVT systems. By comparing the
results of the researchers, the EE of PVT systems is increased by water
spray cooling (Nižetić et al., 2016), water flow through copper finned
tubes(Jaiganesh and Duraiswamy, 2013), using reflector (Mohsenzadeh
and Hosseini, 2015), wet absorbent (Kim and Kim, 2012) and air flow
in the optimized diffuser (Amanlou et al., 2018) increased by 2%, 6%,
10%, 15% and 20%, respectively. Also, TE for the PVT system with
reflector (Mohsenzadeh and Hosseini, 2015), spiral flow (Fudholi et al.,
2014) and dual fluid flow (Jarimi et al., 2016) were estimated 62.98%,
54.6% and 66.12%, respectively.
The use of reflectors in PV panels with no cooling system is not
recommended as the panel temperature will rise further (Mohsenzadeh
and Hosseini, 2015).
3. Phase change materials (PCM) in PVT
Thermal energy could be reserved in different materials and phases.
In many cases thermal energy storages in a solid or liquid material
shows itself by increasing in materials temperature. On the other hand
in some other cases the thermal energy storage appears in the form of
changing the phase of that material for example from solid to liquid or
liquid to gas. The phase change materials store the energy in the second
mentioned form. They are known with the name of PCMs in abbre-
viated form. (Al-Waeli et al., 2018). PCMs have many applications in
different industries like in solar systems or water desalination systems.
Increasing the efficiency of solr systems by using of PCMs is reported in
literature (Sathe and Dhoble, 2017).
PVT systems equiipped with PCMs are unified systems from basic
PVT systems and a PCM source behind the solar panels. The main duty
of that PCM source is to remove excess heat from the panel and keep the
panel in constant optimal temperature (Fig. 5). In the first step the
trasferred heat from panel to PCMs forces the PCM temperatures to
increase. . When the PCM reaches the melting temperature, it absorbs
the latent heat and the phase changes and its temperature does not
change during this process and it only receives energy. It has been
observed that the temperature at which phase change takes place, and
the duration of this process depends on the mass and thermal con-
ductivity, as well as the characteristics of each element used to increase
PCM heat transfer (Al-Waeli et al., 2018).
Günther et al. (2009) also concluded from the dependence of the
phase-change matter on temperature that in the phase change stage
where the change does not occur in the material temperature, and only
the phase changes and it stores energy, the time and temperature of the
phase change completely depend on the mass and thermal conductivity
of the PCM.
The result obtained from the study of Preet et al. (2017) was that
they studied a single-phase water system with paraffin wax RT-30 used
as a phase-change material alongside the water channel to absorb water
heat and observed an increase of 230% in performance compared to the
conventional PVT system, as well as an increase of 300% compared to
the PV system.
Jay et al. (2010) presented the experimental configuration of 4
panels, where the panels 1 and 2 have been placed behind the phase
change materials at a melting point of 45 °C and 27 °C and the 3rd panel
was insulated from the back and the 4th panel was independent. For
different radiations in the range of 600 W to 1000 W, the EE improved
by 15-23%.
Hossain et al. (2019) provided an analysis on energy, exergy and
economic performance of the system while modifying the design of a
(PV/T-PCM) system sample shown in Fig. 6. By placing the uric acid as
PCM inside the aluminum foil envelopes, the foils were embedded
around the flow channel. This system was tested at a flow rate of 0.5 to
4 L per minute to obtain the best performance. The results showed that
the best collector TE of around 90% was obtained at the flow rate of 2 L
per minute and the highest EE of PV and PV/T-PCM was 9.88 and 11.08
percent respectively at the flow rate of 4 L per minute.
Al-Waeli et al. (2017) experimentally evaluated the use of nano-
fluids in PCM in PVT systems (Fig. 7) to reduce the temperature of
photovoltaic panels to improve the efficiency. In this experiment, par-
affin-PCM and SiC nanoparticles were used at peak time. They con-
cluded that the use of nanofluid in PCM increases the produced voltage
difference, the power output and TE by about twice.
Diallo et al. (2019) investigated the energy efficiency of a new Solar
PVT Heat Pipe System (PVT-LHP) using operator microchannels and
new thermal storage converter (PCM) as shown in Fig. 8. They con-
sidered the various environmental effects on PVT system performance. .
By comparing this system with conventional PVT-LHP system, it was
observed that lower solar radiation, lower air temperature, higher wind
velocity, higher packing factor, lower input temperature than cold
water and a smaller coating number resulted in increased EE, but it
reduces the TE of the module. It was also found that the increase in
solar radiation, ambient temperature, coating number, number of mi-
crochannel pipes and packing factor were favorable factors for the COP
(performance factor) of the system, while the increase in wind velocity
and cold water mass flow rate are undesirable factors on the perfor-
mance factor.
Fayaz et al. (2019) designed a heat collector while using PCM to
improve performance and improve heat transfer. They simulate the
system presented in Fig. 9 numerically using the COMSOL software and
experimentally analyze the system at the flow rate range of 0.5 to 3 L
per minute at 27 °C and a thermal radiation of 1000 W/m
2
. The results
showed that the highest EE in numerical and experimental analysis of
respectively 12.4% and 12.28% were obtained by using passive cooling.
The EE for the PVT-PCM system in numerical and experimental analysis
was 12.59 and 12.75%, respectively.
Fayaz et al. (2019) used aluminum material in PV and PVT-PCM
M. Hemmat Esfe, et al. Solar Energy 199 (2020) 796–818
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systems with the aim of improving heat transfer characteristics. Their
work is presented in Fig. 10 schematically. They examined the solar
radiation of 200 to 1000 W per square meter by numerical finite ele-
ment simulation with COMSOL software. The flow rate in this test was
constant at 0.5 L/min and the water inlet temperature was 32 °C. Based
on results EE for the PV system in the numerical and experimental
analysis was 13.72 and 13.56%, respectively, and 13.85 and 13.74% for
the PVT system, respectively. While these results for the PVT-PCM
system were 13.98 and 13.87%, respectively. Improvement of electrical
performance for PVT system in numerical and experimental analysis
was 6.2 and 4.8% for numerical and for PVT-PCM system in experi-
mental analysis was 7.2 and 7.6%, respectively.
Biwole et al. (2013) used the RT25 as PCM behind the photovoltaic
panel for their equipment set. The result was that the use of PCM retains
the panel temperature for a period of 80 min below 40°Celsius at
1000 W per square meter while for a PV system, the time to maintain
the panel temperature down is reduced to 5 min. The use of petroleum
jelly as a PCM in copper pipes installed below the photovoltaic panel for
cooling the panel, for which the EE of the system was improved 21.2%
compared to a simple photovoltaic system with EE of 7.3%, was re-
ported by Indartono et al. (2016).
Sardarabadi et al. (2017) tested a dual-phase flow of water with ZnO
particles along with PCM on their setup and showed that the system has
the highest system efficiency when using nanoparticles with phase-
change material.
Sharma et al. (2016) compared the central photovoltaic system with
the phase transition element RT42 as PCM by a centralized photovoltaic
system and reported a 5.6% increase in system output voltage with
Table 3
Summary of application of dual-fluid flow (air-water) in PVT.
Authors Geometry of study Highlights
Jarimi et al.
(2016)
* The efficiency of the device and energy saving in the case of two fluids is more than that used by a
single fluid, and air flow rate changes have a greater impact on the performance of the device.
Su et al. (2016) * Two-channel water systems have the best electrical and TE.
* Systems with water and air channels have a maximum water temperature.
Arcuri et al.
(2014)
* Various cooling systems with water and air flow in duct or tubes under the PV panels is investigated
to present the best cooling system.
*Implemented cooling system improves the efficency of conventional PV system about 5% every year.
Wu et al. (2018) * A 3D mathematical study on cooling system of PV/T.
* A cooling channel of water above the PV panel and convection flow of air above the water cooling
channel are considered.
* They reached to the 13.8% exergy efficiency as optimum value. At this efficiency the mass flow rate
and cooling channel height is 0.003 kg/s and 5 mm, respectively.
Pang et al. (2019) * A PV/T water collector was investigated with a copper-aluminum collector, bonding on the
backside of a monocrystalline silicon PVmodule.
* All the measurements were conducted in door with air conditioning system at 25.
* Moreover, the power decay drop was below 20%, and the electrical energy reached to 261.9 Wh at
0.15 kg/s mass flow rate, but the TE was below than 50%
Idoko et al. (2018) * The experiment was conducted on two solar panels of 250 W each of them. Both modules mounted
at a height of 37 cm to create room for air cooling, with the application of water cooling at the surface
of one of the PVMs to reduce the surface temperature to 20.
* Efficiency was increased above 3%, hence the PVM and the power output were enhanced using the
multi-concept cooling technique.
Fig. 5. PCM in PV/T systems (Al-Waeli et al., 2018).
M. Hemmat Esfe, et al. Solar Energy 199 (2020) 796–818
805
7.7% increase in EE when using CPV-PCM. Also, Stritih (2016) reported
the increase of 2.8% of EE in PV-PCM compared to CPV using RT28HC
as PCM.
Cellura et al. (2008) analyzed the PV-PCM system using the
COMSOL MULTIPHYSICS software with a simple PV system for phase
change material of paraffin wax at three melting temperatures of 26,
28, and 31 °C in coupled mode and, reported that the PV-PCM system
had a 22 °C reduction in temperature compared to a simple PV system.
Aelenei et al. (2014) performed the mathematical modeling of the
BIPVT system (Integrated Building PVT) using the Matlab Simulink si-
mulator and acid palmitic as PCM and compared it with experimental
results, stating that there is a difference of 3.5–4 °C between the
numerical and the experimental results, and reported a total efficiency
of 20%.
Kazemian et al. (2019) used the numerical finite volume method
and examined the behavior of PVT_PCM system using Ansys Fluent 16.2
software and reported that an increase in the mass flow of the coolant
stream would reduce the melting percentage of PCM. The surface
temperature of the PVT_PCM system is also lower than the PVT and
increasing the conduction coefficient results in an increase in the
electrical and TE of the PVT-PCM system.
Ho et al. (2013) simulated the CFD of the BIPV_PCM system
(Fig. 11), which used an water-saturated microcapsule phase-change
material (melting point = 26 °C) and aspect ratio between 0.277 and 1
Fig. 6. Geometry of PV/T-PCM system (Hossain et al., 2019).
Fig. 7. Nano PV/T-PCM system (Al-Waeli et al., 2017).
M. Hemmat Esfe, et al. Solar Energy 199 (2020) 796–818
806
using the numerical simulation and, eventually reported that the use of
MEPCM technology reduced the panel's temperature by 1.8°and in-
creased electrical performance by 2.1% compared to the PV-PCM
system.
Simulation by Ho et al. (2016) is conducted on two microcapsulated
phase change materials behind and embedded behind the photovoltaic
panel and floated on the surface of the water (Fig. 12). The melting
point characteristics of two layers of PCM were 26 °C and 30 °C . They
analyzed different thicknesses of PCM layers on overal efficiency of PVT
system and reported the optimized combinations of PCM layers. De-
signed new PVT systems had between 1.48%-2.03% improvement in
efficiency in comparison to typical ones.
Table 4 has provided a summary of studies on the use of phase
change materials in PVT.
PVT-PCM systems increase of 15–23% in EE compared to the PV
panel (Jay et al., 2010; Biwole et al., 2013), and enhancement of EE
with phase change material cooling in compare with single and dual
fluid cooling is greater (Fayaz et al., 2019). PV-MEPCM technology
increased electrical performance by 2.1% compared to the PV-PCM
system (Ho et al., 2013).
TE of PVT-PCM systems for different types of phase change mate-
rials of uric acid (Hossain et al., 2019), capric acid (Yang et al., 2018)
Fig. 8. PCM-PV/T heat pipe system (Diallo et al., 2019).
Fig. 9. Heat collector with PCM (Fayaz et al., 2019).
M. Hemmat Esfe, et al. Solar Energy 199 (2020) 796–818
807
and nanofluid / nano-PCM (Organic Paraffin wax as PCM and SiC as
nanoparticle) (Al-Waeli et al., 2019) were calculated 90%, 69.84% and
72%, respectively. The use of nanofluid in PCM increases the produced
voltage difference, the power output and TE by about twice (Özakin
and Kaya, 2019).
4. Application of nanofluids in PVTs
Considering the remarkable thermophysical properties of
nanofluids, several work has been done about using innovative method
in solar systems, especially solar collectors. Increasing fluid con-
ductivity is one way to improve the performance of PVT systems, so
many researchers have investigated nanofluid thermal conductivity
(Hemmat Esfe et al., 2018; Hemmat Esfe et al., 2018; Omrani et al.,
2019; Safaei et al., 2019; Hemmat Esfe and Hajmohammad, 2017; Esfe
et al., 2017; Zendehboudi and Saidur, 2019; Oster et al., 2019; Abbasi,
2019; Hemmat Esfe, 2018; Hemmat Esfe et al., 2018; Ramezanizadeh
et al., 2019; Hemmat Esfe et al., 2017; Alirezaie et al., 2018;
Fig. 10. PV and PVT-PCM (Fayaz et al., 2019).
Gs(t)
Uo, Tinf,o
Ui, Tinf,i
Fig.11. MEPCM in PV panels.
M. Hemmat Esfe, et al. Solar Energy 199 (2020) 796–818
808
Harikrishnan et al., 2019; Hemmat Esfe et al., 2016; Hemmat Esfe et al.,
2017). In recent years, the use of nanofluids in PVTs has been con-
sidered to reach considerable improvement in the thermal conductivity
coefficient of the operating fluid. In the following, the results obtained
by some researchers on the use of nanofluids in a PVT cooling system
have been presented.
Yazdanifard et al. (2017) in 2017 studied the effect of nanofluid in
PVT systems as a cooling or optical filter and for different nanoparticles
and different base fluid, the system's performance has been improved
for two modes of laminar and turbulent flow. The results of this study
have shown that the addition of nanoparticles improves system per-
formance and in the case of the turbulent flow this improvement is
higher. It has also been shown that the higher the diameter of the na-
noparticles, the greater the energy and exergy flow for the turbulent
state, while this behavior is the opposite in the laminar flow. In addi-
tion, the use of aluminum oxide in the nanofluid improves the perfor-
mance of the system more than the use of titanium and also water-based
nanofluids have more energy and more exergy than other base fluid.
Karami and Rahimi (2014)used water and ALOOH nanofluids to
cool photovoltaic panels. This study has used direct and spiral channels
and nanofluid with a weight percent of 0.1% for the cooling of pho-
tovoltaic cells. temperature of PV cells in the direct channel decreased
by 39.7% and in the spiral channel by 53.7%. Improvement of EE in
direct and spiral channels was 20.55% and 37.67%, respectively.
Karami and Rahimi (2014) focused on using microchannels for
cooling purposes in PV systems. Also they used enriched water by na-
noparticles as working fluid in PV system. One of their important results
was temperature reduction of the panel from 62.29 °C to about 32.5 °C.
Also 0.01 wt% was the best weight fraction of nanofluid to reach
highest EE.
Sardarabadi et al. (2014)showed that the use of silica/water nano-
fluid in sheets and tubes of the PVT system caused the cell temperature
to cool down relative to the purified water state as well as the energy of
the device has increased in the case of using nanofluid. They empha-
sised the significant effect of weight fraction of nanoparticles available
in working fluid on TE and EE.
Sardarabadi and Passandideh-Fard (2016) used the nanofluids of
TiO2/water and Al2O3/water, ZnO/water in PVT sheets and tubes and
also have conducted numerical simulations for different volume frac-
tion of nanoparticles. Their results showed that TiO2/water and ZnO/
water nanofluids had better electrical performance than Al2O3/water,
while ZnO/water shows the best thermal performance amongst all.
Both numerical and experimental results showed that the use of metal
nanoparticles in water had a greater effect on thermal performance.
Rejeb et al. (2016) analyzed the effect of dispersing various nano-
particles in various conventional basefluids in three different zones in
different countries. They found that adding nanoparticles to water is
more efficient than adding nanoparticles to EG. Between all tested
nanofluids, combination of Cu nanoparticles with water prepared the
highest efficiency for PVT system.
Moradgholi et al. (2018) investigated the two-phase flow of me-
thanol with Al2O3 in an array of thermosiphon in the PVT system called
TPCTs and reported that in experimental conditions, the system re-
ported the panel temperature of 14.52 °C lower and power generation
1.42 W more than PV system. Also, the results of this study have shown
that the use of nanofluids significantly increases the electrical and
thermal performance of PVT systems.
Ghadiri et al. (2015) studied Fe3O4 nanoparticles inside the water-
based fluid in the PVT system sheet and tube and, it has been tested in 3
states subjected to constant, alternating magnetic field, and in the ab-
sence of magnetic field. Based on results putting Fe3O4 nanoparticles in
alternating magnetic field has more positive effect on TE and EE in
comparison to applying constant magnetic field and the other mode.
Michael and Iniyan (2015) applied combnination of Cu nano-
particles and water in a PVT system equipped with and without glass.
Their work improved the TE and reduced the EE. They used heat ex-
changer next to PVT system to improve the reduced EE.
Al-Shamani et al. (2016) investigated the effect of adding oxide and
non-oxide nanoparticles to the pure water as working fluid of PVT
system. Between all nanofluids the SiC nanoparticles had the best effect
on overall efficiency of system. overall efficiency of 81.73% reported
for using combination of SiC and water in PVT system as hihghest
performance percent. The TiO2/water and SiO2/water reported as next
ranks.
An et al. (2016a, 2016b) have used Cu9S5/oleylamine and poly-
pyrrole nanofluids as optical filters in a CPVT system of the Fresnel lens.
Also, they studied water channels behind PV cells to reduce the tem-
perature of the plates and showed that the use of nano-fluid in the
optical filter improves system efficiency and the increase in nanofluid
concentration improves overall and EE, unlike the heat efficiency that is
reduced. In addition, the use of a glass cover increases the TE and re-
duces EE.
Jing et al. (2015) used SiO
2
nanoparticles of varying sizes of 5 to
50 nm in the PVT system in a numerical study. It was concluded that
h amb (t), T amb(t)
T sky (t)
Gs (t)
h water (t), T water(t)
Fig. 12. Combined Microecapsulated PCM layers in PV panels.
M. Hemmat Esfe, et al. Solar Energy 199 (2020) 796–818
809
Table 4
Summary of application of phase change materials in PVT.
Authors Geometry of study Type of PCM Highlights
Sarafraz et al.
(2019)
MWCNT-Paraffin * It is filled with multi-walled carbon nanotube-paraffin phase change
material and the cooling pipes containing MWCNT/W-EG nanofluid were
passed through the PCM.
* It was identified that a MWCNT/W-EG50 nano-suspension at 0.2 wt%
can represent the highest thermal and electrical performance of
292.1 W/m2.
Abdollahi and
Rahimi (2020)
Composed oil and
nano-composed oil
* A new photovoltaic module passive cooling system that works with
natural cooling water circulation. The heat was removed from cooling
water by a PCM-based cooling system.
* The highest increase in the maximum produced power relative to the
reference case were obtained in the presence of nano -composed oil,
which were 44.74, 46.63, 48.23% at the radiation intensities of 410, 530,
690 W/m2, respectively.
Al-Waeli et al.
(2018)
Paraffin wax / nano-
SiC
*Three various types of cooling were proposed: tank filled with water
and water flows through the cooling pipes, tank filled with PCM and
water flows through the cooling pipes, and tank filled with PCM/nano-
SiC and nanofluid (water-SiC) flows through the cooling pipes.
* It was found that nano-PCM and nanofluid improved the electrical
current from 3.69 A to 4.04, and the EE from 8.07% to 13.32%,
compared with conventional PV.
Yang et al. (2018) Capric acid * Experimental comparison of PV/T-PCM system with PV/T system
* TE of PV/T and PV/T-PCM systems were 58.35% and 69.84%.
* Solar electrical efficiencies of the PV/T and PV/T-PCM systems were
6.98% and 8.16%
Salem et al. (2019) Al
2
O
3
/ Calcium
chloride hexahydrate
* Experimental study on the cooling of PVM by employing water and/or
Al
2
O
3
/PCM mixture with different nanoparticles mass concentrations
from 0 to 1% and mass fluxes of the cooling water from 0 to 5.31 kg/s·m
2
through straight aluminium channels beneath the PV panel.
* The effect of the occupation ratio of the Al
2
O
3
/PCM in the channels
from 0 (100% water) to 100% (0% water) is also examined.
* Compared with all studied cooling techniques parameters, it is
observed that the compound technique; Al
2
O
3
(
= 1%)/PCM mixture
(λPCM = 25%) + 75% water (5.31 kg/s·m2) achieves the highest PV
performance.
(continued on next page)
M. Hemmat Esfe, et al. Solar Energy 199 (2020) 796–818
810
nanoparticles of 5 nm in size and 2% volumetric concentration were
optimized with a mass flow rate of 0.015 m/s, which produces 7% more
electrical energy than pure water. Increasing the thermal conductivity
in the optimal system is 20%.
Radwan et al. (2016) applied Al
2
O
3
and SiC nanoparticles with
water to their geometry which developed a new cooling method on low-
concentrated photovoltaic-thermal systems. The results of this study
indicate that solar cell temperatures have had a significant reduction,
especially at high concentrations of nanofluid. Based on their results the
use of nanoparticles in pure water improved the EE of solar cell. Also
they stated increasing solid volume fraction has direct relation with
electrical power and inverse relation with electrical power.
Lelea et al. (2015) numerically studied the Al2O3/Water nanofluid
to cool the PV microchannels which were similar to CPVT under the
laminar regime. Both studies show that the use of nanofluids reduces PV
cell temperature relative to water, especially at lower Reynolds, and
also the volume fraction is also an effective parameter in system per-
formance.
Sharaf and Orhan (2016) examined the CPVT model, which in-
cluded multiple connections from PV cells, thermoelectric generators,
and mini-channel removers with Al2O3/water and Al2O3/synthetic
oils as cooling material. According to their results, the use of Al2O3/
synthetic oil nanofluid is more harmful than water and Al2O3/water in
terms of heat and hydraulic properties.
Khanjari et al. (2016) used aluminium oxid and silver nanoparticles
in water and applied prepared nanofluid as enriched fluid for PVT
system. Based on their results addig nanoparticles has sensible effect on
overall energy and exery efficiency.
The results obtained by Mittal et al. (2013) defined new nanofluids
acts as PV cells coolers that reduced PV panels temperatures. They
analyzed Ag and Cu nanoparticles as additives and Ag nanoparticles
played better role in comparison to Cu nanoparticles. As stated before,
improving the overall TE of the systemwas the aim their experimental
study.
Saroha et al. (2015) introduced nanofluids combinations for cooling
and optical purposes in PVT systems. They did experiments on effect of
Ag and Au nanoparticles and selected Ag nanoparticles as the best ad-
ditives for enriching conventional fluids used in PVT systems.
Hassani et al. (2016) in the following of Zhao et al. (2011) study,
worked on using two rows packed channels and also two separate
channels unit for cooling and optical goals in PV panels. They con-
cluded applying separate Pv cells is more efficient than the two row
packed ones. Also they reported using nanoparticles in cooling mate-
rials will improve the overall efficiency by 4.5% and 5.8%.
Also Hassani et al. (2016) in another study compared three types of
PVT systems that were the conventional ones with working fluid of
water, the new age ones with using nanofluids as working fluid con-
taining CNTs. The third one was a separate PVT system (Tiwari and
Sodha, 2006). The last separate PVT systems used various nanoparticles
for cooling and optical channels of PVT system. CNTs for making na-
nofluids as cooling channel working fluid and Ag nanoparticles for
making nanofluids for optical filter channel. The highest performance
was for the separate PVT system (the third system).
Purohit et al. (2018) conducted a numerical study on heat transfer
of a photovoltaic panel (PV/T) with the working fluid of Alumina and
water. Next to studying the effect of Reynolds number, Power of
pumping nanofluid was another studied parameter. 25.2% improve-
ment in performance of the photovoltaic cycle was observed after using
nanofluids compared with the basic system (In a constant Reynolds
number). But on the other hand if compare the nanofluid based PV/T
with the conventional one in an equal pumping power, the performance
of the new proposed PV/T decremented to 13.8% compared with the
traditional versions.
Rukman et al. (2019) performed an experimental study on the effect
of TiO
2
and MWCNT on the performance of PV/T systems. Based on
their investigations lowest temperature of the system was recorded in
the time of using TiO
2
in concentration of 1% that was 1.80 °C and
2.01 °C. Also Razali et al. (2019) done a comprehensive review on
Table 4 (continued)
Authors Geometry of study Type of PCM Highlights
Darkwa et al.
(2019)
n-Octadecane * this research investigated the concept of an integrated thermoelectric
PCM system to enhance the PV efficiency.
* The results showed that despite the insulation effect of the PCM layer,
the integrated PV/TEG/PCM system was able to achieve about 9.5%
power output more than the other two systems during the initial 1.5 h
period.
* In general, the study has shown some level of potential in the concept
of integrated PV/TEG/PCM power system but recognises the limitations
of current commercial TEGs as power conversion devices
Al-Waeli et al.
(2019)
paraffin wax * Assessment of the technical & economic viability of a PVT system
* The proposed PVT systems EE improved from 7.1% to 13.7% and TE
was 72%.
* The cost of energy is 0.125 USD/kWh and annual capacity factor is
22.03%
Al-Waeli et al.
(2019)
Nano-PCM
Organic Paraffin wax
as PCM
SiC as nanoparticle
* A mathematical model was proposed for the new nanofluid/nano-PCM
PVT system
* The experimental and mathematical model results show that electrical
andTE are 13.7%, 13.2% and 72%, 71.3% respectively.
M. Hemmat Esfe, et al.
Solar Energy 199 (2020) 796–818
811
Table 5
Summary of application of nanofluid in PVT.
Authors Geometry of study Type of fluid Highlights
Karami and Rahimi
(2014)
AlOOH_xH2O * The cooling performance of the nanofluid is better
than water and further reduces the temperature of the
cell.
* The highest EE in the spiral channel has been greater.
* Power-hydraulics performance of the spiral channel
has been more than the simple channel.
Sardarabadi et al. (2014) SiO
2
water
* By adding a heat collector to a PV system, the total
exergy for three pure water, silica-water 1 wt% nano-
fluid and silica-water 3 wt% nano-fluid increased by
19.36%, 22.61% and 24.31%, respectively.
Sardarabadi and
Passandideh-Fard
(2016)
(Al
2
O
3
), (TiO
2
),
(ZnO)
water
* Water and TiO2 and ZnO nanofluids produced better
electrical performance.
* Water and ZnO nanofluids have a better thermal
performance than other nanofluids.
Al-Shamani et al. (2016)
water/air
SiO
2
, TiO
2
and
SiC
* SiC / water nanofluid leads to the highest overall
performance.
* Using the nanofluid, the temperature of the
photovoltaic module, the thermal and electrical energy
generated has increased.
An et al. (2016b)
Polypyrrole * The use of nano-fluid in the optical filter improves
system performance.
* An increase in nanofluid concentration improves
overall and EE but decreases TE.
* Using the glass cover increases TE and reduces EE.
(continued on next page)
M. Hemmat Esfe, et al. Solar Energy 199 (2020) 796–818
812
Table 5 (continued)
Authors Geometry of study Type of fluid Highlights
Khanjari et al. (2016)
pure water
Ag-water
Alumina-water
* The increase of efficiency and heat transfer
coefficient increases with increasing nanoparticle
volume.
* The maximum percentage of increase in the heat
transfer coefficient was associated for silver and water
nanofluid.
* Ag / water nano-fluid will further affect the energy of
the system and the efficiency of the exergy.
Radwan et al. (2016) Al
2
O
3
and SiC
water
* SiC nanofluid has improved the solar cell cooling
more.
* The use of nanofluid, especially at high
concentrations of nanofluid and low Reynolds, has a
higher EE compared to ordinary fluids.
Saroha et al. (2015)
Ag-water Cu-
water
* Nanofluids are an efficient agent for both optical
filter and cooling.
* The Ag/Water nanofluid, compared to Cu / water,
reaches a higher thermal, electrical and overall
efficiency.
Aberoumand et al.
(2018)
Ag/Water * In this research By using 4 wt% nanofluid (with
turbulent flow) the power output of the panel increased
by35 % and10 % compared to when no cooling and
water cooling were applied respectively ; and the
exergy efficiency was also determined to be 50% and
30% higher than when no cooling and water cooling
were used, respectively.
Abdallah et al. (2019) MWCNT/Water * adding Nano Particles to the base fluid caused the
thermal properties to have a significant increment
leading the PV/T system to have a better thermal and
EE.
* The best system efficiencies were obtained at 0.075%
V of MWCNTs – water based Nanofluid. At this
concentration, a temperature reduction of 12 °C for the
PV panel was attained at maximum incident radiation
leading to an overall system efficiency of 83.26%. Also,
an average temperature reduction of 10.3 °C was
achieved over the daytime leading to an overall
efficiency of 61.23%.
Al-Waeli et al. (2018) – * The assessment results show that the GCPVT system
has annual yield factor, CF, the cost of energy; payback
period, and efficiency are (128.34–183.75) kWh/kWp,
(17.82–25.52)%, 0.196 USD/kWh, 7–8 years and 9.1%,
respectively.
* This study indicates that the GCPVT system with
nanofluid improved the PV technical and economic
performance
(continued on next page)
M. Hemmat Esfe, et al. Solar Energy 199 (2020) 796–818
813
effects of using nanofluids on performance of PV/Ts based on previous
experimental and numerical studies.
Bianco et al. (2018) examined using of Al
2
O
3
/water in PV/T systems
to test its performance. Based on their results for using of 0–6% con-
centration of Al
2
O
3
nanoparticles in working fluid, a 3 and 5 degrees
reduction in temperature of wall was investigated. This temperature
reduction could improve the performance of PV/T system.
In year of 2018, Al-Waeli et al. (2019) were another research group
with the aim of investigating the effect of using nanofluids in perfor-
mance of PVTs. They tested three types of nanofluids to select the best
one for PV/T systems. They examined combinations of nano-
SiC + water, nano-SiC + water (containing 35% ethylene glycol) and
SiC + water (containing 35% propylene glycol). The thermal con-
ductivity of three mentioned combinations was close to each other but
Table 5 (continued)
Authors Geometry of study Type of fluid Highlights
Al-Waeli et al. (2019)
SiC/Water * Three cooling models were compared using nanofluid
(SiC‐water) and nano‐ PCM to improve the
performance and productivity of the PV/T system.
* The best neural prediction models deployed in this
study resulted in good R2 score of 0.81 and MSE of
0.0361 and RMSE and RMSE rate is 0.371.
Hjerrild et al. (2018) Ag-SiO2/glycerol * By using 4 wt% nanofluid (with turbulent flow) the
power output of the panel increased by 35% and 10%
compared to when no cooling and water cooling were
applied respectively; and the exergy efficiency was also
determined to be 50% and 30% higher than when no
cooling and water cooling were used, respectively.
* using nanofluids for cooling of the PV/T system can
enhance both the energy and exergy efficiencies of the
system significantly
Al-Waeli et al. (2017) Al
2
O
3,
CuO, SiC/
Water
*Three different nanoparticles were used as working
fluids additives
* The SiC had best stability and highest thermal
conductivity compared others.
*Using nanofluids reduced the indoor temperature of
PV/T system and improved its performance.
Ni et al. (2018)
– * Researchers studied the effect of using cell waste heat
collection in solar system and compared that with the
conventional models without cell waste heat collection
system.
* They studied the impact of concentration ratio, the
outlet temperature of cell cooling channel and the
outlet temperature of heat exchanger on heat-to
electricity ratio, the TE and the overall efficiency of
system.
*The heat-to-electricity ratio mainly depends on the
available optical window of nanofluid.
* Also they concluded using nanofluid based PV/T
systems is always higher than that of the conventional
hybrid system, no matter with or without cell waste
heat collection.
Du et al., (2019) Plasmonic
nanofluid
* Du et al. proposed using hybrid PV/T system based on
plasmonic nanofluids and silica aerogel glazing.
*They used exergy analysis to compare the proposed
PV/T with the conventional PV/Ts.
*The results showed 13.3% improve in efficiency of
new system compared with traditional ones.
M. Hemmat Esfe, et al.
Solar Energy 199 (2020) 796–818
814
solutions containing Glycol were more stable than others and so more
applicable for PV/T systems.
Table 5 summarizes the studies carried out in the field of application
of nanofluid in PVT.
It was observed that the temperature of PV cells by cooling of water
and ALOOH as nanofluid in the direct channel decreased by 39.7% and
in the spiral channel by 53.7% (Karami and Rahimi, 2014).
The use of nanofluids as cooling PVT systems in direct channels
(Karami and Rahimi, 2014), spiral channels (Karami and Rahimi, 2014)
and microchannels (Karami and Rahimi, 2014) increased the EE by
20.55%, 37.67% and 27%, respectively.
The nanofluid of SiC/water provides the highest overall efficiency of
81.73% and the EE of 13.52%, these values were obtained at the mass
flow rate of 0.170 kg/s (Al-Shamani et al., 2016).
5. Conclusion
Today, due to global problems such as global warming, rising oil
and gas prices, and the prediction of ending nonrenewable energies, the
use of clean solar energy and proper utilization has been attracted many
researchers mind. On the other hand, the desire to consider the en-
vironmental aspects and the availability of the energy source have led
to research into photovoltaic-thermal hybrid systems (PVTs). The pur-
pose of using integrated PVT systems is to improve the EE of photo-
voltaic systems resulting from heating these cells at high temperatures
and cooling them using a heat loss absorption by the solar collector. In
this paper, a review of the results of the application of fluid and na-
nofluid in photovoltaic-thermal hybrid systems is considered, con-
sidering different geometries and different fluids. A summary of the
results on PVT systems is as follow:
•The EE of PVT systems is increased by water spray cooling, water
flow through copper finned tubes, using reflector, wet absorbent and
air flow in the optimized diffuser increased by 2%, 6%, 10%, 15%
and 20%, respectively.
•PVT-PCM systems increase of 15–23% in EE compared to the PV
panel, and enhancement of EE with phase change material cooling
in compare with single and dual fluid cooling is greater.
•The use of nanofluids as cooling PVT systems in direct channels,
spiral channels and microchannels increased the EE by 20.55%,
37.67% and 27%, respectively.
•PV-MEPCM technology increased electrical performance by 2.1%
compared to the PV-PCM system.
•The EE and TE of the PVT system with the microcapsulated phase
change material (MPCM) is always higher compared to the pure PVT
or PV system.
•Both electrical and TE increase with decreasing MPCM melting
temperature.
•Applying glass cover on PVM and absorbent plates on thermal in-
sulation will improves the energy efficiency of PVT systems.
•The TE for the PVT system with reflector, spiral flow and dual fluid
flow were estimated 62.98%, 54.6% and 66.12%, respectively.
•TE of PVT-PCM systems for different types of phase change mate-
rials of uric acid, capric acid and nanofluid / nano-PCM (Organic
Paraffin wax as PCM and SiC as nanoparticle) were calculated 90%,
69.84% and 72%, respectively.
•The use of reflectors in PV panels with no cooling system is not
recommended as the panel temperature will rise further.
•Number of channels has direct relation with TE of a PVT system.
•Thermal performance increases with increasing channel output
area.
•The larger the diameter of the nanoparticles, the greater the energy
and exergy flow for the turbulent state, while this behavior is the
opposite for the laminar flow.
•The use of nanofluid in PCM increases the produced voltage dif-
ference, the power output and TE by about twice.
6. Future works
Some suggestions are:
•Studies have shown that microcapsule technology results are more
efficient than conventional PVT systems, but few studies have been
performed to date.
•Two technology of nanofluid and microcapsule can also be con-
sidered in a single PVT system.
•Valuable studies of the optimization of geometry and other para-
meters affecting the electrical and thermal efficiency of the PVT
system need to be undertaken.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial
interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influ-
ence the work reported in this paper.
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