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Wireless Billboard Channels: Vehicle and Infrastructural Support for Advertisement, Discovery, and Association of UCWW Services
Abstract
This paper describes wireless billboard channels (WBCs)
used for advertisement, discovery, and association (ADA) of
wireless and mobile services in future fourth-generation
wireless world (4GWW) and next-generation wireless networks,
and in ubiquitous consumer wireless world
(UCWW) business environments. A WBC service discovery
model is proposed along with a format and ASN.1 encoding
for service description (SD). Categorization of services is
provided and service templates elaborated. Steps are taken
to determine the best format of the data on the WBC channel
and the best technology to allow mobile terminals to
access the channel. Critical review and comparison of possible
WBC carrier technologies is given.
... Furthermore, efficient heuristic algorithms must be investigated to facilitate service utilization predictions locally on the mobile devices or as part of the UCWW cloud as an alternative to mining the stored data. The option of this UCWW cloud collaboration with wireless billboard channel (WBC) service providers (Flynn, 2006) holds potential. Through it, consumers may have their UCWW cloud distilled information, relevant to their particular (or upcoming) location and time, delivered to them in a personalized frame through an appropriate WBC. ...
This paper describes the design and development of a novel cloud-based system for increased service contextualization in future wireless networks. The principal objective is the support of mobile users (consumers) in a Ubiquitous Consumer Wireless World (UCWW) seeking to choose and select the ‘best’ service instance in a UCWW environment matched to their dynamic contextualized and personalized service delivery requirements and expectations, thereby increasing user freedom in where, when and how they access desired services, and increasing user-driven networking. The design challenges to create such a cloud-based system with an ever-enhanced capacity to be attuned to a user-client’s dynamic contexts, and do this for all its users, are addressed, and software infrastructural design solutions suggested. The cloud idea proposed here is one which should yield efficiencies and saving for consumers, operate as an additional ‘behind-the-scenes’ decision support subsystem to make smart decisions based on mining of the most up-to-date data stored in the cloud repositories related to service contexts and personalized profiles. Rather than the use of known efficient heuristic methods employed with large and complex data structures, together with associated algorithms solving the combinatorial optimization problems, an alternative method, proposed here for making predictions, is to discover patterns in the behaviour of the individual clientconsumer, to bring into play, in the decision process, patterns and trends of other client-consumers seeking the same or similar services, and also the constant update of the user’s wireless environment context through information garnered from other sources, such as wireless access service provider updates, teleservice provider updates, and data sensed by the sensors in the environment. Indentifying and addressing the need as directly as this is a novel approach towards providing context-aware personalized services. It is particularly novel, and desirable, in the UCWW context. Hence, this consumer supportive smart repository solution may appropriately be called a UCWW cloud. The paper sets out an infrastructural design of this cloud, ordered within a conceptual UCWW software architecture, together with its various elements, e.g., decision support subsystem and mobile network environment elements of personalized information retrieval (PIR).
This paper proposes an out-band cognitive pilot channel (CPC) solution for cognitive radio systems and networks. The solution exploits wireless billboard channel (WBC) technology which was originated to play a key role in a ubiquitous consumer wireless world (UCWW) environment [1, 2]. The paper shows how the WBC technology and variety of potential WBC downlink platforms match the requirements of the CPC scheme, with their main goal of enabling the transfer to mobile terminals (MTs) of available knowledge of the wireless operational and geographical environment, established policies and internal state of any usable and accessible ‘cognitive spectrum’. The paper sets out the three-layer WBC/CPC system architecture, with specific emphasis on the top service layer and the CPC ‘service descriptions’, and includes also details on the link and physical layers for a ‘WBC/CPC over DVB-H’ platform.
This paper describes the design and implementation of a digital video broadcasting – handheld (DVB-H)
physical-layer testbed simulator. The objective is to simulate the broadcasting of service advertisements’ over the newly
defined wireless billboard channels (WBCs). Initial performance evaluation results obtained from the testbed are
provided and discussed.
A terrestrial digital multimedia broadcasting (TDMB)
testbed for simulation of data broadcasting in wireless
billboard channels (WBCs) is proposed in this paper. All
transmission modes described in the standard have been
implemented and tested as regards their applicability/
appropriateness for the establishment and operation of WBCs.
The digital video broadcasting to handhelds (DVBH)
is one of the proposed broadcast platforms for the wireless billboard
channels (WBCs) which carry wireless communication service
advertisements to mobile terminals (MTs). Advertisements,
structurally encoded into ‘service descriptions’ are organised into
IP packets for transmission using a IP datacasting technique
(IPDC) carried by high-order forward error correction (FEC)
multi-protocol encapsulation (MPE) logical link control (LLC)
protocol designed for improved reliable communication over
DVB-H mobile channels which are subject to dispersive Rayleigh
fading conditions. The IP packet error rate and overhead
efficiency are the two main QoS measures for the performance of
WBC over DVB-H. Increasing the IP packet length increases the
overhead efficiency, but at the same time decreases the reliability
due to the increased error probability.
This paper describes the design and
implementation of a new consumer product, namely a generic
intelligent iWBC client application. This application sits on a
mobile terminal (MT) and operates in the background in
support of the mobile consumer-user becoming fully aware of
all relevant wireless services available in the location of the
MT and which are advertised according to a structured
format over wireless billboard channels (WBCs) which are
broadcasted and receivable in the same location. The WBCs’
role primarily is to facilitate wireless access networks
advertising their wireless communication access services to
consumers, on their MTs and do this in a background neartransparent
way. Information about available services is
proactively pushed to users’ MTs. The MTs can thus discover
the services and all the necessary details about these service
offerings sufficient to make informed ‘always best connected
and best served’ (ABC&S) decisions about using them,
including knowing how to associate with the access networks
to obtain these services in the best possible way through an
advertisement, discovery and association (ADA) procedure.
Other teleservice providers can also advertise their service
offerings via WBC and have them handled by this iWBC
application in a similar way. Hence this novel iWBC
application amounts to a significant advance in consumer-driven
ABC&S capabilities and services.
This paper proposes an architecture and protocol infrastructure for a novel consumer-oriented incoming call connection (ICC)
service. In the ubiquitous consumer wireless world (UCWW) this service is one of the core services requiring new infrastructural
solutions for its realisation. The solution proposed here, besides realising the service, will offer mobile users greater
flexibility and management control over incoming calls, enable users to receive incoming calls via multiple access networks/providers
through a single identity, enable user-driven, seamless, network-transparent hot access network change (HAC), largely end
roaming charges and create a new wireless networking business opportunity among other benefits. The main components and interfaces
of the ICC service architecture and infrastructure are described, and protocol candidates are suggested. A generic consumer-oriented
ICC service scenario is elaborated theoretically, implemented and experimentally verified for voice over IP (VoIP) connections
in a testbed environment which includes network-transparent HAC. Two distinct ICC operational modes are identified and compared
in respect of relative signaling latency and processing resources for a number of key functions such as session setup and
release, and HAC.
This paper presents a novel cross-layer decoding method to improve the efficiency of the error protection at the link layer of wireless billboard channels (WBCs) when these are established my means of the digital video broadcast - handheld (DVB-H) carrier technology. Based on the DVB-T standard, the DVB-H itself supports high data rate IP datacasting (IPDC) in dispersive broadcasting channels and enables low power consumption of portable mobile terminals (MTs) running in a robust mode. The error protection of the DVB-H link layer is based on a Reed-Solomon forward error correction coding scheme combined with an IP packet level cyclic redundancy check scheme. Targeted primarily at the digital video broadcasting error protection, however, the redundancy allowed in the DVB-H standard is not sufficient for the WBC service advertisements datacasting. To achieve reliable broadcasting in WBC, a smart cross-layer algorithm that interacts with the service layer's advertisements delivery protocol is proposed in this paper. With this new efficient solution, the `WBC over DVB-H' system is able to operate in a flexible and more reliable way, which requires no changes in the DVB-H standard.
Wireless billboard channels (WBCs) are fundamental to the consumer-centric business model (CBM) of the new emerging ubiquitous consumer wireless world (UCWW). They were introduced as instruments to facilitate service advertisement, discovery and association (ADA). A WBC three-layer model, a set of efficient algorithms and a software testbed for WBC over digital video broadcast - handheld (DVB-H), is set out in this paper. With the proposed end-to-end novel solution, the service advertisements can be broadcast on WBC in an efficient and intelligent way.
The wireless billboard channels (WBCs) are integral part of the ubiquitous consumer wireless world (UCWW) - the wireless next generation network (NGN) proposal. The WBCs are used by the service providers (xSPs) for broadcasting advertisements of their services to the mobile terminals (MTs) so that the mobile users (MUs) may discover and associate with the best service following a user-driven dasiaalways best connected and best servedpsila paradigm (ABC&S). In this paper, a 3-layer model, a number of efficient algorithms and a software testbed for WBCs based on the digital video broadcast - handheld standard (DVB-H), are set out.
The dissemination of numerous information broadcast services, gives rise to the scalability issue in wireless networks. Previous researchers have shown that the push-based data broadcast mechanism is efficient in reducing message traffic. However, most research efforts are dedicated to the dissemination of static information contents. In practice, information broadcast services can produce and deliver dynamic information contents. To efficiently convey the dynamic data, we device, in this paper, an adaptive information dissemination mechanism by exploiting the functionality of data broadcasting, to support the dissemination of static and dynamic information services simultaneously. In our design, both static and dynamic information services are subsumed as service groups, i.e. the building blocks with the uniform representation of structure and group popularity and, thus, the conventional scenario becomes a special case of our framework. Furthermore, in order to tolerate the broadcast traffic dynamics, we design an online load-based slot allocation and feedback control technique to deal with the adaptation of the service group classification, bandwidth allocation, and broadcast schedule so as to avoid performance degradation. It is shown by the experimental study that the proposed adaptive information dissemination mechanism associated with the online loan-based feedback control is able to achieve a substantial reduction of message traffic for dynamic dissemination in wireless networks.
This paper puts forward views on evolving wireless networks
and how that evolution may be directed for the benefit
of the consumer and other stakeholders. Always best
connected (ABC) is the paradigm many see as defining the
evolution of the next or fourth generation (4G) networks. It
is argued that an infrastructural rethink on the way authentication,
authorization, and accounting (AAA) service is
supplied is key to this evolution. At a high level this may be
described as a business plan for the supply of wireless services,
especially with the wireless access service component
being founded on a consumer-based structure rather than a
subscriber-based structure. The consumer-based structure
consists in enabling a loose dynamic (even casual) consumer-
type association between users and access network
providers (ANP). To support this, a pivotal role is proposed
for a third-party AAA service supplier. The approach will
necessitate the creation of other new support services.
Included among these is a global standardized approach
toward ANP service advertisement, discovery, and association
through newly defined wireless billboard channels
(WBC) and incoming caller connection service. Ways this
approach will more positively drive wireless communications
into its fourth generation with attractive benefits for all
stakeholders alike are detailed. It is hypothesized also that
this infrastructure can be a foundation for ad hoc networking
business plan development. Anovel wireless credit card
system is among the new services that this consumer-based
business model and network infrastructure could spawn.
We consider wireless broadcasting of data as a way of disseminating information to a massive number of users. Organizing and accessing information on wireless communication channels is different from the problem of organizing and accessing data on the disk. We describe two methods, (1,m) Indexing and Distributed Indexing, for organizing and accessing broadcast data. We demonstrate that the proposed algorithms lead to significant improvement of battery life, while retaining a low access time.
Organizing massive amount of information on communication channels is a new challenge to the data management and telecommunication communities. In this paper, we consider wireless data broadcasting as a way of disseminating information to a massive number of battery powered palmtops. We show that different physical requirements of the wireless digital medium make the problem of organizing wireless broadcast data different from data organization on the disk. We demonstrate that providing index or hashing based access to the data transmitted over wireless is very important for extending battery life and can result in very significant improvement in battery utilization. We describe two methods (Hashing and Flexible Indexing) for organizing and accessing broadcast data in such a way that two basic parameters: tuning time, which affects battery life, and access time (waiting time for data) are minimized.
We consider the application of high volume information dissemination in broadcast based mobile environments. Since current mobile units accessing broadcast information have limited battery capacity, the problemof quick and energy-efficient access to data becomes particularly relevant as the number and sizes of information units increases. We propose several randomized and Huffman-encoding based indexing schemes that are sensitive to data popularity patterns to structure data transmission on the wireless medium, so that the average energy consumption of mobile units and data access time are minimized while trying to access desired data. We then propose an algorithm for PCS units to tune into desired data independent of the actual transmission scheme being used. We also empirically study the proposed schemes and propose different transmission modes for the base station to dynamically adapt to changes in the number of data files to be broadcasted, the available bandwidth and the accuracy of data popularity patterns.
Broadcasting is an essential paradigm to transport data and support scalability in the wireless environment. Traditional index-based broadcast schemes take advantage of tree structures for saving energy but they record too much index information to make the broadcast cycle short. On the other hand, the hash scheme may suffer from longer broadcast cycles and data collision problems, resulting in longer access and tuning time. In this paper we propose a novel broadcast scheme, named predictive indexing, which allows mobile clients to access data by predicting data locations in the broadcast cycle. The new scheme not only has very compact structure, but also is flexible enough to allow the server to adjust the index structure for saving energy or reducing access time. Experimental studies show that it outperforms the tree-based schemes 2.5 times in energy saving, while maintaining roughly the same access time. It also outperforms the flexible indexing 70% and the hash scheme 80% in energy consumption.
This paper presents an accessing and allocation scheme for a
Global Pilot and Download Channel (GPDCH) on which all broadcast,
signalling messages and downloading of re-configuration data are
conducted between the base station and mobile software terminals. The
performance of this proposed scheme is investigated by means of computer
simulation to estimate the delay in the registration and downloading
processes when a software terminal reconfigures itself over-the-air to a
new air interface standard. Different downloading scenarios are also
identified and analysed
A new push-and-pull hybrid data broadcast scheme is proposed for
providing wireless information services to three types of clients,
general, pull and priority clients. Only pull and priority clients have
the back channel for sending requests to the broadcast server. There is
no scalability problem with the hybrid scheme because the amount of pull
and priority clients is very small. Based on the requests collected from
pull and priority clients, the server estimates the interest pattern
changes of the whole client population. Then the broadcast schedule on
the push channel for the next broadcast cycle is adjusted. Besides the
push channel, a small amount of broadcast bandwidth is allocated to a
pull channel. The data to be broadcast on the pull channel is decided by
the server in real-time and priority is given to requests from priority
clients. Simulations show that with a time-varying client interest
pattern, the average data access time for all three types of clients can
be minimized. Because of the priority in using the pull channel,
priority clients can achieve the lowest access time and pull clients can
achieve a lower access time than general clients. To further improve the
performance, the hybrid scheme with local client cache is also
investigated
Advances in telecommunications have enabled the deployment of
broadcast-based wide-area information services that provide on-demand
data access to very large client populations. In order to effectively
utilize a broadcast medium for such a service, it is necessary to have
efficient, on-line scheduling algorithms that can balance individual and
overall performance and can scale in terms of data set sizes, client
populations, and broadcast bandwidth. In this study we introduce a
parameterized algorithm that provides good performance across all of
these criteria and can be tuned to emphasize either average or worst
case waiting time. Unlike previous work on low overhead scheduling, the
algorithm is not based on estimates of the access probabilities of
items, but rather, it makes scheduling decisions based on the current
queue state, allowing it to easily adapt to changes in the intensity and
distribution of the workload. We examine the performance of the
algorithm using a simulation model
In a wireless environment, information is broadcast on communication channels to clients using powerful, battery-operated palmtops. To conserve the usage of energy, the information to be broadcast must be organized so that the client can selectively tune in at the desirable portion of the broadcast. Most of the existing work focus on uniform broadcast. However very often, a small amount of information is more frequently accessed by a large number of clients while the remainder are less in demand. This nonuniform access pattern poses several new issues. In this paper we examine these issues and look at how a nonuniform broadcast can be organized for selective tuning by the clients. We propose several new indexing schemes to facilitate selective tuning. A performance study is conducted to study and demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed schemes