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2nd International Conference on Engineering Technology and their Applications 2019-IICET2019- Islamic University,
Alnajaf-Iraq
978-1-7281-4105-3/19/$31.00 ©2019 IEEE 79
Hybrid Network Coding and Cooperative
Communication in WBAN
Abstract— Combining the cooperative communications and
network coding allows the relay to assistance other nodes while
serving its own data concurrently. In this paper, we propose a
novel Two Master Nodes – Cooperative Network Coding (TMN-
CNC) protocol under the log-normal shadowing channel model,
for the wireless body area network (WBAN). The design
objective of the TMN-CNC is to increase transmission
probability. The numerical results show that the TMN-CNC can
enhance network performance compared to direct transmission.
Keywords— WBANs; cooperative communication; network
coding; reliability.
I. INTRODUCTION
WBAN is communication networks of a sensor placed on,
inside, or around the human body, which demonstrate a
modern paradigm of personal area network (PAN) and
present few challenges for application. The sensor in WBAN
is tiny and implanted with small batteries compared to
devices in the conventional wireless sensors network (WSN).
A small batteries make a constraint on the energy consumed
by sensors in sensing, processing, storing and delivering the
data that directly affect the overall energy efficiency,
throughput and average delay of the WBAN [1] [2][3][4].
Reliability is the key factor of the WBAN performance,
which is direct, affect the energy, quality of service (QoS),
etc., where, in this paper, the reliability is donated by
successful transmission probability.
Diversity methods (DM) is a technique to combat the
effect of the fading of the wireless medium; where DM could
achieve via either equipped sensors with several antennas or
by utilizing cooperative communication [5][6].
In [7], the authors analyzed and investigated the
performance of multiple-hop WBANs that were based on the
IEEE 802.15.6 standard. Authors have analyzed the
performance of multiple-hop WBANs which include
multiple sensor nodes and have many hops according to the
transmit power, the distance between the sensors, and
between sensor nodes and the coordinator. The proposed
technique showed that the performance of multi-hops can
improve reliability and save more power compared to the
star-topology scenario.
In [8], the authors developed multi-relay Ultra-Wideband
(UWB)-based BAN system. Theoretical and simulation
based on IEEE 802.15.6 with CM3 channel model were
analyzed and discussed. The work generally focused on
studying of Amplify-and-Forward (AF) and Decode-and-
Forward (DF) relaying and direct transmission for BAN
communication in the 3.1–10.6 GHz UWB band.
In [9], authors proposed a new cooperative routing
protocol which is cooperative routing, promising better data
rate through selecting nodes to cooperative at each hop based
on the shortest path route algorithm. In each hop and every
relay(s) uses -AF- technique.
In [10],authors proposed proactive relay selection for both
on-body and in-body WBANs. The results show that three
relays incremental cooperative communication system
performed better in terms of packet error rate (PER).
However, in conventional cooperative communication, a
relay node serves its own data and other node data separately,
which required two-time slots. Such a behavior is not
encouraged in a WBAN, especially under a heavy traffic
scenario. A relay node can participate in cooperation and
serving its own traffic by using network coding.
In this work, we have proposed a Two Master Nodes –
Cooperative Network Coding (TMN-CNC) protocol based
on IEEE 802.156 CSMA policy. Where utilizing two master
nodes instead of a single master node could achieve a
reduction in the number of retransmissions that is usually
happening in the traditional cooperative communication. In
addition, we include network coding into the proposed
protocol which allows the sensor to participate in cooperation
while serving its own data. We show that the proposed
method can enhance the system performance compared to the
direct transmission.
The rest of the paper is organized as follows: the system
model and architecture of TMN-CNC protocol, and it is
described are presented in SectionII. Section III describes and
investigates the outage and successful transmission
probabilities of TMN-CNC in detail. Analysis and numerical
results are addressed in Section IV. Finally, Section V draws
the conclusion and future work.
II. SYSTEM MODEL AND ARCHITECTURE
Figure 1 depicted the paradigm of the WBAN. Where
numerous sensor nodes homogeneously distributed over the
body for monitoring health status and every of the sensors
send vital signals to the master node (MN). In a WBAN
system that is based on the one-hop star topology, all of the
sensor nodes transmit the gathered information (signals) to
the MN. Then, MN, transmits what received from the sensor
to the local processing unit (LPU), where LPU either analysis
the received data, or f0rward the data over the internet to
h0spital or d0ctors.
Ahmed Alkhayyat
Department of computer technical
engineering, technical engineering college
The Islamic University , 54001 Najaf, Iraq
Ahmedalkhayyat85@gmail.com
Mahmoud Shuker Mahmoud
Department of computer technical
engineering, Al-Mansour University
College, Baghdad, Iraq
mahmoud_shuker@muc.edu.iq
2nd International Conference on Engineering Technology and their Applications 2019-IICET2019- Islamic University,
Alnajaf-Iraq
80
Fig. 1: WBAN Network Architecture.
In this paper, it is assumed to double masters – slave
paradigm. Where one of the masters' nodes attached to the
body such as the node carried around the belt named denoted
as MN1 and the second master node is functions as monitor
and capable of receiving signals from the sensor same as
MN1 and it is denoted as MN2. Due to body mobility, the
distances between the sensor and both MNs are variable.
Where, might some sensor nodes have short distance to the
MN2 or short distance to MN1. Therefore, may some sensor
nodes have good channel quality toward to MN2 compared
to MN1 and vice versa. For this reason, we proposed two
master nodes topology because the path between sensor
nodes and master nodes are uncorrelated. Consequently, the
proposed topology is moving the complexity from sensor
nodes because the master nodes are not a major problem of
WBAN as they expected to have more processing resources
and power. The proposed architectures have shown in the fig.
2. To this end, the communication model in the IEEE
802.15.6 WBAN standard of this paper work in two phases.
At first phase the sensor nodes send the data packet to the
MN1 and MN2, then at the second phase, the MN1 sends the
data packet to the monitor node which is MN2 in the case
MN2 does not received data packet correctly at first phase.
The question that needs to be considered is how the MNs
interconnect with each other. The answer is, we assume the
MN1 is equipped with two transmitters and receivers, where
one of the transceivers is utilized to communicate with
sensors and second transceiver utilized to communicate with
MN2. Therefore, there is no need to leave time for the transfer
to MN1 which significantly decreases the active time of a
node.
First phase
Second phase
Last phase
MN1
MN2
Sensor x generate
packet A
Sensor y generate
packet B
Fig. 2: A proposed protocol scenario.
III. ANALYSIS OF TWO MASTER NODES – COOPERATIVE
NETWORK CODING PROTOCOL
Link, successful transmission probability and outage
probability between nodes utilizing a log-normal channel
model is described in this section. The received power at node
due to transmission from the node can be expressed as:
In which is reference distance, is the path-loss
exponent. The power received at node due to transmission
of the node with distance between them acc0rding to the
log-normal channel m0del is given as:
In this work, we normalize variables as: first, let denoted
the maximum distance where the area mean power is
equal to
, which is defined as minimum power
that the receiver can tolerate, is the path loss [11].
Consequently, by dividing powers by P and using (), the log-
normal channel model is given as:
Where
is the normalized distance and
is the normalized power. It is shown that
the logarithm of normalized power has a normal distribution
with the mean
and the variance
which is the
variance of. The pr0bability of successful reception at
node due to transmission of node is given as:
2nd International Conference on Engineering Technology and their Applications 2019-IICET2019- Islamic University,
Alnajaf-Iraq
81
This yield to
Where is complementary
error function,
and
.
According to the previous derivation, the successful
transmission probability of TMN-CNC protocol is analyzed.
We have two potential relay nodes, the MN1 and one of the
available sensor node such as Y node. Let ,
, , , and , represent
the successful transmission probability of the sensor X -to-
MN2 (X − MN2), sensor X-to-relay (X – MN1), sensor Y-to-
MN2 (Y − MN2), sensor X -to- sensor Y (X-Y), and MN1 -
MN2 (MN1 - MN2) links, respectively. Therefore, the
successful transmission probability of the proposed protocol
is given as
In (6) the first term refers to the event when the X-MN2
link is not in the outage (X-MN2 link is considered a direct
transmission). However, the second term refers to the event
when the X-MN2 link is in the outage, but the X-Y and Y-
MN2 links are not in the outage, and the third term refers to
the event when the X-MN2, X-Y links are in the outage but
X-MN1 and MN1-MN2 links are not in the outage. Then,
inserting (5) in (6), we obtain:
where (7) represent the successful transmission
probability (SUC) of the TMN-CNC
IV. PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
In this section, we compare the TMN-CNC with direct
transmission using IEEE 802.15.6 CSMA.
Figure 3, shows the comparison of successful transmission
probability of the direct transmission, iCCC and TMN-CNC
protocol for difference normalized distances with different
values of. In the case of, the SUC is one at a
normalized distance not greater than 1. In the case of
, the SUC is varied, which is decrease at short distances
and rises at large distances this is because signal fluctuati0ns
become m0re at. The new method shows better
SUC at a short and large distance over the direct transmission.
For the small refer as fluctuations of the signal power and
large values of refer as highest power variations.
Fig. 3: Probability of successful transmission in the log-normal
shadowing model. The path loss is 4.
V. CONCLUSION
In this paper, we have proposed a novel cooperative
communication aware network coding protocol with two
master nodes based on IEEE 802.15.6 CSMA policy under
the log-normal shadowing channel model, namely TMN-
CNC, for WBAN. By introducing TMN-CNC, the
advantages of both network coding and cooperative
communication can be exploited. In addition, with the
purpose of two master node topology, we have increased the
probability of successful transmission and involved the
master nodes instead of sensor nodes in the retransmission
process. We have demonstrated that the TMN-CNC can
substantially enhance the successful transmission compared
to direct transmission IEEE 802.15.6 CSMA.
In future work, we will analyse the proposed protocol in
underlay approach cognitive cooperative communication.
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