Magnus Hörnqvist Colliander

Chalmers University of Technology · Department of Physics

As the dimensions of interconnects in integrated circuits continue to shrink, an urgent need arises to understand the physical mechanism associated with electromigration. Using x-ray nanodiffraction, we analyzed the stresses in Blech-structured pure Cu lines subjected to different electromigration conditions. The results suggest that the measured r...

The use of hard X-ray transmission nano- and microdiffraction to performin situ stress and strain measurements during deformation has recently been demonstrated and used to investigate many thin film systems. Here a newly commissioned sample environment based on a commercially available nanoindenter is presented, which is available at the NanoMAX b...

Forging on an industrial scale often involves slow, size-limited cooling rates or high temperature hold times between, or after, deformation. This enables the dynamic recrystallization (DRX) initiated during forging to further progress under static conditions, a phenomenon called meta-dynamic recrystallization (mDRX). As mDRX will influence the fin...

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect on high temperature of mechanical properties of adding Al2O3 particles to polycrystalline Mo(Si,Al)2. Mo(Si,Al)2-Al2O3 composites, containing 0–25 wt% Al2O3 particles have been compression tested at 1300 °C, and the microstructure after deformation was studied using electron backscatter diffractio...

Mo(Si,Al) 2 with different yttrium (Y) additions (up to 2 at.%) was synthesised by dry powder mixing followed by compaction and sintering. In as-sintered materials, Y was present as yttrium aluminium garnet. The materials were exposed in air at 1500 °C for up to 250 h to study the effect of Y on oxidation behaviour. The oxides formed were investiga...

Polycrystalline Mo(Si,Al) with C40 crystal structure was deformed in compression with a strain rate of 10−4 s−1 at 1300 °C. The specimens were deformed to a strain of 10%–15% and showed maximum stresses around 150 MPa prior to pronounced softening. No crack formation or significant increase in porosity could be observed. Post-test microstructure an...

The load redistribution between and within phases in eutectic high entropy alloy AlCoCrFeNi2.1 was measured using in-situ neutron diffraction during tensile deformation at 973 K. The load partitioning between phases is reversed compared to lower temperatures, with L12 becoming the stronger phase. The evolution of the orientation-specific stresses a...

In alloys where carbides are the main grain boundary phase, the role of carbides during hot working is not known. Here, we address the effect of grain boundary carbides on the dynamic recrystallization during hot compression of Ni-base superalloy Haynes 282. When excluding variations from experimental factors neither stress evolution nor final micr...

Dynamical diffraction effects in thin single crystals produce highly monochromatic parallel x-ray beams with a mutual separation of a few microns and a time delay of a few femtoseconds—the so-called echoes. This ultrafast diffraction effect is used at X-Ray Free Electron Lasers in self-seeding schemes to improve beam monochromaticity. Here, we pres...

Cyclic micro-bending tests on fcc single crystal Ni-base Alloy 718 cantilevers with different crystal orientations were performed to analyze the influence of activated slip systems on dislocation plasticity, latent hardening and the Bauschinger effect. The investigations indicate that plasticity in single crystal micro-cantilevers is significantly...

Carbon fibre electrodes can enable a solid-state battery to carry mechanical load as normal construction materials. The multifunctionality is promising for most lightweight applications. Like all electrode materials, both volume and elastic moduli of the carbon fibre electrodes change during battery cycling. Such changes jeopardize the mechanical i...

Background The trend in miniaturisation of structural components and continuous development of more advanced crystal plasticity models point towards the need for understanding cyclic properties of engineering materials at the microscale. Though the technology of focused ion beam milling enables the preparation of micron-sized samples for mechanical...

In-situ neutron diffraction was performed during tensile deformation of Ni-base superalloy, Haynes 282, at 20, 100 and 300 K. Two distinct uni-modal microstructures with fine (20 nm) and coarse (200 nm) γ′ particles were investigated. On the macro-scale yield strength increased and ductility decreased with decreasing temperature, although most sign...

This study presents a unique melting strategy in electron beam-powder bed fusion of Alloy 718 to tailor the grain morphology from the typical columnar to equiaxed morphology. For this transition, a specific combination of certain process parameters, including low scanning speeds (400–800 mm/s), wide line offsets (300–500 μm) and a high number of li...

Eutectic high entropy alloys are gaining increasing attention due to their excellent castability and combination of strength and ductility in the as-cast state. However, the detailed behavior of the nano-scale lamellar microstructure during deformation, and in particular the interaction between the phases, is not well understood. Here we use in-sit...

Studying cleavage properties of protective oxide scales is imperative to understand their fracture behaviour, since transgranular fracture is observed in many cases. The small thickness and polycrystalline structure of such scales makes it difficult to identify active cleavage planes directly from mechanical testing. To resolve this issue for Cr2O3...

Thermomechanical processes, such as forging, are important steps during manufacturing of superalloy components. The microstructural development during processing, which controls the final component properties, is complex and depends on e.g., applied strain, strain rate and temperature. In this study, we investigate the effect of process parameters...

Anisotropic 1-site and 2-site self-consistent models are developed to describe the elastic-viscoplastic behavior of polycrystalline materials deformed to finite strains on the basis of rate-dependent crystallographic slip and a generalized Hill-Hutchinson self-consistent approach. The choice of rate-dependent constitutive law at single crystal leve...

Dynamical diffraction effects in single crystals produce highly monochromatic parallel X-ray beams with a mutual separation of a few micrometer and a time-delay of a few fs -the so-called echoes. This ultrafast diffraction effect is used at X-ray Free Electron Lasers in self-seeding schemes to improve beam monochromaticity. Here, we present a coher...

Cooling-induced precipitation of the strengthening γ’ phase is commonly investigated in Ni-base superalloys with a high γ’ volume fraction, where it is used to control the final microstructure and properties. Less is known about the phase separation in low-volume-fraction alloys during cooling, although the microstructural state after cooling from...

Precipitation of grain boundary carbides in a mill-annealed Haynes 282 in the temperature range 650 °C to 1120 °C was investigated. The kinetics of M23C6 was significantly faster than that of M6C. With increasing aging temperature, the morphology changes from continuous film to an interconnected brick wall structure and finally to discrete particle...

Whereas microstructure evolution in adiabatic shear bands have been thoroughly studied, reports on the stability of hardening precipitates during shear localisation are scarce. We report an atomic scale investigation of solute distribution in adiabatic shear bands in a precipitation strengthened Ni–Fe-based superalloy, showing that the hardening pa...

Alloy 718 is a nickel-based superalloy that is widely used as a structural material for high-temperature applications. One concern that arises when Alloy 718 is manufactured using powder bed fusion (PBF) is that residual stresses appear due to the high thermal gradients. These residual stresses can be detrimental as they can degrade mechanical prop...

Electron beam freeform fabrication is a wire feed direct energy deposition additive manufacturing process, where the vacuum condition ensures excellent shielding against the atmosphere and enables processing of highly reactive materials. In this work, this technique is applied for the α + β-titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V to determine suitable process par...

Titanium-based alloys are susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement (HE), a phenomenon that deteriorates fatigue properties. Ti-6Al-4V is the most widely used titanium alloy and the effect of hydrogen embrittlement on fatigue crack growth (FCG) was investigated by carrying out crack propagation tests in air and high-pressure H2 environment. The FCG tes...

Ni-base superalloys are critical materials for numerous demanding applications in the energy and aerospace sectors. Their complex chemistry and microstructure require detailed understanding of the operating deformation mechanisms and interaction between the matrix and the hardening phase during plastic deformation. Here we use in-situ neutron diffr...

Native protective oxide scales offer resistance against corrosion for high temperature materials, which often work in extreme conditions of varying mechanical and thermal loads. The integrity of such layers is of critical importance, since their damage can lead to significant reduction in material life. Mechanical data such as fracture strain and e...

Optimally, hard protective coatings should effectively absorb impact energy to reduce the likelihood of failure events. In this work, an arc-PVD approach was utilised for the deposition of thick ceramic multilayer AlCrTiN/CrN-based coatings containing a distribution of metallic nickel inclusions throughout sequential CrN-based interlayers. The aim...

In this work, the mechanical behavior of the austempered ductile iron (ADI) JS/1050-6 was investigated, with particular attention to the strain rate effects on the material ductility. Tensile tests at different strain rates (up to 10³ s–1) and temperatures (ranging from 213 to 343 K) were performed. Samples with different geometries, smooth and rou...

In the present work, a hybrid micro macro-approach was adopted to investigate the material behavior of the A5XXX-O object of the Benchmark 3 of Numisheet2018. Starting from the provided uniaxial stress-strain curve and in house microstructure measurements, a mean field approach, by using the VPSC7c code, was used to perform numerical experiments in...

We propose a new geometry for focused ion beam milled micro-cantilevers, which allows production of residual stress-free, isolated thin film specimens from film-substrate systems. This geometry was used to demonstrate the presence of permanent deformation in about 200 nm thick thermally grown oxide scales on a Ni-base superalloy, after applying lar...

By additive manufacturing (AM) there is a feasibility of producing near net shape components in basically one step from 3D CAD model to final product. The interest for AM is high and during the past decade a lot of research has been carried out in order to understand the influence from process parameters on the microstructure and furthermore on the...

It is an overview poster of my PhD project

The present paper summarizes experimental work to identify the mechanisms of dwell-time cracking during service operation of polycrystalline nickel-base superalloys, such as Alloy 718 and AD730. By means of crack growth monitoring during various kinds of cyclic loading in vacuum and in air using the potential drop technique, it was shown that the c...

The introduction of welded assemblies in aerospace components aid in weight reduction, but also lead to an increased risk of defects. It is therefore important to analyze the high temperature crack growth resistance of such welds. The results from high temperature cyclic and dwell-fatigue testing of surface flawed Alloy 718 welds are presented here...

The effect of microstructure on the strain localisation behaviour during dynamic shear deformation of Ni-Fe-base superalloy Alloy 718 was investigated by a combination of experiments and numerical simulations of Split-Hopkinson tests of specimens with top-hat geometry. The results show that strain localisation is promoted by small grain size and pr...

Inconel 718 is a commonly used superalloy for turbine discs in the gas turbine industry. Turbine discs are often subjected to dwell-fatigue as a result of long constant load cycles. The effect of anisotropy on dwell-fatigue cracking in forged turbine discs have not yet been thoroughly investigated. Crack propagation behaviour was characterised usin...

At high strain rates, deformation processes are essentially adiabatic and if the plastic work is large enough dynamic recrystallization can occur. In this work, an examination on microstructure evolution of OFHC copper in Dynamic Tensile Extrusion (DTE) test, performed at 400 m/s, was carried out. EBSD investigations, along the center line of the f...

In the Dynamic Tensile Extrusion (DTE) test, the material is subjected to very large strain, high strain rate and elevated temperature. Numerical simulation, validated comparing with measurements obtained on soft-recovered extruded fragments, can be used to probe material response under such extreme conditions and to assess constitutive models. In...

Hat-shaped specimen geometries were developed to generate high strain, high-strain-rates deformation under prescribed conditions. These geometries offer also the possibility to investigate the occurrence of ductile rupture under low or negative stress triaxiality, where most failure models fail. In this work, three tophat geometries were designed,...

It is well known that the introduction of sustained tensile loads during high-temperature fatigue (dwell-fatigue) significantly increases the crack propagation rates in many superalloys. One such superalloy is the Ni-Fe based Alloy 718, which is a high-strength corrosion resistant alloy used in gas turbines and jet engines. As the problem is typica...

The formation mechanism of white layers during broaching and their mechanical properties are not well investigated and understood to date. In the present study, multiple advanced characterization techniques with nano-scale resolution, including transmission electron microscopy (TEM), transmission Kikuchi diffraction (TKD), atom probe tomography (AP...

Self-assembly due to phase separation within a miscibility gap is important in numerous material systems and applications. A system of particular interest is the binary alloy system Fe-Cr, since it is both a suitable model material and the base system for the stainless steel alloy category, suffering from low-temperature embrittlement due to phase...

The effect of heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Ni-base superalloy Haynes 282 was investigated. Applying a standard two-step ageing (1010 °C/2 h + 788 °C/8 h) to the as-received, mill-annealed, material resulted in a the presence of discrete grain boundary carbides and finely dispersed intragranular γ´, with an avera...

There are many challenges in producing aerospace components by additive manufacturing (AM). One of them is to keep the residual stresses and deformations to a minimum. Another one is to achieve the desired material properties in the final component. A computer model can be of great assistance when trying to reduce the negative effects of the manufa...

Discontinuous dynamic recrystallization can occur during dynamic tensile extrusion of copper, which is subjected to uniaxial tensile strains of ~5 and strain rates up to 106 s−1 in the extruded section. Through high-resolution transmission Kikuchi diffraction, we show that nucleation occurs through subgrain rotation and grain boundary bulging at bo...

Chip formation during metal cutting involves high strain rates and large deformations. Under many conditions, the deformation is concentrated in narrow bands due to shear localisation from adiabatic heating. In order to understand the localisation process, it is necessary to increase the knowledge regarding the microstructural evolution during defo...

For low-cycle fatigue tests with smooth bars the number of cycles to initiation is commonly defined from a measured relative drop in maximum load. This criterion cannot be directly related to the crack length, which is the actual measure of interest. In order to establish a relation between load drop and crack length for the high strength titanium...

The dynamic tensile extrusion (DTE) test offers unique possibility to probe material response under very large plastic strain, high strain rate and temperature to support constitutive modelling development. From the computational point of view, the DTE test is particularly challenging and a number of issues need to be assessed before proceeding wit...

During dynamic tensile extrusion (DTE) the material is subjected to a complex deformation history, including high strain rates, large strains and elevated temperatures. This technique provides unique means to explore material performance under extreme conditions. In this work, the microstructural evolution of 99.98% commercially pure copper during...

In-situ, time-resolved small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) investigations of the early stages of the spinodal decomposition process in Fe–35Cr were performed at 773 and 798 K. The kinetics of the decomposition, both in terms of characteristic distance and peak intensity, followed a power-law behaviour from the start of the heat treatment (a′ = 0....

Haynes 282 is a newly introduced Ni-based superallony, developed to provide a combination of high-temperature mechanical properties, thermal stability and processability. The present contribution investigates the effect of dynamic strain aging (DSA) on the deformation behaviour of Haynes 282 during monotonic and cyclic loading. It is shown that DSA...

In the present study, the effect of gaseous hydrogen on the fatigue properties of a commonly used aerospace titanium alloy (Ti–6Al–4V) was studied. The low-cycle fatigue and fatigue crack growth properties were investigated at room temperature in ambient air and 15 MPa gaseous hydrogen. Results showed that the low-cycle fatigue life was significant...

The high-temperature sustained load crack growth behaviour of a Ni-base superalloy was investigated using a combination of mechanical testing in controlled atmosphere, fractographical and microanalytical investigations, and finite element modelling. The results show that the local crack front geometry is un-even on two scales – jaggedness on the sc...

The effect of short-term thermal exposure on microstructure and dwell-fatigue resistance of Ni-base superalloy 718Plus was investigated. Contrary to previous studies performed after long-term exposure, an increase in the dwell-fatigue crack growth rate was observed, which was connected to a small increase in the size of the hardening precipitates....

During low-cycle fatigue test with smooth bars the number of cycles to initiation is commonly defined from a measured relative drop in aximum load. This criterion cannot be directly related to the actual measure of interest - the crack length. By relating data from controlled crack growth tests under low-cycle fatigue conditions of a high strength...

Fatigue crack growth (FCG) tests were performed to evaluate the fatigue behaviour of forged Ti–6Al–4V in air and high-pressure gaseous hydrogen (15 MPa) at room temperature. The results indicate that the effect of gaseous hydrogen is dependent on the stress intensity factor (ΔK). The FCG rate was unaffected by hydrogen below a critical stress inten...

The influence of high-pressure gaseous hydrogen environment (15 MPa) on the fatigue crack growth in forged Ti-6A1-4V at room temperature is investigated. It is observed that the fatigue crack growth (FCG) rate is fluctuating at 20 <= ΔK <= 26 MPa√m, and increase drastically at ΔK > 26 MPa√m in hydrogen environment. The effect of hydrogen on the FCG...

Ni-base superalloy IN718 is known to display time-dependent intergranular crack growth under dwell time mechanical loading at high temperature under atmospheric conditions. Oxygen has been pointed out as a cause of the intergranular damage causing embrittled crack growth during both cyclic and hold time loading. Investigation of the mechanisms resp...

High-temperature intergranular crack tip oxidation under a single 600 s long sustained tensile load at 700 °C was studied for the Ni-base superalloy Allvac 718Plus. High-resolution analytical techniques showed oxidation to take place at and immediately ahead of the tip of an open crack, forming a closed but layered oxide structure about the prior (...

The present investigation aims to clarify the mechanisms behind hold-time fatigue crack growth in Alloy 718 by using well designed tests where the crack length is carefully monitored. The results indicate that there is a significant embrittlement in a zone ahead of the crack tip during the hold-time, which is cracked open on the next load reversal....

Fatigue crack growth testing of Inconel 718 has been carried out at the temperatures 550 C and 650 C. The tests were conducted using a mix of hold times and pure cyclic loading, referred to as block tests. From the test results, the existence of an embrittled volume or damaged zone in the vicinity of the crack tip has been revealed. It has been fou...

High temperature fatigue crack growth in Inconel 718 has been studied at the temperatures 450°C, 500°C, 550°C and 650°C. The tests were conducted both without hold times and with hold times of different lengths and with a mix of both. Focus has been on quantifying the effect the hold time has upon the crack growth rate and how much it damages the m...

In this work, fatigue crack growth measurements have been made on center-cracked tension specimens of Inconel 718, where the focus has been to observe the effect of high temperature hold times on the fatigue crack growth behaviour of the material. The material testing has been done at three different temperatures, namely 450 degrees C, 550 degrees...

The effects of dynamic strain ageing (DSA) and dynamic precipitation (DP) on the stress–strain response during low-cycle fatigue of naturally aged (NA) and peak-aged (PA) AA7030 alloy at different temperatures was investigated. The results show that the PA temper is largely unaffected by DSA/DP, and the cyclic deformation behavior is controlled by...

The applicability of LEFM is investigated in this paper. Experiments with loads corresponding to load controlled LEFM conditions and LCF strain controlled conditions were carried out and the crack propagation was monitored. The experiments were evaluated according to standard procedures for crack propagation testing, ASTM E 647. The results from th...

A method to generate high temperature fatigue crack growth data for multiple RR-ratios during a single or only a few tests for surface crack specimens was developed. Two tests were performed; one with 0≤R≤0.80≤R≤0.8 and one with −1≤R≤0−1≤R≤0. The crack growth was monitored using the potential drop method. It was shown that the results from tests wi...

The hold-time fatigue behaviour of Allvac 718Plus was investigated both in the as-heat treated condition and after long-time exposure at temperature close to the maximum operating limit. At temperatures above 450°C the introduction of 90 s hold-time at maximum load significantly increased the fatigue crack growth rate. Both conditions showed purel...

The strain hardening of the Al-5.2Zn-1.2Mg alloy AA7030 in different conditions has been investigated. The dislocation related strengthening was described by the Voce equation and the quantitative effects of different superposition laws have been studied. All tempers, except the over-aged, suffer from plastic instability before the geometric Consid...

An extruded AA7030 alloy (Al–5.4Zn–1.2Mg) was tested in low-cycle fatigue at different total strain amplitudes to determine the cyclic deformation and fracture behaviour and to investigate the effect of heat treatment—natural ageing (NA) or peak ageing (PA). The results show that the fatigue life is longer in the NA temper at a given plastic strain...

The development of stiffness during unloading from peak stress during cyclic plastic deformation (low cycle fatigue) was studied in a high-strength Al-5.4Zn-1.2Mg alloy, both in naturally aged and peak aged conditions. A phenomenological model based on a 2(nd) order stress-strain relationship was developed using data from detailed recordings of the...

In the present study the influence of strain rate and temperature on the behaviour of two commercial aluminium alloys, 6063-T6 and 7030-T6, was investigated. Both alloys are high strength precipitation hardened alloys that are expected to have low strain rate and temperature sensitivity. Tensile tests were performed at room temperature at strain ra...

The effects of temperature and strain rate on the mechanical properties of aluminium alloy AA7030 (Al-5.4Zn-1.2Mg) in naturally aged and peak aged condition are investigated, with emphasis on the relation to dynamic strain ageing. It is found that the naturally aged material shows more severe signs of dynamic strain ageing, including inverse strain...

Dynamic strain ageing (DSA) is a well-known phenomenon in a number of alloying systems, including the AA7XXX series aluminium alloys. The physical origin is the repeated pinning and un-pinning of moving dislocations by diffusing solute atoms and the phenomenon is thus highly temperature and strain rate dependent. In the present work, the DSA manife...