Artificial Intelligence Solutions for Health 4.0: Overcoming Challenges and Surveying Applications

Abstract

In recent years, the term Health 4.0 has appeared in health services and is related to the concept of Industry 4.0. The term Health 4.0 focuses on replacing traditional care in hospitals and medical clinics with home health services that are based on artificial intelligence techniques through the use of telemedicine applications that allow the monitoring of patients in a virtual environment. This term is utilized to represent digital change in the healthcare sector. Governments aim to develop the level of medical care in hospitals and clinics to ensure the provision of healthcare benefits at low costs and increase patient satisfaction. It has become vital for hospitals to grow their environment into digital environments in their services through the use of a set of computer programs based on artificial intelligence. Artificial intelligence techniques in Health 4.0 provide a set of procedures that benefit patients and healthcare workers, including early diagnosis, make inquiries into treatment, data analysis, reports on the patient's condition, and others. The primary purpose of this article is to determine the significance of Health 4.0 and AI techniques in healthcare by mentioning the most important benefits and weaknesses of using AI techniques in healthcare.

Full text

*Corresponding author. Email: mr.maad.alnaimiy@baghdadcollege.edu.iq
Review
Article
Artificial Intelligence Solutions for Health 4.0: Overcoming Challenges and
Surveying Applications
Abdel-Hameed Al-Mistarehi1, , Maad M. Mijwil2,*, , Youssef Filali3, , Mariem Bounabi4, , Guma Ali5, , Mostafa
Abotaleb6,
1
School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
2
Computer Techniques Engineering Department, Baghdad College of Economic Sciences University, Baghdad, Iraq
3
EIGSI, La Rochelle-Casablanca, 17041-204010, France-Morocco
4
Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Sciences Dhar-Mahraz, University of Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah, Fez, Morocco
5
Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, Muni University, Arua, Uganda
6
Department of System Programming, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russia
A R T I C L E I N F O
Article
History
Received
17 Jan 2023
Accepted 8
March
2023
Published 10 March
2023
Keywords
Health 4.0
Healthcare
Artificial Intelligence
Industry 4.0
Digital Environments
A B S T R A C T
In recent years, the term Health 4.0 has appeared in health services and is related to the concept of
Industry 4.0. The term Health 4.0 focuses on replacing traditional care in hospitals and medical clinics
with home health services that are based on artificial intelligence techniques through the use of
telemedicine applications that allow the monitoring of patients in a virtual environment. This term is
utilized to represent digital change in the healthcare sector. Governments aim to develop the level of
medical care in hospitals and clinics to ensure the provision of healthcare benefits at low costs and
increase patient satisfaction. It has become vital for hospitals to grow their environment into digital
environments in their services through the use of a set of computer programs based on artificial
intelligence. Artificial intelligence techniques in Health 4.0 provide a set of procedures that benefit
patients and healthcare workers, including early diagnosis, make inquiries into treatment, data analysis,
reports on the patient's condition, and others. The primary purpose of this article is to determine the
significance of Health 4.0 and AI techniques in healthcare by mentioning the most important benefits
and weaknesses of using AI techniques in healthcare.
1. INTRODUCTION
Recent years have witnessed tremendous technological development and new inventions that contribute to the service of
society, as it has entered many areas, including the healthcare area [1-3]. The conjunction between artificial intelligence
and healthcare technologies has led to the entry of an advanced era of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, which contributes
to the development of medical practices, making diagnoses, managing treatments, and patient care through a set of artificial
intelligence techniques and applications [4][5]. State-of-the-art technology terms such as artificial intelligence, Internet of
Things, 5G, cloud storage, Metaverse, Blockchain, and others have become a part of our lives. Hospitals and healthcare
workers need to keep pace with digital transformation in order to maintain their reputation in healthcare and patient
satisfaction with the services provided to them. Artificial Intelligence in Health 4.0 seeks to provide advanced techniques
and applications for data analysis through machine learning to increase the capabilities of doctors, healthcare workers, and
researchers to diagnose disease conditions, determine appropriate treatment, and monitor patients remotely [6-8]. In
addition, AI techniques are distinguished by their ability to analyse huge medical data repositories, including X-ray images,
MRI scans, and CT scans, to detect subtle patterns and abnormalities and determine the percentage of malignant diseases
in the patient [9][10]. In cooperation with machine learning and artificial intelligence systems, healthcare workers and
radiologists can detect early signs of diseases such as cancer and acute pneumonia, enabling early interventions to enhance
the patient's condition.
Mesopotamian Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare
Vol.2023, pp. 15–20
DOI: https://doi.org/10.58496/MJAIH/2023/003 ; ISSN: xxx-xxxx
https://mesopotamian.press/journals/index.php/MJAIH

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Industry 4.0 is a comprehensive concept of innovative automation systems and production technologies based on artificial
intelligence applications. This concept utilizes the Internet of Things for computers, machines, and people in all areas
[11][12]. Industry 4.0 has the capabilities of speed in completing tasks and the impact of the system in analysing data and
contributing to decision-making. The fourth industry leads to the development of the healthcare environment by integrating
computer applications with physicians and specialists in hospitals and clinics. Healthcare kept pace with development
during the industrial revolution. Health 1.0 focused on clean drinking water and sanitation. Health 2.0 is concerned with
the use of computers in the discovery of antibiotics and the pharmaceutical industry. Industry 3.0 is interested in
applications that contribute to radiology and disease diagnosis. Health 4.0 seeks to integrate artificial intelligence methods,
robotics and cloud computing in hospitals and clinics to help specialists make health decisions in diagnosing disease cases
and monitoring the spread of epidemics and viruses—also, the use of cybersecurity systems to preserve patient data and
records from any electronic attacks. Figure 1 illustrates the historical development of healthcare from the first industrial
revolution to the stage of the fourth industrial revolution.
Fig. 1. Historical Evolution of Healthcare1.0 to Healthcare 4.0 [13].
Artificial intelligence techniques assist physicians in making medical decisions appropriately with patients' genetic makeup
(genotype), medical history, lifestyle, and preferences [14-16]. Machine learning approaches carry out the tasks of
predicting the extent of exposure to disease through predictive analytics, allowing for preventive measures and customized
treatment plans that increase therapeutic results, for instance, monitoring the spread of coronaviruses and the extent of their
impact on other areas and how to prevent these viruses [17][18]. Moreover, machine learning approaches have the ability
to study the behavior of drugs and vaccines and develop them with the support of experts in the pharmaceutical industry.
Machine learning is characterized by analysing big data, which accelerates the identification of potential drug candidates
that are appropriate for the patient's condition. These procedures provide treatments for patients more quickly, and remote
artificial intelligence applications can offer a range of medical consultations and track patients through wearable devices.
Health 4.0 aims to provide medical services to patients in real-time and gain their comfort and satisfaction, especially for
people living in isolated areas or areas without modern physician's clinics [19-22]. AI for Health 4.0 represents a significant
quantum leap in developing the hospital and clinic environment, accelerating diagnosis, personalizing treatments, and
improving healthcare [23][24]. Therefore, the combination of artificial intelligence and human medicine leads to the
creation of a safe environment for patients and monitoring their condition firsthand. The main contribution of this article
is to highlight the importance of artificial intelligence technologies in healthcare and what are the challenges and
applications that contribute to the development of the medical environment.

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2. GROWTH IN HEALTHCARE
The significant development witnessed by the healthcare sector through an interest in the inclusion of technology in hospitals
and clinics, as well as attention to other aspects such as demographics, economic factors, and the environment. Modern
technology and innovations contribute to the development of the health industry, such as telemedicine innovations, wearable
devices, and electronic health records (EHRs), in order to extend the average life of individuals, as these technologies
improve patient care, diagnosis and simplify administrative processes. Population increase, limited resources, and the
emergence of epidemics significantly affect many countries, especially countries with little economies. Therefore, it is
preferable for all countries to strive to develop healthcare systems by including modern systems that rely on artificial
intelligence, get rid of traditional methods and seek digital transformation to care for all patients. Personalized medicine is
one of the most critical advances in genomics and molecular biology, as it seeks to increase the effectiveness of treatments
and reduce adverse effects. In addition, digital platforms contribute to developing digital health solutions through various
health applications, monitoring devices, and health-related wearable technologies that enable individuals to control their
health and view reports about their health status. The growth of healthcare is considered one of the most critical factors
contributing to protecting the environment and reducing chronic diseases through health education for citizens, vaccination
campaigns and promoting health behaviors. Data collection and analysis have become one of the most significant things that
must be taken care of, as it supports healthcare workers to determine trends, enhance operations, and customize treatments.
World health organizations are making great efforts to reduce the spread of global diseases and epidemics, strengthen the
healthcare sector, and use robots with healthcare workers to track the spread of epidemics. The healthcare sector witnessed
a significant development in the pharmaceutical industry with the development of treatments for various diseases, including
cancer. Caring for the elderly is one of the things that Health 4.0 cares about, as the demand for healthcare services for the
elderly increases, reducing ageing and managing chronic diseases. Governments and health organizations should focus on
and develop healthcare infrastructure, including hospitals, clinics, and medical facilities. Health care aims to provide the best
services to all individuals with high quality. Health care aims to provide the best services to all individuals with high quality.
Moreover, it focuses on healthcare regulations and policies as they considerably affect the development of the healthcare
industry and also healthcare workers. Governments should pay attention to medical tourism through low-cost and high-
quality medical procedures.
Healthcare constantly grows through continuous support for scientific discoveries and technological integration into the
work environment. In Health 0.1, attention was paid to drinking water since the eighteenth century witnessed many diseases
caused by microbes through drinking water in homes. Health 1.0 concentrated on developing vaccines to treat these diseases
and eliminate microbes. Health 2.0 paid increased attention to developing and manufacturing medicines as new antibiotics
were produced, and health institutions increased. This led to the need for more physicians and specialists with a group of
employees to work in hospitals. In Health 3.0, the advent of smaller and faster computers has contributed to the development
of the healthcare industry. During this period, doctors were able to diagnose diseases early using images and determine the
patient's needs. Health 4.0 contributes to providing healthcare services in real-time by providing a virtual environment that
includes virtual people to assist patients in tracking their medical condition. Institutions and companies are developing
effective Health 4.0 applications using cloud computing technologies, the Internet of Things and the fifth generation,
especially artificial intelligence. The primary purpose of these applications is to transform into a digital environment, reduce
costs, use resources efficiently, and maintain customer satisfaction by providing high-quality health services, all related to
the development of technology and applications. Artificial intelligence techniques are vital in digital transformation as they
offer promising future health solutions. These techniques have broad uses within the hospital and medical clinic
environment. Also, these techniques analyse big data obtained from wearable devices and sensors, as this data contributes
to developing applications based on artificial intelligence. Seeking to design advanced digital platforms that help healthcare
professionals and workers monitor patients through early disease diagnosis, health promotion and rehabilitation
processes—moreover, preventing diseases before they occur, diagnosing the disease before it develops, applying
appropriate treatment, and getting rid of traditional methods and switching to electronic forms. Modern applications help
older adults and people with disabilities to access health services faster, even if they are in remote geographical locations.
Also, it reduces the workload of healthcare workers, supports doctors, makes appropriate clinical decisions, and provides
early treatment for rapid diagnosis. In line with advances in imaging techniques, visualization of lesions that are difficult
to see with the naked eye and detection of potentially overlooked images also give a positive direction for treatment.
Therefore, it is necessary to use artificial intelligence applications to develop hospitals and medical clinics.
3. HEALTH 4.0 AND AI: THE SIGNIFICANCE
Artificial intelligence is the engineering of making smart machines and computer programs, as it can analyse, classify, and
think. It is employed in many domains, including the military, education, energy, healthcare, etc. Health 4.0 is a concept
that includes the integration of advanced artificial intelligence techniques in the healthcare industry as it emphasizes the

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seamless convergence of digital technologies, artificial intelligence, data analytics and other methods that can be used in
health institutions. Figure 2 illustrates the most critical technologies that can be used in developing health institutions and
their services. The healthcare industry is a complicated system with many stakeholders within the healthcare organisation.
Stakeholder roles in this system may change from time to time. An individual who has the ability to deal with AI techniques
and disease trackers in a certain period of time can move to a patient and as a user of these techniques in a different period
of time. Therefore, governments must cooperate with healthcare workers to develop the hospital environment, shift to a
digital environment, and contribute to reducing potential risks, funding scientific research studies, and supporting
researchers for the most effective use of health data. Health 4.0 supports health service technologies by efficiently using
existing resources in health institutions. It contributes to personalized treatment and drug development by establishing a
centralized patient management system. Moreover, it contributes to reducing medical errors by making the proper diagnosis
by people expertly trained in these techniques. Health institutions should encourage the use of diagnostic procedures while
supporting the process of reducing digital health costs.
Fig. 2. The new brain and new hands in Health 4.0 [25].
The main purpose of using artificial intelligence in healthcare is significant, as it is expected that serious technologies and
methods will emerge in the future that contribute to the service of humanity. Therefore, healthcare workers must constantly
develop by training in the latest technologies, keeping up with the latest studies, and involving them in hospitals and medical
clinics. It is expected that new professions will emerge due to the growth and widespread use of artificial intelligence
techniques in the future. Artificial intelligence techniques play an important role in the development of healthcare:
- Data analysis: these techniques have an important role in analysing huge amounts of healthcare data and studying the
behavior of this data. These techniques analyse patient records, medical imaging, genetic information, and data coming
from wearable devices. These techniques provide a complete interpretation of the data while discovering patterns that
help diagnose the disease.
- Clinical Decision Support: AI techniques help clinicians and healthcare experts make the right decisions by providing
evidence-based recommendations. These techniques can analyse the patient's medical history, current symptoms, and
other relevant data, as this leads to reducing errors and enhancing the efficiency of medical decisions.
- Predictive Analytics: artificial intelligence techniques can predict disease outbreaks, epidemics, and potential health
risks in real-time, enabling healthcare workers to intervene early, reduce risks, and enhance preventive care.
- Medicines and vaccines: artificial intelligence techniques contribute to developing medicines and vaccines and
discovering serious medicines through analysing big data and studying the behaviors of partial information to
determine the required medication, which leads to reducing time and costs.

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- Personalized medicine: these techniques allow the development of personalized treatment plans based on an
individual's genetic makeup, medical history, and other relevant factors. Through artificial intelligence, it is possible
to identify each patient's requirements, increase the effectiveness of treatment, and reduce harmful effects.
- Remote monitoring: is a group of wearable devices and sensors that support the Internet of Things, which track the
patient, collect data, and send it to doctors in real-time. These devices allow healthcare workers to intervene
immediately and reach patients quickly.
- Resource utilization: these techniques contribute to improving operations within hospitals by scheduling employees,
managing inventory, improving performance efficiency, and reducing costs.
- Radiology and imaging: these techniques can analyse medical images such as X-rays, MRI, and CT scans to detect
malignant tumors or viruses. Through this procedure, radiologists can make faster and more proper diagnoses.
In general, artificial intelligence techniques can extract valuable information from medical records and clinical notes, as
this helps doctors to study the patient's condition more accurately, diagnose cases, and reduce human errors. Consequently,
health institutions should continuously train employees to employ artificial intelligence in their tasks and help patients to
receive the appropriate treatment for them.
4. CONCLUSIONS
Artificial intelligence plays a vital role in enhancing health 4.0, as it has the ability to enhance patient care, improve
diagnosis, and address all challenges that hinder the process of developing the environment of health institutions. Artificial
intelligence techniques are significant in analysing health data and detecting and diagnosing new patterns. These techniques
contribute to preserving health data from misuse and prevent unauthorised persons from manipulating or changing it.
Healthcare workers must be trained to use these techniques and computer applications and solve all the problems they face.
So, artificial intelligence is important in our lives and cannot be dispensed with, and it is in continuous development of its
tools and applications. In the future, the practices of AI techniques in Healthcare 4.0 will be studied.
Funding
The author had no institutional or sponsor backing.
Conflicts of Interest
The author's disclosure statement confirms the absence of any conflicts of interest.
Acknowledgment
The author extends appreciation to the institution for their unwavering support and encouragement during the course of this research.
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