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A Review of Natural and Synthetic Antioxidants Important for Health and Longevity
Abstract and Figures
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated in the presence of O 2 by mitochondria, phagocytic cells, perox-isomes, and cytochrome P450 enzymes under physiological conditions, may play a dual function in the human organism. On the one hand, they participate in cell signal transduction cascades, leading to the activation of some transcription fac-tors responsible for regulating of the expression of genes relevant for cell growth and differentiation. On the other hand, they cause oxidative damage of cellular DNA, protein and lipids, resulting in the initiation or development of numerous diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes mellitus, cataract, rheumatoid arthritis, or different neu-rodegenerative diseases. Both endogenous compounds (glutathione, ubiquinol, urate, bilirubin) and enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase) are engaged in the detoxification of ROS. In addition, numerous dietary com-ponents such as vitamin C, vitamin E, carotenoids, and polyphenols are thought to be involved in the antioxidant defense system. The present review article is focused on the summary and the assessment of research on the impact of dietary antioxidants in the prevention of chronic diseases, particularly cancer and cardiovascular diseases.
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... This condition is called oxidative stress. If it persists for an extended period, it can cause serious cell damage [1,2]. Consequently, ROS contributes to the development of many ...
... Oxidative stress contributes to the uncontrolled growth of reactive oxygen (higher levels of ROS) and nitrogen species production, and they can lead to the majority of damage to proteins, lipids, and nucleic acid structures [37,38]. As a consequence, there is observed a decrease in the body's resistance, organ damage, and disease development [2,39,40]. Among other things, oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of diseases of the liver, kidneys, and many other tissues [41,42]. ...
Hepatocellular damage by the harmful effects of xenobiotics, which increase the production of free radicals, is a widespread phenomenon. The extract from the leaves of Cynara scolymus L. available as an artichoke preparation (natural source) of antioxidants may serve as a potential hepatoprotective factor. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of the protective and regenerative properties of artichoke preparation on the liver in three extract doses: 0.5; 1.0; and 1.5 g/kg bw/day. The evaluation was conducted by measuring the levels of oxidative stress parameters, including glutathione (GSH), glutathione S-transferases (GST), nitric oxide (NO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), paraoxonase 1 (PON1), SH- group, nitrosylated protein (RSNO), as well as such liver enzymes as alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in the plasma and liver homogenate of rats with liver damage induced by CCl4 (1 mL/kg bw). Measurements were taken in plasma and liver homogenate. The results have demonstrated that the artichoke preparation, owing to its high antioxidative potential, exhibits protective and regenerative effects on the liver. This is supported by the observation of higher GSH levels in the plasma of rats treated with artichoke extract for two weeks before CCl4 exposure. Furthermore, the artichoke extract has shown regenerative properties, as evidenced by lower ALT, AST, and SOD activity in the group treated with artichoke extract after CCl4 exposure. These findings suggest that the in vivo administration of artichoke preparation may be beneficial for the protection and regeneration of the liver.
... Adding antioxidant-rich ingredients to diets can prevent the accumulation of free radicals and, therefore, benefit animal health [26][27][28][29]. While synthetic antioxidants have proven to be effective, they are also believed to be carcinogenic, toxic, and cause lipid alteration [23,30,31]. Hence, there is a growing interest in utilizing natural antioxidants, which are commonly present in agro-industrial waste [23,32,33]. ...
Apple pomace represents an underexploited source of bioactive compounds. This study examines the optimization of total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant extraction yield of apple pomace (variety: Belorusskoje malinovoje) using response surface methodology. The green extraction technique used was ultrasound-assisted extraction, and it was compared with conventional solvent extraction. The impact of extraction time and amplitude of ultrasound-assisted extraction on the yield of polyphenols and antioxidants has been evaluated. Total phenolic content was determined using an established TPC assay. The antioxidant activity of the apple pomace was determined using established assays 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•) and 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS•+). Furthermore, the potential of apple pomace as a feed material was explored by assessing its nutritional composition, vitamins, minerals, fatty acids, and amino acid content. The extraction of antioxidants and phenolic compounds was efficiently optimized using RSM. The optimal conditions for TPC and DPPH• analyses were achieved with an extraction time of 17.5 min and an ultrasound-assisted extraction amplitude of 20%. Optimal conditions for ABTS•+ were 5 min extraction time and 20% amplitude. Conventional and ultrasound-assisted extraction methods yielded comparable results. Moreover, apple pomace exhibits potential as a feed ingredient despite its modest protein content. This study contributes to the utilization of apple pomace by providing additional information on its antioxidant content and nutritional composition, thus contributing to its sustainable utilization in various industries, especially the livestock feed sector.
... It has been reported frequently that the development and progression of diabetes are associated with insufficient biological antioxidants which resulting oxidative stress [16]. Analyzing and exploring the extraction of natural antioxidants to replace synthetic antioxidants has recently caught the attention of investigators [17,18]. It was suggested that emerging evidence supports the protective impact of dietary antioxidants as a potential supplementary treatment for delaying or preventing diabetic consequences [19]. ...
Oxidative stress and inflammation are connected to the development of metabolic disorders, such as diabetes. Diabetic-related oxidative stress is caused by the overproduction of oxidative-free radicals, which have been implicated in the mechanism of inflammation and damage to tissues. Our study aimed to investigate the effects of ubiquinone treatment on serum indicators of oxidative stress (malondialdehyde (MDA)), inflammation (interleukin 6 (IL-6)), vascular homeostasis (nitric oxide (NO)), and myopathy (myoglobin (MB)) in addition to measuring blood components parameters in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Rats were separated into three groups; negative control group (N), diabetic control group (D), and ubiquinone-treated diabetic group (T). After 21 days, the blood and serum samples were taken to evaluate fasting blood glucose (FBG), MDA, IL-6, NO, MB, and hematological parameters. In hyperglycemic rats, the levels of FBG and serum levels of IL-6, MDA, and MB significantly increased, while NO levels decreased. Hyperglycemic condition significantly lowered the count of WBC (P = 0.0098) but insignificantly decreased values of platelets and RBC. Ubiquinone treatment significantly reduced blood glucose, IL-6, MDA, and MB levels in diabetic rats and raised NO levels. The effects of ubiquinone on WBC (P = 0.648), RBC (P = 0.001), and (P = 0.398) were insignificant, and only minor variations in WBC and platelet levels were observed. Our data support that ubiquinone supplementation could reduce proinflammation, oxidative stress, and myopathy markers and elevate NO levels in diabetic rats. The current study indicates ubiquinone may positively impact diabetic complications; however, additional research is required to determine its therapeutic benefit when added to standard diabetes treatment.
... Certain Lactobacillus species have also degraded superoxide anions and hydrogen peroxidase (Liu and Pan, 2010). A crude sample extracted from LAB strains showed antioxidant activities because of the presence of non-enzymatic substances and intracellular antioxidant enzymes (Wojcik et al., 2010). In LAB, antioxidant enzymes, such as NADH oxidase, glutathione reductase, glutathione S-transferase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and feruloyl esterase, counteract oxidative stress (Arasu et al., 2014). ...
The use of bacterial probiotic metabolite-based active-packaging and coatings is an innovative approach that has gained widespread attention worldwide. Additionally, its utilization can lead to improvements in qualities and properties of food products. This study was aimed to develop a food spoilage prevention system using active food packaging and coating material in preventing food spoilage while increasing its shelflife. The materials used were bacterial cellulose (BC) based bioplastics fortified with fermented soymilk extracts (FSME) using Lactobacillus acidophilus as the producer of the antimicrobial and antioxidant agents. Moreover, the applications of FSME containing probiotic bacterial metabolites are discussed to highlight their efficacy in enhancing the quality and shelf life of food products.The antimicrobial test showed that the FSME could inhibit the growth of pathogenic microbial cultures at minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 10% (v/v) as shown by clear zones, around colonies of E. coli (14.33±0.58 mm), S. aureus (18.33±6.03 mm), S. Typhimurium (11.67±1.15 mm), L. monocytogenes (11.33±2.31 mm), and B. cereus (13.33±3.06 mm). Meanwhile the results of IC50 for antioxidant activity test (µg/mL) indicated that the FSME showed radical scavenging activity against DPPH at approximately 75.27±2.552 (2.5%, v/v), 55.00±0.791 (5.0%, v/v), 43.17±1.603 (7.5%, v/v) and 15.05±0.346 (10%, v/v), respectively. The shelflife of strawberries coated with the active food coating using the bioplastic fortified with FSME showed an increase in shelf life of 14 days at 4°C. The overall results indicated that the use of BC based bioplastics fortified with FSME can play an important role in preventing premature spoilage and increasing the shelf life of food products.
... Probiotics may play an important role in oxidative stress-associated DNA damage. In lactic acid bacteria, antioxidant enzymes, such as NADH oxidase, glutathione reductase, glutathione S-transferase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and feruloyl esterase, counteract oxidative stress [70,71]. In this context, some Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria were reported to induce increased activity of anti-oxidative enzymes or modulate signaling resulting in protection from oxidative stress [72]. ...
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) leads to the accumulation of bile-induced reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress in esophageal tissues, causing inflammation and DNA damage. The progression sequence from healthy esophagus to GERD and eventually cancer is associated with a microbiome shift. Lactobacillus species are commensal organisms known for their probiotic and antioxidant characteristics in the healthy esophagus. This prompted us to investigate how Lactobacilli survive in a bile-rich environment during GERD, and to identify their interaction with the bile-injured esophageal cells. To model human reflux conditions, we exposed three Lactobacillus species (L. acidophilus, L. plantarum, and L. fermentum) to bile. All species were tolerant to bile possibly enabling them to colonize the esophageal epithelium under GERD conditions. Next, we assessed the antioxidant potential of Lactobacilli and role in bile injury repair: we measured bile-induced DNA damage using the ROS marker 8-oxo guanine and COMET assay. Lactobacillus addition after bile injury accelerated repair of bile-induced DNA damage through recruitment of pH2AX/RAD51 and reduced NFκB-associated inflammation in esophageal cells. This study demonstrated anti-genotoxic and anti-inflammatory effects of Lactobacilli, making them of significant interest in the prevention of Barrett’s esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma in patients with GERD.
... During the past few decades, a great deal of attention has been given to synthetic antioxidants for their potential of use in biomedical fields including the development of artificial muscle, nerve regeneration, and drug release due to their low cytotoxicity and good biocompatibility. [58,59] The synthetic antioxidants were classified into two subgroups namely synthetic polymers and organic-based antioxidants. The most commonly used synthetic antioxidants include butylated hydroxytoluene, butylated hydroxyanisole, propyl gallate, tertiary butylhydroquinone, and several synthetic conductive polymers including polypyrrole, and polyaniline have also been employed. ...
Antioxidants are vital bioactive components which
garnered attention of various researchers in the area
of in pharmacy, medicine and food engineering. Here
we have endeavored our effort to highlight the
significance of antioxidants and critical assay methods
to analyze the inhibitory activity of the antioxidants.
Various in vitro and in vivo assay methods are
available to estimate the inhibitory activity of which,
hydroxyl radical antioxidant capacity (HORAC) test,
the oxygen radical absorption capacity (ORAC) test,
the total oxyradical scavenging capacity (TOSC) test
and the total peroxyl radical trapping antioxidant
parameter (TRAP) test are based on the transfer of
hydrogen atom. The ferric reducing antioxidant power
(FRAP) test, cupric reducing antioxidant power
(CUPRAC) test, and the folin–ciocalteu test are based
on transfer of an electron. Whereas, the [2,2-di(4-tertoctylphenyl)-1-picrylhydrazyl] (DPPH) test and, 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) tests
are based on transfer of both hydrogen and electron. All these assays preliminarily assess the chemical kinetics to
reach the chemical equilibrium state and develop chromogenic color or discoloration or develop fluorescence or
quenches the fluorescence which can be analyzed in colorimeter or spectrophotometer respectively. In the present
review, we have summarized the synthesis of antioxidant materials and their significance and the assay methods
which were employed to estimate the inhibitory activity of the antioxidants.
... 370atherosclerosis, ischemia-reperfusion, neurodegenerative disorders, cancer, and 371 diabetes)(Wojcik et al. 2010). In our study, two species showed suitable nitric372 oxide-scavenging activities (L. ...
Cyanobacteria possess potent bioactive compounds of nutritional and medicinal significance. This study evaluates the antioxidant compounds, antioxidant enzymes, and antioxidant potentials of 12 cyanobacterial species isolated from different unpolluted and polluted ecosystems (lentic water, reservoir, thermal spring, dairy effluents, domestic sewage effluents, pharmaceutical effluents, and iron ore mine effluents). The top producers of antioxidant compounds (total phenolics, flavonoids, tannins, and reduced glutathione), vitamins (C and E), and enzymes (catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, glutathione S-reductase, and superoxide dismutase) showed a high antioxidant potential (total antioxidant activity,
DPPH radical-scavenging activity, nitric oxide-scavenging activity, and ferric-reducing power). Methanol extracts possess consistently higher quantities of total phenolics, flavonoids, and tannins and antioxidant activities than ethanol extracts. Among the 12 species, Leptolyngbya fragilis, Phormidium corium, and Planktolyngbya limnetica were common among the top 5–6 species. The quantities of reduced glutathione, catalase,
and superoxide dismutase of these species showed a strong positive correlation with all the antioxidant activities assessed, justifying their effective protective roles by their antioxidant potential. This study recommends three cyanobacteria (L. fragilis, Ph. corium, and Pl. limnetica) based on their antioxidant compounds, antioxidant enzymes, and antioxidant activities for future progress in cyanobacterial biotechnology.
Keywords: Antioxidants - Antioxidant activity - Antioxidant enzymes - Cyanophyceae - Phenolics - Reduced glutathione - Vitamins
Intestinal oxidative stress in broilers is produced by chronic heat stress (HS) and has a negative impact on poultry performance as it induces intestinal inflammation and promotes the invasion of gram-negative bacteria, such as bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Therefore, dietary inclusion of the antioxidant compound, ethoxyquin (EQ), could improve enteric antioxidant capacity, immune responses, and the epithelial barrier, and maintain the symbiotic gut microbiota community. To investigate the effects of EQ supplementation on alleviating enteric oxidative stress in heat-stressed broilers, 200 one-day-old male Ross 308 broilers were randomly assigned to four groups (n = 50 chicks/group; n = 10 chicks/replicate) and fed a basal diet supplemented with 0 (CT), 50 (EQ-50), 100 (EQ-100), and 200 (EQ-200) mg EQ/ kg−1 for 5 weeks. The chicks were raised in floor pens inside the broiler farm at a temperature and humidity index (THI) of 29 from day 21 to day 35. Growth performance traits, relative organ index, hepatic antioxidant enzymes, serum immunity, total adenylate, and cytokine activities were improved in the EQ-50 group (linear or quadratic P < 0.05), promoting the relative mRNA expression of cytokine gene-related anti-inflammatory and growth factors. A distinct microbial community colonised the gut microbiota in the EQ-50 group, with a high relative abundance of Lactobacillus, Ligilactobacillus, Limosilactobacillus, Pediococcus, Blautia, and Faecalibacterium compared to the other groups. Dietary supplementation with 50 mg EQ/ kg-1 for 5 wk attenuates enteric oxidative stress and intestinal inflammation by enhancing serum immune and cytokine content (IgG, IL-6, and TGF-β,) and symbiotic microbiota in heat-stressed broilers. EQ promotes the expression of Hsp70, SOD2, GPx 4, IL-6, and IGF-1 cytokine gene-related anti-inflammatory and growth factors in heat-stressed hepatic broilers. Collectively, EQ-50 could be a suitable feed supplement for attenuating enteric oxidative stress and intestinal inflammation, thereby promoting the productivity of heat-stressed broilers.
Background
In diabetes, high blood glucose induces glucotoxicity, resulting in the further damage of pancreatic beta-cells and then precipitating diabetic complications. This study was aimed to investigate the relationship between glucotoxicity with the level of adipokines, diabetic cardiomyopathy, and hematological markers. Moreover, the study examined the potential modulatory effect of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) on the aforementioned markers associated with the sequelae of diabetes mellitus.
Material and methods
Twenty-four male rats were randomly assigned to receive an injection of STZ to induce diabetes (n = 16) or to remain uninduced (n = 8). The hyperglycemic status was induced in fasting rats by single intraperitoneal injection of STZ (45 mg /kg b.w.) dissolved in citrate buffer (pH 4.5). Three days after STZ injection, rats were divided into three groups; Normal control group (A), Diabetic control group (B), and CoQ10- treated diabetic group (C). The group (C) was fed with the basal diet supplemented with 5 g of CoQ10 per kilogram of diet for three weeks after the diabetes induction. After 21 days, the blood and serum samples were taken to conduct biochemical analyses. Blood glucose was determined by Blood Glucose Monitoring System. Adipokines or cytokines were evaluated by ELISA from a serum sample. Cardiac myopathy biomarkers were estimated by UP-Converting Phosphor Immunoassay Analyzer, and hematological parameters were measured by automatic hematology analyzer.
Results
In hyperglycemic rats, the level of fasting blood glucose, and serum level of resistin, omentin, TNF-α, and cardiomyopathy biomarkers significantly increased (P < 0.05). The treatment with CoQ10 significantly decreased the profile of adipokines and cardiomyopathy markers (cardiac enzymes and LPPLA2) in diabetic rats and also reduced glucose levels (P < 0.05). Lymphocyte percentages significantly decreased while significant increases were observed in granulocytes and MID percentages in hyperglycemic rats.
Conclusion
Diabetic rats had higher serum levels of adipokines and cardiomyopathy markers. Among the hematological markers, GRA% and MID% increased while LYM% decreased. The profile of adipokines and cardiomyopathy markers improved when CoQ10 was supplemented. The study suggests that CoQ10 may have a beneficial effect on improving diabetic complications.
Practicing evidenced-based medicine some 25 centuries ago, Hippocrates proclaimed “Let food be thy medicine and medicine be thy food.” This advice parallels the common American saying, “You are what you eat,” and is supported by a National Institute of Health recommendation to consume as many as eight servings of fruits and vegetables daily to prevent common diseases. One of the most therapeutically significant components found in food is the polyphenol resveratrol. First described in Ayurvedic medicine 5000 years ago as a cardiotonic, resveratrol is found in several fruits and vegetables including grapes, peanuts, cranberries, blueberries, mulberries, and jackfruit. A favorite and rich source of resveratrol is red wine. Resveratrol in Health and Disease draws on the expertise of an international panel, representing a cross-section of nutrition-related disciplines, to examine the effects and properties of this legendary nutrient. It explores research that examines a wide range of purported healing and preventive powers: •Cardioprotective agent •Antitumor agent •Angiogenesis inhibitor •Antioxidant •Radioprotective agent •Phytoestrogen source •Antifungal and antibacterial agent •Neuroprotective agent •Modulator of immune system •Anti-inflammatory agent Reviewing recent literature, these pages explore the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of resveratrol, consider its molecular targets, and look at its role in modulating gene expression, as well as its impact on the mechanism of apoptosis and cell signaling pathways. Considering the prohibitive costs of modern medicine, the need for readily available products that are safe and efficacious is critical. Consequently, Resveratrol in Health and Disease may well find its own place in history by providing scientists, clinicians, herbalogists, naturopaths, and those they serve, with the first comprehensive overview of this long-lauded tonic.
The aim of this study was to determine whether evening primrose oil (EPO), as substrate for pro-inflammatory compounds such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes, affects the immune response during an elicited delayed hypersensitivity reaction in healthy individuals. In a placebo-controlled, randomized single blind parallel study, blood was collected four times over nine days from volunteers who responded to a challenge with intradermally administrated tuberculin purified protein derivative (PPD) (5TU). PPD was injected on two occasions, on alternating forearms, and the subjects served as their own controls. The group who received EPO took 5 g orally twice daily after manifesting a local PPD reaction. In response to the first delayed hypersensitivity reaction there were significant increases in monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) levels in both groups (P < 0.05). In contrast to the placebo group, the MCP-1 levels of the EPO group dropped significantly to around baseline values (P < 0.03) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) dropped below baseline (P < 0.01) 3 days after challenge. After a second PPD injection the mean MCP-1 and TNF-α levels in the placebo group increased slightly but insignificantly. However, after EPO treatment both MCP-1 and TNF-α levels rose significantly (P < 0.01 and (P < 0.035). Indurations caused by the tuberculin reaction on the forearms increased significantly in the EPO group [i.e. a percentage increase of 208% (P < 0.45)]. We conclude that EPO seemingly modulates the inflammatory response by increasing the substrate for pro-inflammatory mediators. The effect is dependent on the timing of antigen administration.
Resveratrol, a phytoalexin found in grapes and other food products, was purified and shown to have cancer chemopreventive
activity in assays representing three major stages of carcinogenesis. Resveratrol was found to act as an antioxidant and antimutagen
and to induce phase II drug-metabolizing enzymes (anti-initiation activity); it mediated anti-inflammatory effects and inhibited
cyclooxygenase and hydroperoxidase functions (antipromotion activity); and it induced human promyelocytic leukemia cell differentiation
(antiprogression activity). In addition, it inhibited the development of preneoplastic lesions in carcinogen-treated mouse
mammary glands in culture and inhibited tumorigenesis in a mouse skin cancer model. These data suggest that resveratrol, a
common constituent of the human diet, merits investigation as a potential cancer chemopreventive agent in humans.
Objective.
—To examine the relationship between beta carotene plasma concentration and beta carotene supplementation and risk of death from major disease causes.Design.
—Cohort study of plasma concentrations; randomized, controlled clinical trial of supplementation.Setting.
—Medical school-affiliated dermatology practices.Patients.
—A total of 1188 men and 532 women with mean age of 63.2 years, who had enrolled in a randomized clinical trial of beta carotene supplementation to prevent nonmelanoma skin cancer.Intervention.
—Oral beta carotene, 50 mg per day for a median of 4.3 years.Main Outcome Measures.
—All-cause mortality and mortality from cardiovascular disease and cancer.Results.
—During a median follow-up period of 8.2 years, there were 285 deaths. Persons whose initial plasma beta carotene concentrations were in the highest quartile (>0.52 μmol/L [27.7 μg/dL]) had a lower risk of death from all causes (adjusted relative rate [RR], 0.52; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.44 to 0.87) and from cardiovascular diseases (adjusted RR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.34 to 0.95) compared with persons with initial concentrations in the lowest quartile (<0.21 μmol/L [11.2 μg/dL]). Patients randomly assigned to beta carotene supplementation showed no reduction in relative mortality rates from all causes (adjusted RR, 1.03; 95% CI, 0.82 to 1.30) or from cardiovascular disease (adjusted RR, 1.16; 95% CI, 0.82 to 1.64). There was no evidence of lower mortality following supplementation among patients with initial beta carotene concentrations below the median for the study group.Conclusions.
—These analyses provide no support for a strong effect of supplemental beta carotene in reducing mortality from cardiovascular disease or other causes. Although the possibility exists that beta carotene supplementation produces benefits that are too small or too delayed to have been detected in this study, noncausal explanations should be sought for the association between plasma concentrations of beta carotene and diminished risk of death.(JAMA 1996;275:699-703)