Content uploaded by Lucie Zíbarová
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Lucie Zíbarová on Feb 20, 2017
Content may be subject to copyright.
A preview of the PDF is not available
Macrofungi in Post-mining Sites
Figures
Figures - uploaded by Lucie Zíbarová
Author content
All figure content in this area was uploaded by Lucie Zíbarová
Content may be subject to copyright.
Post-mining sites represent important secondary refuges for invertebrates as well as for fungal species, often providing biodiversity hotspots in homogenous landscapes. Our study focuses on assemblages of carabid beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae), spiders (Araneae), and macromycetes (Fungi: Basidiomycota, Ascomycota) in abandoned kaolin quarries and their immediate surroundings in the Pilsen region, Czech Republic. We studied mined and unmined sites and the impact of past mining, the vegetation composition of the sites, cover of herb and tree layers, and the amount of dead wood on the target groups. In total, we confirm the occurrence of 54 carabid beetle, 147 spider, and 139 macromycetes species, including several Red-listed species across the given groups. Carabid beetles and spiders, as well as the all Red-listed species, tend to prefer early successional open habitats. The fungal species displayed affinity to dead wood. Our results indicate that not only the invertebrates, but also macromycetes species prefer open post-mining sites, which are a substitute for endangered habitats such as natural wetlands or xerophilic grasslands.
The objective of this study was to examine the effects of stand age and tree species composition on the abundance, diversity, and community composition of epigeous fruit bodies formed by ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi in the Interior Cedar Hemlock zone of British Columbia. Fruit bodies were collected and identified in May, June, August, September, and October of 1996, 1997, 1998, and 1999 from transects located in new (5 year old) plantations and mature (75–125year old) wild forests composed of relatively pure Betula papyrifera Marsh. (paper birch), relatively pure Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca (Beissn.) Franco (interior Douglas-fir), and mixtures of the two tree species. A total of 187 fungal taxa were collected during the study, of which 185 occurred in mature forests and only 17 occurred in the plantations. Thirty-four taxa were unique to mature predominantly birch forests, 35 were unique to mature predominantly Douglas-fir forests, 17 were unique to mixed mature forests, and 68 taxa were found in all three mature forest types. The abundance of fruit bodies in mature forests varied widely among sampling years and generally increased with annual precipitation. ECM species richness differed between stand ages but not among forest compositions in both plantations and mature forests. Lactarius glyciosmus, Hygrophorus eburneus var. eburneus, and Cortinarius armillatus were more abundant in mature birch than mature Douglas-fir forests. Lactarius torminosus, Leccinum scabrum var. scabrum, and Rozites caperatus were also found predominantly in mature birch and mixed forests, whereas Gomphidius subroseus was more abundant in Douglas-fir forests than in birch and mixed mature forests. Russula brevipes was also found predominantly in mature Douglas-fir and mixed forests. Our results indicate that clearcutting has a profound effect on abundance and composition of ECM fruit bodies, and that changes in forest tree species composition may lead to shifts in ECM fungal community composition.L’objectif du travail était d’examiner les effets de l’âge du peuplement et la composition des espèces arborescentes sur l’abondance, la diversité et la composition des frutifications épigées formées par les champignons ectomycorhiziens (ECM) dans la prûcheraie cèdreraie de l’intérieur de la Colombie Canadienne. Les auteurs ont récolté et identifié les fructifications en mai, juin, août, septembre et août 1996, 1997, 1998 et 1999, le long de transects localisés dans des plantations récentes (5 ans) et des forêts naturelles matures (75–125 ans) comportant des peuplements pures de Betula payrifera Marsh. (bouleau à papier) ou de Pseudotsuga menziesii var. galuca (Beissn.) Franco (sapin de Douglas de l’intérieur) ainsi que des mélange de ces deux espèces. Ils ont récolté un total de 187 taxons fongiques au cours de cette étude, dont 185 en forêts matures et seulement 17 en plantations. De ce total, 34 taxons s’avèrent exclusifs aux forêts matures dominées par le bouleau, 35 sont exclusifs aux forêts matures dominées par le sapin de Douglas, 17 aux forêts mixtes matures, alors que 68 ont été retrouvés dans les trois types de forêts matures. L’abondance des fructifications dans les forêts matures varie fortement selon les années d’échantillonnage et augmente généralement avec les précipitations annuelles. La richesse en espèces ECM diffère selon l’âge des peuplements, mais non pas selon la composition, en plantations aussi bien qu’en forêts naturelles. Les Lactarius glyciosmus, Hygrophorus eburneus et Cortinarius armillatus sont plus abondants dans les forêts matures de bouleaux que dans les forêts matures de douglas. Les Lactarius torminosus, Leccinum scabrum var. scabrum et Rozites caperatus prédominent également dans les forêts matures de bouleaux et mixtes, alors que le Gomphidius subroseus est plus abondant dans les forêts de douglas que dans les forêts de bouleaux ou mixtes.. Le Russula brevipes prédomine également dans les forêts de douglas ou mixtes. Les résultats indiquent que la coupe à blanc exerce des effets marqués sur la composition et l’abondance des fructifications des espèces de champignons ECM, et que les modifications dans la composition des essences forestières peuvent conduire à un réarrangement de la composition des communautés fongiques ECM.
In a series of forest ecosystems in S Quebec similarity among ectomycorrhizal fungus communities was strongly and significantly correlated with tree community similarity, even when controlling for the effect of environmental similarity. When tests were made with a similarity matrix based on those tree species known to be hosts of ectomycorrhizal fungi, abiotic similarity explained a significant portion of the residual variation in the similarity among fungus communities. Humus characteristics seemed to be important niche dimensions of ectomycorrhizal fungi. The continuum concept was useful to interpret the complex relations among symbiotic species. Trees were the main component of the realized niche of ectomycorrhizal Basidiomycetes, but the fungal symbionts of a particular tree species followed that tree species for only a part of the abiotic gradients over which the host tree was found. This type of distribution predicts that beta diversity of fungi would be generally higher than beta diversity of ectomycorrhizae-forming trees. It also means that the ratio of fungus species richness to woody species richness would be high for most community gradients. Results agree with these predictions. -from Authors
The results of eight years of study of the ectomycorrhizal macrofungi at the subalpine Lyman Lake Basin (Glacier Peak Wilderness area in the North Cascade Mountains, Washington, USA) are reported. The basin was divided into three sites: the primary successional glacier forefront vs two secondary successional habitats (subalpine parkland and old-growth montane Tsuga mertensiana-Abies amabilis). The 145 collections of ectomycorrhizal fungi obtained represented 68 species, 25 genera, 14 families and 7 orders. The Cortinariaceae was the most species-rich family with 25 species. Cortinarius was the most species-rich genus with 17 species. The two secondary successional sites shared 12.1% of the species; while the primary successional site shared only 2 and 5.1%, respectively, with the two secondary successional sites. No ectomycorrhizal species occurred on all three sites. The secondary successional sites shared 7 species (Boletus edulis, Elaphomyces granulatus, Hydnotrya variiformis, Rhizopogon subsalmoneus, Rh. vulgaris, Russula silvicola and Thaxterogaster pingue) while the primary successional site shared two species with the parkland (Suillus aeruginascens and Su. cavipes) and only one with the montane site (Inocybe lacera). Fifty-eight species occurred at only one site. These data show that the communities of ectomycorrhizal fungi differ between the primary and secondary successional sites. We hypothesize that fungal life history strategies and habitat characteristics are more important determinants of succession of mycorrhizal fungi than host age or physiology as suggested by the relatively simple early- and late-stage model.
Study of the representatives of the ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungal genus Suillus has long since attracted mycologists; the genus consists of species with conspicuous and generally epigeous mushrooms with tubular hymenophores, that commonly contribute a major portion of ECM sporocarp production in conifer forest ecosystems. Suillus species exhibit a high degree of host specificity to conifers and their distribution coincides with the natural distribution of pinaceous conifers in the northern hemisphere. In contrast to most ECM species, mycelia of Suillus are generally easy to culture and have been frequently used in ECM studies, including physiology, ECM synthesis and population studies. In an analysis of MYCOLIT, a comprehensive bibliographic database of scientific papers of ECM research, Suillus was the fourth most frequently encountered genus, following Pisolithus, Tuber and Laccaria (Klironomos and Kendrick 1993). In total, 8.2% of ECM papers in the past 40 years have concerned Suillus. In this review, we have tried to compile as complete and broad an analysis of the available literature on Suillus as possible.
Even-aged oligotrophic Scots pine Pinus sylvestris stands of different ages were selected in Ruotsinkyla Experimental Forest. Number of basidiocarps was highest in 20-30 yr old, relatively dense stands, being smaller in regeneration areas and over-aged stands. Collybia and Clitocybe species clearly favoured young stands as did also Laccaria laccata (coll.); Lactarius rufus and Cortinarius spp. favoured 20-40 yr old stands. Russula decolorans, R. vinosa and Suillus variegatus often occurred more abundantly in old stands. -from Author
The objective of this study was to examine the effects of stand age and tree species composition on the abundance, diversity, and community composition of epigeous fruit bodies formed by ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi in the Interior Cedar Hemlock zone of British Columbia. Fruit bodies were collected and identified in May, June, August, September, and October of 1996, 1997, 1998, and 1999 from transects located in new (5 year old) plantations and mature (75–125year old) wild forests composed of relatively pure Betula papyrifera Marsh. (paper birch), relatively pure Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca (Beissn.) Franco (interior Douglas-fir), and mixtures of the two tree species. A total of 187 fungal taxa were collected during the study, of which 185 occurred in mature forests and only 17 occurred in the plantations. Thirty-four taxa were unique to mature predominantly birch forests, 35 were unique to mature predominantly Douglas-fir forests, 17 were unique to mixed mature forests, and 68 taxa were found in all three mature forest types. The abundance of fruit bodies in mature forests varied widely among sampling years and generally increased with annual precipitation. ECM species richness differed between stand ages but not among forest compositions in both plantations and mature forests. Lactarius glyciosmus, Hygrophorus eburneus var. eburneus, and Cortinarius armillatus were more abundant in mature birch than mature Douglas-fir forests. Lactarius torminosus, Leccinum scabrum var. scabrum, and Rozites caperatus were also found predominantly in mature birch and mixed forests, whereas Gomphidius subroseus was more abundant in Douglas-fir forests than in birch and mixed mature forests. Russula brevipes was also found predominantly in mature Douglas-fir and mixed forests. Our results indicate that clearcutting has a profound effect on abundance and composition of ECM fruit bodies, and that changes in forest tree species composition may lead to shifts in ECM fungal community composition.L’objectif du travail était d’examiner les effets de l’âge du peuplement et la composition des espèces arborescentes sur l’abondance, la diversité et la composition des frutifications épigées formées par les champignons ectomycorhiziens (ECM) dans la prûcheraie cèdreraie de l’intérieur de la Colombie Canadienne. Les auteurs ont récolté et identifié les fructifications en mai, juin, août, septembre et août 1996, 1997, 1998 et 1999, le long de transects localisés dans des plantations récentes (5 ans) et des forêts naturelles matures (75–125 ans) comportant des peuplements pures de Betula payrifera Marsh. (bouleau à papier) ou de Pseudotsuga menziesii var. galuca (Beissn.) Franco (sapin de Douglas de l’intérieur) ainsi que des mélange de ces deux espèces. Ils ont récolté un total de 187 taxons fongiques au cours de cette étude, dont 185 en forêts matures et seulement 17 en plantations. De ce total, 34 taxons s’avèrent exclusifs aux forêts matures dominées par le bouleau, 35 sont exclusifs aux forêts matures dominées par le sapin de Douglas, 17 aux forêts mixtes matures, alors que 68 ont été retrouvés dans les trois types de forêts matures. L’abondance des fructifications dans les forêts matures varie fortement selon les années d’échantillonnage et augmente généralement avec les précipitations annuelles. La richesse en espèces ECM diffère selon l’âge des peuplements, mais non pas selon la composition, en plantations aussi bien qu’en forêts naturelles. Les Lactarius glyciosmus, Hygrophorus eburneus et Cortinarius armillatus sont plus abondants dans les forêts matures de bouleaux que dans les forêts matures de douglas. Les Lactarius torminosus, Leccinum scabrum var. scabrum et Rozites caperatus prédominent également dans les forêts matures de bouleaux et mixtes, alors que le Gomphidius subroseus est plus abondant dans les forêts de douglas que dans les forêts de bouleaux ou mixtes.. Le Russula brevipes prédomine également dans les forêts de douglas ou mixtes. Les résultats indiquent que la coupe à blanc exerce des effets marqués sur la composition et l’abondance des fructifications des espèces de champignons ECM, et que les modifications dans la composition des essences forestières peuvent conduire à un réarrangement de la composition des communautés fongiques ECM.