Recent Ostracoda (Arthropoda, Crustacea) from São Pedro-São Paulo Archipelago, Brazil: a preliminary approach

Abstract

The present study analyses ostracods from sedimentary samples collected in the São Pedro-São Paulo Archipelago, a small set of remote rock islands located Northeastern to the Brazilian coast. Thirteen species were identified, and their zoogeographical distribution was studied. An emendation for Keijcyoidea praecipua (Bold, 1963) is proposed in this paper. The distribution of the species which occur in the archipelago varies significantly: Triebelina sertata Triebel, 1948, is a cosmopolitan species; Loxoconcha (Loxocorniculum) tricornata is assumed to occur from the Caribbean Sea to the tropical portion of the Brazilian coast and Western Africa. Keijcyoidea praecipua is recorded through the Pacific and Atlantic coasts of Central America and Northeastern Brazil. Xestoleberis toni? Wouters, 2003 and Triebelina cf. intermedia Witte, 1993 are known from the African coast. Neonesidea tenera? (Brady, 1886) emend. Maddocks, 1969 is found along the Indian and Pacific oceans. The species Pontocypris (Ekpontocypris) pirifera? (Müller, 1894) is also present in the western European coast and the Mediterranean Sea. Six species are probably new and have not been observed elsewhere: Aurila sp. 1, Paradoxostoma sp. 1, Paradoxostoma sp. 2, Xestoleberis sp. 1, Xestoleberis sp. 2 and Xestoleberis? sp. 3.

Full text

Accepted by R. Matzke-Karasz: 4 Apr. 2012; published: 6 Jun. 2012
ZOOTAXA
ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition)
ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition)
Copyright © 2012 · Magnolia Press
Zootaxa 3335: 29–53 (2012)
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29
Recent Ostracoda (Arthropoda, Crustacea) from São Pedro-São Paulo
Archipelago, Brazil: a preliminary approach
LUCAS SILVEIRA ANTONIETTO1, CLÁUDIA PINTO MACHADO2,
DERMEVAL APARECIDO DO CARMO3 & JOSÉ WILSON CORREA ROSA 4
1 Institute of Geosciences, University of Brasilia, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Brasilia, Brazil, ZIP: 70.910-900.
E-mail: antoniettols@gmail.com
2Centro de Ciências Exatas da Natureza e de Tecnologia, Universidade de Caxias do Sul, Bento Gonçalves, Brazil, ZIP: 95.700-000.
E-mail: machadocpm@gmail.com
3Institute of Geosciences, University of Brasilia, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Brasilia, Brazil, ZIP: 70.910-900. E-mail: derme@unb.br
4Institute of Geosciences, University of Brasilia, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Brasilia, Brazil, ZIP: 70.910-900. E-mail: jwfundsd@unb.br
Abstract
The present study analyses ostracods from sedimentary samples collected in the São Pedro-São Paulo Archipelago, a small set
of remote rock islands located Northeastern to the Brazilian coast. Thirteen species were identified, and their zoogeographical
distribution was studied. An emendation for Keijcyoidea praecipua (Bold, 1963) is proposed in this paper. The distribution of
the species which occur in the archipelago varies significantly: Triebelina sertata Triebel, 1948, is a cosmopolitan species;
Loxoconcha (Loxocorniculum) tricornata is assumed to occur from the Caribbean Sea to the tropical portion of the Brazilian
coast and Western Africa. Keijcyoidea praecipua is recorded through the Pacific and Atlantic coasts of Central America and
Northeastern Brazil. Xestoleberis toni? Wouters, 2003 and Triebelina cf. intermedia Witte, 1993 are known from the African
coast. Neonesidea tenera? (Brady, 1886) emend. Maddocks, 1969 is found along the Indian and Pacific oceans. The species
Pontocypris (Ekpontocypris) pirifera? (Müller, 1894) is also present in the western European coast and the Mediterranean Sea.
Six species are probably new and have not been observed elsewhere: Aurila sp. 1, Paradoxostoma sp. 1, Paradoxostoma sp. 2,
Xestoleberis sp. 1, Xestoleberis sp. 2 and Xestoleberis? sp. 3.
Key words: taxonomy, zoogeography, oceanic islands, South Atlantic Ocean
Introduction
Oceanographic expeditions to the Brazilian continental margin during the last four decades have yielded many sea-
floor samples, providing the opportunity to study different microfaunal groups, including benthic ostracods.
Numerous scientific papers focused on ostracod fauna and their distribution along the Brazilian coast. These papers
contributed to the knowledge of ostracod taxonomy and zoogeography and to our understanding of species distri-
bution patterns and assemblages (Pinto et al. 1978; Chukewiski & Purper 1985a,b; Ornellas & Coimbra 1985;
Coimbra & Ornellas 1986,1987,1989; Purper & Ornellas 1987a,b, 1989; Ramos 1994,1996; Coimbra et al.
1995,1999,2004; Fauth & Coimbra 1998; Do Carmo & Sanguinetti 1999; Ramos et al. 1999, 2004, 2009, 2010;
Bergue & Coimbra 2002; Coimbra & Carreño 2002; Machado & Drozinski 2002; Coimbra & Bergue 2003; Aiello
et al. 2004; Sartori & Coimbra 2010).
However, investigations in Brazil have not been conducted on oceanic islands, mainly due to the difficult
acquisition of insular material. A single work about ostracods on Brazilian islands, by Coimbra et al. (2011),
recorded 21 species on the island of Trindade and 25 on the Rocas Atoll. The present work focuses on ostracod
fauna from the São Pedro-São Paulo Archipelago, Northeastern Brazil, which has not been studied previously. The
present study aims to extend the scientific knowledge about animal diversity from these islets by discussing the
taxonomy and zoogeography of some ostracod species found on the archipelago. This research also provides
insight into the zoogeography of ostracods on oceanic islands, especially those in the Southern Atlantic Ocean.

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Study area
The São Pedro-São Paulo Archipelago (0°55’02”N, 29°20’42”W), located on the edge of the Brazilian exclusive
economic zone (Castro 1989), comprises a group of islets and rocks situated 1010 km offshore from the Rio
Grande do Norte State, Brazil (Fig. 1). Total surface area is circa 17000 m2, and the distance between its extremes
(Erebus and Pillar rocks) is 420 m. Topography is highly ridged, with its highest point at 18 m on the Northeast
island. The four main islands (Southwest, Southeast, Northeast and Cabral) become connected according to tidal
levels, forming a small horse-shoe shaped cove (Campos et al. 2005).
The geological history of the archipelago is related to the opening of the equatorial Atlantic Ocean. Tectonism
in the Atlantic dorsal ridge uplifted a sigmoid-shaped massif, mostly formed by continental crust (Campos et al.
2005); its northern peak corresponds to the islands themselves, emerged during the Miocene (Bonatti 1990).
Intense seismic activity in the region is caused by a volcanic graben in the mid-portion of the complex (Hekinian et
al. 2000). Most of it is composed of serpentinized or mylonitized plutonic rocks (Melson 1967); on Challenger
Island, biogenic sediments and bedrock debris form what is known as the São Pedro e São Paulo Formation (Cam-
pos et al. 2005).
FIGURE 1. Geocentrical and detail maps from São Pedro-São Paulo Archipelago, Northeastern Brazil (Campos et al. 2005,
modified).

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OSTRACODA FROM SÃO PEDRO-SÃO PAULO
FIGURE 2. Main oceanic currents of the Atlantic Ocean (modified from Peterson & Stramma 1991; CIMAS 2008; Brandt et
al. 2010).
The São Pedro-São Paulo Archipelago remains inside the equatorial current system, under the influence of
both the South Equatorial Current (SEC), which flows superficially E-W, and the Equatorial Undercurrent (EUC),
which flows W-E between 60 and 100m deep (Fig. 2). The SEC is a broad-flowing current that extends from the
surface to a nominal depth of 100 m, and it is divided into three branches: The Southern (SSEC), Central (CSEC)
and Northern South Equatorial currents (NSEC) (Stramma 1999). The EUC is a strong subsurface current fed by
the North Brazil Current and the North Equatorial Countercurrent, with a core at an approximate depth of 100 m
(Schott et al. 1998). Together, these currents create the characteristically complex hydrologic pattern of the island,
with notable water enrichment phenomena (Campos et al. 2005).
Material and methods
Sampling was conducted in two field trips (September 2006 and September 2007) as part of the project entitled
“São Pedro-São Paulo Archipelago Seismicity”, which was funded by the Brazilian Navy. Due to difficulties on
accessing the area, only three samples, MP-612, MP-747 and MP-748, were collected from two locations in the
archipelago: the cove inside the four main islets (5 m depth) and the tidal zone of the Southwest Island (Fig. 3).
Sampling was targeted to dead/Subrecent specimens from bottom sediments, which in general lack well preserved
soft parts, especially complete appendices.

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Samples were prepared for carapace study in the Laboratory of Micropaleontology of the University of
Brasilia, Brazil, following Sohn (1961) with some modifications: the material was simply washed and separated by
size using 630, 250, 160 and 80 µm pore-sized sieves. Following these steps, samples were screened and ostracod
specimens were picked from 250, 160 and 80 μm sieves and identified. SEM pictures were taken on a Zeiss DSM
962 at EMBRAPA/CENARGEN, Brasília, and on a Zeiss EV040 at CENPES/PETROBRAS, Rio de Janeiro, Bra-
zil. Illustrated specimens are part of the research collection of the Geosciences Museum of the University of
Brasilia, and have been housed (except for lost specimens) in the Micropaleontology Laboratory of the same insti-
tution, under the designation prefix “CP”, where they are currently deposited.
FIGURE 3. Sampling locations in São Pedro-São Paulo Archipelago, Northeastern Brazil (photos: Ricardo Piazza Meireles).
Results
Taxonomy
Suprageneric taxonomy follows Liebau (2005), and morphological terminology comes from Kesling (1951). The
536 specimens observed represent 13 species, of which six are left in open nomenclature, since this is a preliminary
approach, based on scarce sampling material without preservation of soft parts. The species identified and illus-
trated in figures 4−7 were: Keijcyoidea praecipua (Bold, 1963) emend.; Neonesidea tenera? (Brady, 1886) emend.
Maddocks, 1969; Triebelina cf. intermedia (Witte, 1993); Triebelina sertata (Triebel, 1948); Propontocypris
(Ekpontocypris) pirifera? (Müller, 1894); Paradoxostoma sp. 1, Paradoxostoma sp. 2, Xestoleberis toni? (Wouters,
2003); Xestoleberis sp. 1, Xestoleberis sp. 2, Xestoleberis? sp. 3, Aurila sp. 1 and Loxoconcha (Loxocorniculum)
tricornata (Krutak, 1971).
Subclass OSTRACODA Latreille, 1802
Superorder PODOCOPOMORPHA Kozur, 1972
Order PLATYCOPIDA Sars, 1866
Superfamily CYTHERELLOIDEA Sars, 1866
Family CYTHERELLIDAE Sars, 1866
Genus Keijcyoidea Malz, 1981
Keijcyoidea praecipua (Bold, 1963) emend.
Fig. 4:1–15
1963 Cytherelloidea praecipua Bold, p. 75, pl. 1, figs. 1−7.
1967 Cytherelloidea praecipua Bold. Hullings, p. 655, figs. 4:p, 7:n.
1971 Cytherelloidea praecipua Bold. Allison & Holden, p. 209, fig. 31.
1974 Cytherelloidea praecipua Bold. Swain & Gilby, p. 277, pl. 1, figs. 5−6, text fig. 6c.
1975 Cytherelloidea praecipua Bold. Teeter, p. 490, fig. 23m.
1978 [non] Cytherelloidea sp. cf. C. praecipua Bold. Khosla, p. 257, pl. 1, fig. 7.
1981 Cytherelloidea sp. aff. C. praecipua Bold. Bate et al., p. 4, fig. 2:A.
1985 [non] Cytherelloidea aff. praecipua Bold. Carreño, p. 142, pl. 3, figs. 6−7.
1992 Keijcyoidea praecipua (Bold). Coimbra et al., p. 96, pl. 3, fig. 10.
2006 [non] Keijcyoidea praecipua (Bold). Hussain et al., p. 1663, fig. 6:7.
?2008 Keijcyoidea praecipua (Bold). Gopalakrishna et al., p. 301.

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OSTRACODA FROM SÃO PEDRO-SÃO PAULO
Original diagnosis. A species of Cytherelloidea with reticulate carapace and longitudinal ridges, characterized by
a strong tooth that is situated on the dorsal margin of the left valve and fits into a socket in the dorsal margin of the
right valve (Bold 1963).
Emended diagnosis. Carapace with rounded alveoli along the anterior end and ventral margin of the left valve
in the adult stage. Lateral surface reticulated in the intra-ridge regions and partly over the ridges, and finely punc-
tated at the central and centroventral areas. Pronounced sexual dimorphism: females larger than males; ventral mar-
gin straight in females and concave in males; in dorsal view, greatest width posterior in females and posteromedian
in males.
Holotype. HVH no. 6833 (Bold 1963).
Type locality. Pigeon Point, Tobago, calcareous sands (Bold 1963).
Material. 71 specimens (MP-612, MP-747 and MP-748).
Figured specimens. CP-436, CP-441 and CP-548 (carapaces); CP-437, CP-438, CP-439, CP-440, CP-441,
CP-442, CP-443, CP-445 (valves) (Tab. 1).
Geographic and stratigraphic distribution. Pigeon Point, Trinidad and Tobago (Bold 1963); Clipperton
Island, Eastern Pacific Ocean, Overseas France (Allison & Holden 1971); San Juan del Sur, Nicaragua (Swain &
Gilby 1974); South Stann Creek and Tobacco Entrance, Belize (Teeter 1975); São Pedro-São Paulo Archipelago,
Brazil, Recent.
Description. Carapace subretangular in lateral view, with greatest height and length along the median region.
Right valve larger, strongly overlapping the left valve along the dorsal and ventral regions and slightly at the ante-
rior end. Dorsal margin concave at the anteromedian portion. Anterior end rounded, with outline ornamented by
small denticle-like structures. Posterior end straight, forming an 80–90º cardinal angle with the dorsal margin. Lat-
eral surface reticulated in most of the intra-ridge regions, and partially over the ridges, and punctated in the median
and anteromedian areas; in the left valve, also ornamented with a series of rounded to elliptical alveoli along the
anterior end and ventral margin. Three ridges present: one extending through the ventromedian region, and the
other from the dorsocentral to the dorsoposterior region, where both are connected by a third oblique ridge. Internal
view as described for the genus. Pronounced sexual dimorphism: females larger than males; ventral margin nearly
straight in females and concave in males; greatest width posterior for females and posteromedian for males.
TABLE 1. Illustrated material for Keijcyoidea praecipua (Bold, 1963) emend.
Remarks. Generic diagnosis follows Malz (1981), while species diagnosis follows Bold (1963). The original
description for Keijcyoidea praecipua was based on six specimens. According to it, these were: a female carapace
(holotype), along with three other carapaces, two females and one male, and two female valves (paratypes). Despite
its separation into genders by the original author, all specimens look very similar. It is believed that all previously
described specimens were males, and the true female for the species is the one herein presented for the firsttime.
Differences between males and females in K. praecipua, therefore, resemble those observed in K. keiji (McKenzie
1967), a morphologically close species (McKenzie 1967; Titterton & Whatley 2006). Specimens identified as
Cytherelloidea praecipua in Allison & Holden (1971), Swain & Gilby (1974) and Teeter (1975) look much like the
females described by the present study, despite small differences in size and ornamentation details, and are consid-
ered as belonging to the same species. The material studied by Gopalakrishna et al. (2008) in the Indian Ocean has
not been illustrated; therefore, the authors prefer to keep in doubt the occurrence registered in that work.
Material Stage Length (mm) Height (mm) Width (mm)
CP-436 (carapace) Adult ( ) 0,64 0,38 0,32
CP-445 (left valve) Adult ( ) 0,66 0,37 -
CP-548 (carapace) Adult ( ) 0,60 0,34 0,25
CP-437 (left valve) A-1 0,57 0,33 -
CP-438 (left valve) A-2 0,54 0,30 -
CP-439 (left valve) A-3 0,48 0,28 -
CP-440 (right valve) A-4 0,42 0,26 -
CP-441 (right valve) A-5 0,38 0,22 0,18
CP-442 (left valve) A-6 0,30 0,19 -
CP-443 (right valve) A-7 0,24 0,18 -

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FIGURE 4. Ostracods from São Pedro-São Paulo Archipelago, Northeastern Brazil. 1–15. Keijcyoidea praecipua (Bold, 1963)
emend. 1–3. Adult carapace, CP-436 ( ). 1. Right view. 2. Left view. 3. Dorsal view. 4–6. Adult valve, CP-445 ( ). 4. Left
internal view. 5. Interpretation of the hinge tooth in detail. 6. Interpretation of the central muscle scar in detail. 7–8. Adult cara-
pace, CP-548 ( ). 7. Right view. 8. Dorsal view. 9. A-1 valve, CP-437, left view. 10. A-2 valve, CP-438, left view. 11. A-3
valve, CP-439, left view. 12. A-4 valve, CP-440, right view. 13. A-5 carapace, CP-441, left view. 14. A-6 valve, CP-442, right
view. 15. A-7 carapace, CP-443, right view. 16–22. Neonesidea tenera? (Brady, 1886) emend. Maddocks, 1969. 16–18. A-1?
carapace, CP-448. 16. Right view. 17. Left view. 18. Dorsal view. 19. A-2? carapace, CP-450, right view. 20. A-3? valve, CP-
451, right view. 21. A-5? valve, CP-452, right view. 22. A-7? carapace, CP-453, right view. Scale = 100 μm.

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OSTRACODA FROM SÃO PEDRO-SÃO PAULO
Order PODOCOPIDA Sars, 1866
Suborder BAIRDIOCOPINA Gründel, 1967
Superfamily BAIRDIOIDEA Sars, 1887
Family BAIRDIIDAE Sars, 1887
Genus Neonesidea Maddocks, 1969
Neonesidea tenera? (Brady, 1886) emend. Maddocks, 1969
Fig. 4:16–22
Neotype. USNM 121280 (Maddocks 1969a).
Type locality. LK-12 Station, Galle, Sri Lanka (Maddocks 1969a).
Material. 10 specimens (MP-612 and MP-747).
Figured specimens. CP-448, CP-449, CP-450 and CP-453 (carapaces); CP-451 and CP-452 (valves) (Tab. 2).
Geographic and stratigraphic distribution. Manaar Gulf (Scott 1905), near Kalpitiya (Brady 1886) and
Galle, Sri Lanka (Maddocks 1969a); Java, Indonesia (Whatley & Roberts 1995); Oeno, Pitcairn e Henderson atolls,
Pitcairn islands (Whatley & Roberts 1995; Whatley et al. 2004); Easter Island, Chile (Whatley & Jones 1999); pos-
sibly São Pedro-São Paulo Archipelago, Brazil; Recent.
Remarks. The largest specimen in the present work has a general shape very similar to those in Maddocks
(1969a). Although it certainly belongs to the same species-group, its size is somewhat smaller than Neonesidea ten-
era. It probably corresponds to an A-1 instar of the species. N. manningi Maddocks, 1975, from Ascension Island,
is also similar, but even smaller (Maddocks 1975). Several species of the N. tenera group present similar carapaces,
but distinctive appendices.
TABLE 2. Illustrated material for Neonesidea tenera? (Brady, 1886) emend. Maddocks, 1969.
*- Lost.
Genus Triebelina Bold, 1946
Triebelina cf. intermedia Witte, 1993
Fig. 5:7–10
1886 Bairdia tenera Brady. Brady, p. 304, pl. 39, figs. 13−15.
1894 [non] Bairdia inornata Scott. Scott, p. 136, pl. 14, figs. 40, 41.
1905 Bairdia inornata Scott. Scott, p. 372, pl. 1, figs. 11−12.
1969a Neonesidea tenera (Brady). Maddocks, pl. 2, fig. 4.
1995 Neonesidea tenera (Brady). Whatley & Roberts, p. 361, fig. 1.1.
1999 Neonesidea tenera (Brady). Whatley & Jones, p. 333, pl. 1, fig. 10.
2004 Neonesidea tenera (Brady). Whatley et al., p. 497, pl. 1, figs. 7−9.
Material Stage Length (mm) Height (mm) Width (mm)
CP-448 (carapace) A-1? 0,72 0,41 0,32
CP-449 (carapace) A-1? 0,70 0,38 0,26
CP-450 (carapace) A-2? 0,65 0,35 0,15
CP-451 (right valve) A-3? 0,50 0,27 -
CP-452 (right valve)* A-5? 0,38 0,20 -
CP-453 (carapace) A-7? 0,21 0,13 0,10
1993 Triebelina intermedia Witte. Witte, pl. 2, figs. 12−18.
1993 Triebelina cf. intermedia Witte. Jellinek, p. 108, tf. 2, fig. 43.
?2000 Triebelina cf. raripila (Müller). Keyser & Schöning, p. 569, pl. 2, figs. 27−32.

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FIGURE 5. Ostracods from São Pedro-São Paulo Archipelago, Northeastern Brazil. 1–6. Triebelina sertata Triebel, 1948. 1–3.
Adult carapace, CP-446. 1. Right view. 2. Left view. 3. Dorsal view. 4. Adult valve, CP-447, left internal view. 5. A-2? valve,
CP-471, left view. 6. A-5? valve, CP-472, left view. 7-10. Triebelina cf. intermedia Witte, 1993, A-2 valve, CP-507. 7. Right
view. 8. Right internal view. 9. Central muscle scar in detail. 10. Interpretation of the central muscle scar. 11–22. Propontocy-
pris (Ekpontocypris) pirifera? (Müller, 1894). 11–13. Adult carapace, CP-473. 11. Right view. 12. Left view. 13. Dorsal view.
14–16. Adult valve, CP-481. 14. Right internal view. 15. Central muscle scar in detail. 16. Interpretation of the central muscle
scar. 17. A-1? carapace, CP-475, right view. 18. A-2? carapace, CP-476, right view. 19. A-4? carapace, CP-477, right view. 20.
A-5? carapace, CP-478, right view. 21. A-6? carapace, CP-479, right view. 22. A-7? carapace, CP-480, right view. Scale = 100
μm.

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OSTRACODA FROM SÃO PEDRO-SÃO PAULO
Holotype. S375 (Witte 1993).
Type locality. Joal beach, Senegal (14°09’18”N, 16°50’00”W), and Gambia (Witte 1993).
Material. One specimen (MP-748).
Figured specimens. CP-507 (valve) (Tab. 3).
Geographic and stratigraphic distribution. Joal beach, Senegal, and Gambia (Witte 1993); Profil Nyali
beach, Kenya (Jellinek 1993); possibly São Pedro-São Paulo Archipelago, Brazil; Recent.
Remarks. Diagnosis follows Witte (1993). The observed specimen differs from the holotype in general size
and shape of the ventral carina, possibly representing a juvenile form of the species. Specimens identified as Trie-
belina cf. raripila (Müller, 1894) in Keyser & Schöning (2000) are similar to T. intermedia, despite their short
average length. Comparing the literature for both species (Müller 1894; Yassini 1979; Jellinek 1993; Witte 1993;
Szczechura 1998), it is possible to separate them based on the more subrectangular general shape and well-devel-
oped ventral carina of T. intermedia when compared to T. raripila.
TABLE 3. Illustrated material for Triebelina cf. intermedia Witte, 1993.
Triebelina sertata Triebel, 1948
Fig. 5:1–6
Holotype. Non-designated.
Type locality. Non-specified.
Material. Nine specimens (MP-612 and MP-747).
Figured specimens. CP-446 (carapace); CP-447, CP-471 and CP-472 (valves) (Tab. 4).
Geographic and stratigraphic distribution. Berili marl, Cebu, Philippines; Miocene (Keij 1974). Maanshan
Formation, Taiwan; Pleistocene (Malz & Lord 1988). Atjeh, Sumatra; Pliocene (Kingma 1948). Guitar Formation,
Andaman Islands, India; Pliocene? (Guha 1968). Eastern Asia (Keij 1953); Florida, United States (Puri 1960);
Clipperton Island, France (Allison & Holden 1971); Klidhes Island, Cyprus (McKenzie 1973); Cyprus; Eastern
Material Stage Length (mm) Height (mm) Width (mm)
CP-507 (right valve) A-2? 0,62 0,33 -
1948 Triebelina sertata Triebel, p. 19, figs. 1−2.
1948 Triebelina cf. T. cubensis Bold. Kingma, p. 69, pl. 7, fig. 4.
1953 Triebelina sertata Triebel. Keij, p. 158, pl. 1, fig. 5.
1960 Triebelina sertata Triebel. Puri, p. 132, pl. 6, figs. 3−4.
1968 Triebelina sertata Triebel. Guha, p. 59, pl. V, fig. 1.
1969 Triebelina sertata Triebel. Maddocks, p. 61, pl. 2, fig. 9−10; figs. 31, 32b−e
1971 Triebelina sertata Triebel. Allison & Holden, 1971, p. 178, fig. 8.
1973 Triebelina cf. T. sertata Triebel. McKenzie, pl. 1, figs. a−b.
?1973 Triebelina sertata Triebel. Teeter, p. 49, fig. 1a−f.
1974 Triebelina serta Triebel. Keij, p. 356, pl. 2, figs. 6−12.
?1975 Triebelina sertata Triebel. Teeter, p. 422, fig. 3, l.
1980 Triebelina sertata Triebel. Bonaduce et al., p. 147, pl. 1, fig. 13.
1981 Triebelina sertata Triebel. Jain, p. 108, pl. 1, fig. 3.
1982 Triebelina cf. T. sertata Triebel. Krutak, p. 287, pl. 7, figs. 1−5.
?1984 Triebelina sertata Triebel. Hartmann, p. 125, tf. IV, figs. 6−7
1986 Triebelina sertata Triebel. Cabioch et al., pl. 8, figs. 1−2.
1988 Triebelina sertata Triebel. Malz & Lord, p. 65, pl. 1, figs. 1−7.
1988 Triebelina sertata Triebel. Titterton & Whatley, p. 140, pl. 9, figs. 9–14.
1989 Triebelina sertata Triebel. Whatley & Keeler, p. 75, pl. 1, fig. 3.
1990 Triebelina sertata Triebel. Tabuki & Nohara, p. 369, pl. 1, fig. 4.
1992 Triebelina sertata Triebel. Coimbra et al., p. 103, pl. 3, fig. 9.
1992 Triebelina sp. Mostafawi, p. 135, Taf. 1, fig. 15.
1993 Triebelina sertata Triebel. Jellinek, p. 169, t. 2, figs. 34−36.
1995 Triebelina sertata Triebel. Maddocks, p. 227, pl. 7, figs. 1–2; p. 231, pl. 11, figs. 1−4.
?1995 Triebelina sertata Triebel. Whatley & Roberts, p. 361, fig. 1.7.
?2004 Triebelina sertata Triebel. Whatley et al., p. 501, pl. 2, figs. 9−10.
2005 Triebelina sertata Triebel. Mostafawi et al., p. 126, pl. 1, fig. 7.
2009 Triebelina sertata Triebel. Noraswana & Ramlan, p. 10, r. 1, g. 7−8.
2011 Triebelina cf. T. sertata Triebel. Coimbra et al., p. 126, Fig. 5.1: J.

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Mediterranean Sea; Red Sea; Persian Gulf, Middle East; Andaman islands, India; Indonesia; South China Sea;
Malaysia; Pacific islands until Clipperton and Caribbean Sea (Keij 1974); Kerala State, India (Jain 1981); Gulf of
Aqaba, Red Sea, Egypt (Bonaduce et al. 1980); Antón Lizardo reefs, Mexico (Krutak 1982); Ricaudy Reef, New
Caledonia, (Cabioch et al. 1986); Honolulu, Hawaii, United States; Hurghada, Red Sea, Egypt; Alexandria, Medi-
terranean Sea, Egypt (Malz & Lord 1988); Guadalcanal and Shortland, Solomon Islands (Titterton & Whatley,
1988); Port Saint-Pierre, Reunions (Whatley & Keeler 1989); station no. 31, Ryukyu islands reefs, Japan (Tabuki &
Nohara 1990); Tamandaré Bay, Pernambuco state, Brazil (Coimbra et al. 1992); Malay peninsula and Borneo,
Malaysia (Mostafawi, 1992); Profil Mtwapa creek, Kenia (Jellinek 1993); Nosy Bé, Madagascar (Maddocks 1995);
Bali, Indonesia (Mostafawi et al. 2005); Tioman Island, Malaysia (Noraswana & Ramlan 2009); Rocas Atoll and
Trindade Island, Brazil (Coimbra et al. 2011); São Pedro-São Paulo Archipelago, Brazil; Recent.
Remarks. Identification follows Triebel (1948) and Maddocks (1969a). Occurrences of the species in Belize
(Teeter 1973, 1975), Huahine and Tuamotu, French Polynesia (Hartmann 1984), and Pitcairn and Henderson
islands (Whatley & Roberts 1995; Whatley et al. 2004) are not entirely confirmed due to the quality of the images
in original works.
TABLE 4. Illustrated material for Triebelina sertata Triebel, 1948.
Suborder CYPRIDOCOPINA Jones, 1901
Superfamily PONTOCYPRIDOIDEA Müller, 1894
Family PONTOCYPRIDIDAE Müller, 1894
Genus Propontocypris Sylvester-Bradley, 1947
Subgenus Ekpontocypris Maddocks, 1969
Propontocypris (Ekpontocypris) pirifera? (Müller, 1894)
Fig. 5:11–22
Holotype. Several specimens are deposited in the Zoological Museum of the Ernst Moritz Arndt University, Greif-
swald, and the Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin, Germany (Athersuch & Whittaker 1982; Athersuch et al. 1989).
However, none of them is designated as the holotype.
Type locality. Santa Lucia, Bay of Naples, Italy (Müller 1894).
Material. 109 specimens (MP-612 and MP-747).
Figured specimens. CP-473, CP-475, CP-476, CP-477, CP-478, CP-479 and CP-480 (carapaces); CP-481
(valve) (Tab. 5).
Material Stage Length (mm) Height (mm) Width (mm)
CP-446 (carapace) Adult 0,62 0,33 0,28
CP-447 (left valve) Adult 0,60 0,33 -
CP-471 (left valve) A-2? 0,50 0,27 -
CP-472 (left valve) A-5? 0,31 0,17 -
1894 Pontocypris pirifera Müller. Müller, p. 247, tf. 10, figs. 1−3.
1942 Pontocypris pirifera Müller. Rome, p. 9.
1953 Pontocypris pirifera Müller. Hartmann, p. 649.
1957 Pontocypris pirifera Müller. Vos, p. 12, pl. 5, fig. 1:a−l.
1961 Propontocypris pirifera (Müller). Reys, p. 60.
1963 Propontocypris pirifera (Müller). Morkhoven, p. 74, figs. 100−103.
1964 Pontocypris pirifera Müller. Rome, p. 208.
1965 Propontocypris pirifera (Müller). Reys, p. 260.
1969 Propontocypris pirifera (Müller). Yassini, pp. 29−30.
1975 Propontocypris pirifera (Müller). Bonaduce, p.26, pl. 9, figs. 5−6.
1979 Propontocypris pirifera (Müller). Yassini, p. 376, pl. 2, figs. 5−6.
1982 Propontocypris pirifera (Müller). Athersuch & Whittaker, p. 69, fig. 1, text figs. 1−6.
1989 Propontocypris pirifera (Müller). Athersuch et al., p. 76, fig. 5E:26.
1999 Propontocypris pirifera (Müller). Ruiz et al., p. 62.
2001 [non] Propontocypris? pirifera (Müller). Aiello & Barra, p. 100, p1. 1, fig. 1.
2003 Propontocypris pirifera? (Müller). Yamaguchi & Endo, p. 26, fig. 4, f.
2005 Propontocypris pirifera (Müller). Triantaphyllou, p. 288, pl. 3, fig. 14.

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Geographic and stratigraphic distribution. Bay of Naples, Italy (Müller 1894); environments of Roscoff,
Northwest France (Vos 1957); Adriatic Sea, Italy (Bonaduce et al. 1975); Scotland, South England, French Atlantic
coast and Mediterranean Sea until Cyprus (Athersuch et al. 1989); possibly São Pedro-São Paulo Archipelago,
Brazil; Recent.
Remarks. Subgeneric diagnosis follows Maddocks (1969b), as the general shape of the carapace fits into the
classification system proposed for Propontocypris by this paper. The diagnosis at specific level is based on Müller
(1894), although the posterior end of the carapaces studied here is slightly more acuminate.
TABLE 5. Illustrated material for Propontocypris (Ekpontocypris) pirifera? (Müller, 1894).
Suborder CYTHEROCOPINA Gründel, 1967
Infraorder ARCHAEOCYTHERININA Liebau, 1991
Superfamily PARADOXOSTOMATOIDEA Liebau, 2005
Family PARADOXOSTOMATIDAE Brady & Norman, 1889
Subfamily PARADOXOSTOMATINAE Brady & Norman, 1889
Genus Paradoxostoma Fischer, 1855
Paradoxostoma sp. 1
Fig. 6:1–5
Material. Two specimens (MP-747).
Figured specimens. CP-482 (valve) and CP-484 (carapace) (Tab. 6).
Remarks. Paradoxostoma sp. 1 shares similarities with Paradoxostoma martinsi Hartmann, 1974, but differs
by the larger size.
TABLE 6. Illustrated material for Paradoxostoma sp. 1.
Paradoxostoma sp. 2
Fig. 6:6–8
Material. One specimen (MP-747).
Figured specimens. CP-508 (carapace) (Tab. 7).
Remarks. Paradoxostoma sp. 2 is similar to Paradoxostoma obtusum Hartmann, 1974, but differs slightly in
anterior outline of the left valve, as well as by smaller size.
TABLE 7. Illustrated material for Paradoxostoma sp. 2.
Material Stage Length (mm) Height (mm) Width (mm)
CP-473 (carapace) Adult 0,81 0,42 0,33
CP-481 (right valve) Adult 0,78 0,42 -
CP-475 (carapace) A-1? 0,71 0,37 -
CP-476 (carapace) A-2? 0,64 0,34 0,25
CP-477 (carapace) A-4? 0,44 0,23 0,20
CP-478 (carapace) A-5? 0,36 0,18 0,15
CP-479 (carapace) A-6? 0,23 0,13 0,12
CP-480 (carapace) A-7? 0,17 0,10 0,10
Material Stage Length (mm) Height (mm) Width (mm)
CP-482 (right valve) Adult 0,47 0,25 -
CP-484 (carapace) A-1? 0,36 0,19 0,14!
Material Stage Length (mm) Height (mm) Width (mm)
CP-508 (carapace) Adult? 0,38 0,22 0,17

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Superfamily XESTOLEBERIDOIDEA Liebau, 2005
Family XESTOLEBERIDIDAE Sars, 1928
Genus Xestoleberis Sars, 1866
Xestoleberis toni? Wouters, 2003
Fig. 6:9–12
Holotype. O.C. 2806a (carapace) and O.C. 2806b (soft parts) (Wouters 2003).
Type locality. São Pedro, western São Vicente Island, Cape Verde (Wouters 2003).
Material. Two specimens (MP-612 and MP-747).
Figured specimens. CP-506 (carapace) and CP-490 (valve) (Tab. 8).
Geographic and stratigraphic distribution. São Pedro, western São Vicente Island, Cape Verde (Wouters
2003); possibly São Pedro-São Paulo Archipelago, Brazil; Recent.
Remarks. Diagnosis follows Wouters (2003). Specimens observed in the present paper differ from the original
description in details, such as a slightly less elongated shape and lower convexity of the dorsal margin. The same
applies to the specimens included in the synonymic list (Coimbra et al. 1992; Keyser & Schöning 2000).
TABLE 8. Illustrated material for Xestoleberis toni? Wouters, 2003.
Xestoleberis sp. 1
Fig. 6:13–20
Material. 74 specimens (MP-612, MP-747 and MP-748).
Figured specimens. CP-491, CP-492, CP-493, CP-496 and CP-497 (carapaces); CP-494 (valve) (Tab. 9).
Remarks. Xestoleberis sp.1 may represent a new species for the genus. However, the genus Xestoleberis lacks
abundant characteristic ornamentation, and most described species rely on appendage study for identification (Klie
1939, 1940; Rome 1942; Skogsberg 1950; Hartmann 1954, 1959, 1962, 1964, 1965, 1978, 1979; Schornikov 1975;
Athersuch 1978; Bate et al. 1981; Bonaduce & Danielopol 1988; Wouters 2003). Considering the lack of append-
ages in the present material, the specimens are described in open nomenclature.
TABLE 9. Illustrated material for Xestoleberis sp. 1.
?1992 Xestoleberis sp. 2. Coimbra et al., p. 96, pl. 1, fig. 2.
?2000 Xestoleberis sp. C. Keyser & Schöning, p. 573, pl. 6, figs. 114−117.
Material Stage Length (mm) Height (mm) Width (mm)
CP-506 (carapace) Adult 0,40 0,22 0,21
CP-490 (right valve) Adult? 0,37 0,21 -
Material Stage Length (mm) Height (mm) Width (mm)
CP-491 (carapace) Adult 0,31 0,17 -
CP-492 (carapace) Adult 0,34 0,17 0,23
CP-493 (carapace) A-1? 0,25 0,14 -
CP-496 (carapace) A-5? 0,15 0,10 0,12
CP-497 (carapace) A-6? 0,14 0,09 0,11

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FIGURE 6. Ostracods from São Pedro-São Paulo Archipelago, Northeastern Brazil. 1–5. Paradoxostoma sp. 1. 1–4. Adult
valve, CP-482. 1. Right view. 2. Right internal view. 3. Central muscle scar in detail. 4. Interpretation of the central muscle scar.
5. A-1? carapace, CP-484, right view. 6–8 Paradoxostoma sp. 2, Adult carapace, CP-508. 6. Right view. 7. Left view. 8. Dorsal
view. 9–12. Xestoleberis toni? Wouters, 2003. 9–11. Adult carapace, CP-506. 1. Left view. 2 Right view. 3. Dorsal view. 4.
Adult valve, CP-490, internal view. 13–20. Xestoleberis sp. 2. 13–14. Adult carapace, CP-498. 13. Right view. 14. Left view.
15–17. Adult valve, CP-502. 15. Left internal view. 16. Central muscle scar in detail. 17. Interpretation of the Central muscle
scar. 18. A-1? carapace, CP-499, right view. 19. A-4? carapace, CP-501, left view. 20. A-5? carapace, CP-503, right view. Scale
= 100 μm.

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Xestoleberis sp. 2
Fig. 7:1–9
Material. Eight specimens (MP-612 and MP-747).
Figured specimens. CP-498, CP-499, CP-501 and CP-503 (carapaces); CP-502 (valve) (Tab. 10).
Remarks. Specimens from the present work are very similar to Xestoeleberis lenae (Wouters 2003), but differ
from by possessing a ventroposterior row of three small tubercles in the left valve, in contrast with the type speci-
mens of X. lenae, which are smooth in lateral view. It possibly represents a new species of Xestoleberis; however,
only eight specimens were recovered, and just five of them were adults, which leaves the material too few for
description.
TABLE 10. Illustrated material for Xestoleberis sp. 2.
*- Lost.
Xestoleberis? sp. 3
Fig. 8:1–3
Material. 26 specimens (MP-612, MP-747 and MP-748).
Figured specimen. CP-500 (carapace) (Tab. 11).
Remarks. Xestoleberis? sp. 3 is probably a new species, but due to the scarcity of elements of the carapace
and the absence of appendices, the authors prefer to keep it in open nomenclature.
TABLE 11. Illustrated material for Xestoleberis? sp. 3.
Infraorder NOMOCYTHERININA Liebau, 1991
Superfamily TRACHYLEBERIDOIDEA Sylvester-Bradley, 1948
Family HEMICYTHERIDAE Puri, 1953
Subfamily HEMICYTHERINAE Puri, 1953
Tribe AURILINI Puri, 1953
Genus Aurila Pokorný, 1955
Aurila sp. 1
Fig. 7:10–19
Material. 11 specimens (five from MP-612 and six from MP-747).
Figured specimens. CP-465 e CP-466 (carapaces); CP-467, CP-468, CP-469 and CP-470 (valves) (Tab. 12).
Remarks. Generic diagnosis follows Pokorný (1955) and Jellinek (1995), except for the presence of an antero-
dorsal shoulder, resulting from the fusion of ribs close to the posterior cardinal angle. This characteristic is also
present in Aurila n. sp. (Bold 1975), and Aurila auricula Teeter, 1975 (Teeter 1975; Bold 1988). Aurila. sp. 1 dif-
fers from these species by its smaller size and details in ornamentation.
Material Stage Length (mm) Height (mm) Width (mm)
CP-498 (carapace) Adult 0,27 0,13 -
CP-502 (left valve) Adult 0,27 0,14 -
CP-499 (carapace) A-1? 0,25 0,12 0,15
CP-501 (carapace) A-4? 0,18 0,10 -
CP-503 (carapace)* A-5? 0,16 0,09 -
Material Stage Length (mm) Height (mm) Width (mm)
CP-500 (carapace) Adult 0,23 0,11 0,12

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FIGURE 7. Ostracods from São Pedro-São Paulo Archipelago, Northeastern Brazil. 1–9. Xestoleberis sp. 1. 1–2. Adult cara-
pace, CP-491. 1. Right view. 2. Left view. 3. Adult carapace, CP-492, dorsal view. 4–6. Adult valve, CP-491. 4. Internal view.
5. Central muscle scar in detail. 6. Interpretation of the Central muscle scar. 7. A-1? carapace, CP-493, left view. 8. A-5? cara-
pace, CP-496, right view. 9. A-6? carapace, CP-497, right view. 10–19. Aurila sp. 1. 10–14. Adult carapace, CP-465. 10. Right
view. 11. Left view. 12. Left internal view. 13. Central muscle scar in detail. 14. Interpretation of the central muscle scar. 15. A-
1? carapace, CP-466, right view. 16. A-2? valve, CP-467, right view. 17. A-3? valve, CP-468, right view. 18. A-4? valve, CP-
469, right view. 19. A-6? valve, CP-470, left view. Scale = 100 μm.

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FIGURE 8. Ostracods from São Pedro-São Paulo Archipelago, Northeastern Brazil. 1–3. Xestoleberis? sp. 3, Adult carapace,
CP-500. 1. Right view. 2. Left view. 3. Dorsal view. 4–17. Loxoconcha (Loxocorniculum) tricornata (Krutak, 1971). 4–6. Adult
carapace, CP-455 ( ). 1. right view. 2. left view. 3. dorsal view. 7–9. Adult valve, CP-464 ( ). 7. left internal view. 8. Central
muscle scar in detail. 9. Interpretation of the central muscle scar. 7. Adult carapace, CP-463 ( ), right view. 8. A-1 valve, CP-
456, right view. 9. A-2 valve, CP-457, right view. 10. A-3 valve, CP-458, right view. 11. A-4 carapace, CP-459, right view. 12.
A-5 valve, CP-460, left view. 13. A-6 carapace, CP-461, right view. 14. A-7 carapace, CP-462, right view. Scale = 100 μm.

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TABLE 12. Illustrated material for Aurila sp. 1.
Superfamily CYTHEROIDEA Baird, 1850
Family LOXOCONCHIDAE Sars, 1925
Genus Loxoconcha Sars, 1866
Subgenus Loxocorniculum (Benson & Coleman II, 1963) emend. Bold, 1988
Loxoconcha (Loxocorniculum) tricornata (Krutak, 1971)
Fig. 8:4–17
Holotype. HVH 9046 (Krutak, 1971).
Type locality. Nº 4 station, Mandinga Lagoon, Mexico (Krutak, 1971).
Material. 212 specimens (82 from MP-612, 125 from MP-747 and five from MP-748).
TABLE 13. Illustrated material for Loxoconcha (Loxocorniculum) tricornata (Krutak, 1971).
*- Lost.
Material Stage Length (mm) Height (mm) Width (mm)
CP-465 (carapace) Adult 0,49 0,28 -
CP-466 (carapace) A-1? 0,44 0,27 0,13
CP-467 (left valve) A-2? 0,38 0,24 -
CP-468 (right valve) A-3? 0,33 0,20 -
CP-469 (right valve) A-4? 0,28 0,17 -
CP-470 (left valve) A-6? 0,20 0,13 -
1866 Normania dorsotuberculata var. Brady. Brady, p. 383 (parte), pl. 61, figs. 14e-g.
1866 [non] Normania dorsotuberculata var. Brady. Brady, p. 383 (parte), pl. 61, figs. 14a-c.
1963 Loxocorniculum fisheri (Brady). Benson & Coleman II, p. 69 (parte 2), text-figs. 24a-c.
1963 [non] Loxocorniculum fischeri (Brady). Benson & Coleman II, p. 39, pl. 7, figs. 3–4.
1971 Loxocorniculum tricornatum Krutak, p. 10, pl. 3, figs. 1a-c.
1975 Loxoconcha oculocrista Teeter. Teeter, p. 479, figs. 20d, 21 a-c.
1975 Loxoconcha suboculocrista Teeter. Teeter, p. 479, figs. 20b, 21d-f.
1979 Loxocorniculum tricornatum Krutak. Krutak & Rickles, p. 269, pl. 1, figs. 8–13, fig. 4.
1982 Loxocorniculum tricornatum Krutak. Krutak, p. 273, pl. 4, figs. 7–12.
?1983 Loxoconcha "grupo" postdorsoalata Puri. Palacios-Fest et al., l.4, figs. 1–2.
?1983 Loxoconcha suboculocrista Teeter. Palacios-Fest et al., l.4, fig. 3.
1988 [non] Loxoconcha (Loxocorniculum) tricornata (Krutak). Bold, p. 49, pl. 7, fig. 8.
1989 Loxocorniculum tricornatum Krutak. Machain-Castillo, pl. IV, fig. 14.4.
1992 Loxocorniculum tricornatum Krutak. Coimbra et al., p. 96, pl. 1, fig. 5.
1993 Loxocorniculum visendum Witte. Witte, p. 60, pl. 8, figs. 11–15.
1999 Loxoconcha (Loxocorniculum) tricornata (Krutak). Coimbra et al., p. 371, pl. 2, fig.9.
2000 Loxoconcha (Loxocorniculum) suboculocrista (Teeter). Keyser & Schöning, p. 573, pl. 5, figs.83–87.
2000 Loxoconcha (Loxocorniculum) tricornata (Krutak). Keyser & Schöning, p. 573, pl. 5, figs. 88–90.
2011 Loxoconcha (Loxocorniculum) tricornata (Krutak). Coimbra et al., p. 126, fig. 5.2, I.
Material Stage Length (mm) Height (mm) Width (mm)
CP-455 (carapace) Adult ( ) 0,62 0,37 0,28
CP-464 (left valve)* Adult ( ) 0,62 0,36 -
CP-463 (carapace)* Adult ( ) 0,55 0,35 -
CP-456 (right valve) A-1 0,47 0,30 -
CP-457 (right valve) A-2 0,41 0,25 -
CP-458 (right valve) A-3 0,35 0,22 -
CP-459 (carapace) A-4 0,26 0,16 0,14
CP-460 (right valve)* A-5 0,23 0,15 -
CP-461 (carapace) A-6 0,18 0,12 0,10
CP-462 (carapace) A-7 0,15 0,11 0,09

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Figured specimens. CP-455, CP-459, CP-461, CP-462 and CP-463 (carapaces); CP-456, CP-457, CP-458,
CP-460 and CP-464 (valves) (Tab. 13).
Geographic and stratigraphic distribution. West Indies (Brady 1866); Florida Bay, United States; Eastern
Gulf of Mexico, Mexico (Benson & Coleman II 1963); Mandinga Lagoon, Veracruz, Mexico (Krutak 1971); South
Stann Creek and Tobacco Entrance, Belize (Teeter, 1975); Veracruz and Antón-Lizardo reefs, Mexico (Krutak &
Rickles 1979; Krutak 1982); Southern Gulf of Mexico, 21º-18ºN and 91º-97ºW, Mexico (Machain-Castillo 1989);
Tamandaré Bay, Pernambuco State, Brazil (Coimbra et al. 1992); Bakau beach, Gambia (Witte 1993); equatorial
shelf, southeast to the Amazon river delta, Brazil (Coimbra et al. 1999); Rocas Atoll, Brazil (Coimbra et al. 2011);
Saint Peter-Paul Archipelago, Brazil; Recent.
FIGURE 9. Zoogeographical distribution of Neonesidea tenera (Brady, 1886) emend. Maddocks, 1969 and Triebelina sertata
Triebel, 1948 (Brady 1886; Chapman 1905; Kingma 1948; Keij 1953; Puri 1960; Guha 1968; Maddocks 1969a,1995; Holden
1971; Allison & McKenzie 1973; Teeter 1973,1975; Keij 1974; Bonaduce et al. 1980; Jain 1981; Krutak 1982; Hartmann 1984;
Cabioch et al. 1986; Malz & Lord 1988; Titterton & Whatley 1988; Whatley & Keeler 1989; Tabuki & Nohara 1990; Coimbra
et al. 1992; Mostafawi 1992; Jellinek 1993; Maddocks 1995; Whatley & Roberts 1995; Whatley & Jones 1999; Whatley et al.
2004; Mostafawi et al. 2005; Noraswana & Ramlan 2009; Coimbra et al. 2011).
Remarks. The authors agree with Bold (1988) about reclassification of Loxocorniculum as a subgenus of
Loxoconcha, distinguished by the presence of a posterodorsal tubercle, moderate to strong reticulation in lateral
view, substraight dorsal margin in both sexes and angulated anterior end, ornamented with two small ribs.
Observed specimens differ from those in Krutak (1971) by the presence of an additional tubercular projection in

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the posteroventral portion. According to Bold (op. cit.), some morphophysiological characters, including formation
of tubercles, can be influenced by even small environmental variation. Loxocorniculum visendum is considered a
junior synonym of L. (L.) tricornata, due to similarities with specimens from Witte (1993). Dubious identifications
in Palacios-Fest et al. (1983) stem from incomplete or absent illustration in the original works.
FIGURE 10. Zoogeographical distribution of Propontocypris (Ekpontocypris) pirifera (Müller, 1894), Triebelina intermedia
Witte, 1993 and Xestoleberis toni Wouters, 2003 (Müller 1894; Rome 1942,1964; Vos 1957; Reys 1961; Yassimi 1969,1979;
Bonaduce et al. 1975; Athersuch et al. 1989; Coimbra et al. 1992; Jellinek 1993; Witte et al. 1993; Ruiz et al. 1999; Keyser &
Schöning 2000; Yamaguchi & Endo 2003; Wouters 2003; Tryantaphillou et al. 2005).
Zoogeography
The zoogeography of the ostracod fauna from São Pedro-São Paulo reflects the influence of the marine currents
normally associated to the archipelago: the South Equatorial and the Equatorial Undercurrent. One species,
Triebelina sertata (Fig. 8), is widely found along the tropical zone and is also present in the tropical portion of the
Brazilian western Atlantic (Coimbra et al. 1992,1999,2011). This species has a well-known cosmopolitan
distribution, from the Indo-Pacific Miocene to Recent (Keij 1974; Titterton & Whatley 1988). Another species,
Neonesidea tenera, is present in the Pacific and Indian oceans (Maddocks 1969a; Whatley & Jones 1999; Whatley
et al. 2004) (Fig. 8). The specimens from the present study, identified as N. tenera?, would be the first record of the
species in the Atlantic, and once confirmed, would place N. tenera with others in the circumtropical ostracod
species group.

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Two species seem to occur in São Pedro-São Paulo and along the African coast, both western (Triebelina cf.
intermedia and Xestoleberis toni) and eastern (T. cf. intermedia) (Fig. 9). One species, Propontocypris (Ekpontocy-
pris) pirifera? (Fig. 9) probably corresponds to the same species found along the European coast, from the Mediter-
ranean Sea to the British Isles (Müller 1894; Vos 1957; Bonaduce 1975; Athersuch et al. 1989). This would be the
first occurrence of an exclusively European species in the South Atlantic Ocean. The presence of P. (E.) pirifera,
along with X. toni, leads to two hypotheses: 1. other currents, such as the North Atlantic Canary, might influence
the waters around São Pedro-São Paulo; or 2. this influence could be indirect, via African currents. The second
hypothesis would be supported by the presence of T. cf. intermedia in the archipelago.
FIGURE 11. Zoogeographical distribution of Loxoconcha (Loxocorniculum) tricornata (Krutak, 1971) and Keijcyoidea prae-
cipua (Bold, 1963) emend (Brady 1866; Benson & Coleman II 1963; Bold 1963; Hullings 1967; Allison & Holden 1971; Kru-
tak 1971, 1982; Swain & Gilby 1974; Teeter 1975; Krutak & Rickles 1979; Bate et al. 1981; Palacios-Fest et al. 1983;
Machain-Castillo 1989; Coimbra et al. 1992; Witte 1993; Coimbra et al. 1999; Keyser & Schöning 2000; Gopalakrishna et al.
2008; Coimbra et al. 2011).
Keijcyoidea praecipua is common at both the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of Central America and Tamandaré
Bay, Brazil (Coimbra et al. 1992) (Fig. 10). The species Loxoconcha (Loxocorniculum) tricornata is traditionally
considered widespread along the tropical Atlantic coast of America, as it is observed from western Brazil through
the Caribbean-Antillean region until the Gulf of Mexico (Fig. 10). It also occurs at some of the oceanic islands of
the South Atlantic, such as Rocas Atoll. Loxocorniculum visendum Witte, 1993, from Gambia, is considered a
junior synonym of L. (L.) tricornata, and is here taken as the first record for this species in the Africa coast.

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Aurila sp. 1, Paradoxostoma sp. 1, Paradoxostoma sp. 2, Xestoleberis sp. 1, Xestoleberis sp. 2 and Xestoleb-
eris? sp. 3 are probably new species, but not necessarily endemic from São Pedro-São Paulo. High endemism has
been confirmed for various animal groups in the archipelago by Feitoza et al. (2003), Moraes et al. (2009), Amaral
et al. (2009), Ferreira et al. (2009), Vaske, Jr. et al. (2005) and Oliveira et al. (2009). Endemism rates for the ostra-
cods of São Pedro-São Paulo, however, cannot yet be evaluated because of the limited information available on the
distribution of ostracods in West Africa and other tropical Atlantic islands. This is particularly true for islands closer
to São Pedro-São Paulo Archipelago, such as the Rocas Atoll and Fernando de Noronha, Brazil. Thus far, we have
observed two species that are shared with the Rocas Atoll and the island of Trindade, Brazil: the cosmopolitan Trie-
belina sertata (Trindade and Rocas) and the widely distributed Loxoconcha (Loxocorniculum) tricornata (Rocas).
However, the improvement of taxonomical studies of insular ostracods is likely to reveal other shared species.
Acknowledgements
The authors wish to thank the Brazilian Navy for funding the project “São Pedro-São Paulo Archipelago Seismic-
ity”, and the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) and Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos
(UNISINOS) for technical support during the taxonomic analysis. We also acknowledge EMBRAPA Genetic
Resources and Biotechnology (CENARGEN) and the Brazilian Oil Company (PETROBRAS S/A) for SEM
pictures. Finally, our thanks go to Prof. Rosalie Maddocks for sharing her opinion on some specific points of the
taxonomy, and the oceanographer Ms. C. Ricardo Piazza Meireles, for pictures taken in the São Pedro-São Paulo
Archipelago, Brazil.
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Published: 12 Sept. 2012
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ZOOTAXA
ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition)
ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition)
Erratum
Copyright © 2012 · Magnolia Press
Zootaxa 3479: 88 (2012)
www.mapress.com/zootaxa/
urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:179DB571-8A15-453A-87CF-91D38872C59A
LUCAS SILVEIRA ANTONIETTO, CLÁUDIA PINTO MACHADO, DERMEVAL APARECIDO
DO CARMO & JOSÉ WILSON CORREA ROSA (2012) Recent Ostracoda (Arthropoda, Crustacea)
from São Pedro-São Paulo Archipelago, Brazil: a preliminary approach. Zootaxa, 3335, 29–53.
Legend of figures 6 and 8 should read as:
FIGURE 6. Ostracods from São Pedro-São Paulo Archipelago, Northeastern Brazil. 1–5. Paradoxostoma sp. 1. 1–4.
Adult valve, CP-482. 1. Right view. 2. Right internal view. 3. Central muscle scar in detail. 4. Interpretation of the centra
muscle scar. 5. A-1? carapace, CP-484, right view. 6–8 Paradoxostoma sp. 2, Adult carapace, CP-508. 6. Right view. 7.
Left view. 8. Dorsal view. 9–12. Xestoleberis toni? Wouters, 2003. 9–11. Adult carapace, CP-506. 9. Left view. 10.
Right view. 11. Dorsal view. 12. Adult valve, CP-490, internal view. 13–20. Xestoleberis sp. 2. 13–14. Adult carapace,
CP-498. 13. Right view. 14. Left view. 15–17. Adult valve, CP-502. 15. Left internal view. 16. Central muscle scar in
detail. 17. Interpretation of the central muscle scar. 18. A-1? carapace, CP-499, right view. 19. A-4? carapace, CP-501,
left view. 20. A-5? carapace, CP-503, right view. Scale = 100 m.
FIGURE 8. Ostracods from São Pedro-São Paulo Archipelago, Northeastern Brazil. 1–3. Xestoleberis? sp. 3, Adult car-
apace, CP-500. 1. Right view. 2. Left view. 3. Dorsal view. 4–17. Loxoconcha (Loxocorniculum) tricornata (Krutak,
1971). 4–6. Adult carapace, CP-455 (%). 4. right view. 5. left view. 6. dorsal view. 7–9. Adult valve, CP-464 (%). 7. left
internal view. 8. Central muscle scar in detail. 9. Interpretation of the central muscle scar. 10. Adult carapace, CP-463
(&), right view. 11. A-1 valve, CP-456, right view. 12. A-2 valve, CP-457, right view. 13. A-3 valve, CP-458, right view.
14. A-4 carapace, CP-459, right view. 15. A-5 valve, CP-460, left view. 16. A-6 carapace, CP-461, right view. 17. A-7
carapace, CP-462, right view. Scale = 100 m.