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Stropharia albivelata and its basionym Pholiota albivelata
Abstract
Pholiota albivelata is transferred to Stropharia following the documentation of acanthocyte formation on its mycelium, and the name Stropharia earlei is proposed for Pholiota cubensis.
... Subsequently, such an acanthocyte structure was observed in other species of the Stropharia genus, including S. cifuentesii (Bandala et al. 2005), S. coelhoi (Seger et al. 2016), S. pseudocyanea (Redhead 1984a(Redhead , 1984b, and S. rubrobrunnea (Senthilarasu and Singh 2013). The ability to form acanthocytes seems to be a characteristic of the whole Stropharia genus, and the consistent occurrence of these structures suggests that they have taxonomic value on the genus level (Farr 1980;Redhead 1984aRedhead , 1984bNorvell and Redhead 2000). Further, it was suggested that acanthocytes could act as nematodetrapping structures. ...
... Whitish rhizomorphs are characteristic of fruiting bodies of S. rugosoannulata (Cortez and da Silveira 2008), on which abundant acanthocytes were attached. It was also reported that acanthocytes presented on rhizomorphs produced by S. acanthocystis (Cortez and da Silveira 2007), S. earlei (Norvell andRedhead 2000), S. araucariae, S. aeruginosa, S. apiahyna, andS. coronilla (Cortez andda Silveira 2008). ...
Acanthocytes are special cells with a distinct spiky shape produced exclusively by the fungi of Stropharia and can be used to defend against nematodes. In the present study, the ultrastructure and development of acanthocytes were revealed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and cryo-SEM in S. rugosoannulata, a popular cultivated mushroom both in China and Europe. The acanthocytes were abundant on the surface of rhizomorph, casing soils, and vegetative mycelia of homokaryotic and heterokaryotic strains in S. rugosoannulata. The development of the acanthocyte was investigated with cryo-SEM, which has distinct advantage for observation of the ultrastructure of live, hydrated structures. Three distinct stages, including formation of lateral branch that was covered with patches, spiky structure formation, and maturation of acanthocytes, were identified and described. The irregular patches deposited on the surface of lateral branches and the holes in the spiky branches of the acanthocytes were reported for the first time. The environmental nitrogen level showed impact on acanthocyte production, but it seemed not to be the indispensable factor. Acid medium could delay the initiation of the acanthocyte formation but did not affect the overall morphology and structure, indicating that the central deposit of acanthocytes should be acid soluble. Acanthocytes of S. rugosoannulata have similar hydrophobicity to mycelia. The observation of ultrastructure and development process of acanthocytes provides insights into the ecological function and evolution of this special structure.
... ex Murrill (1922: 139) on the plant parasite Meloidogyne hapla (the root knot nematode) for the first time, suggesting that S. rugosoannulata may be used for the biological control of plant parasitic nematodes. The presence of acanthocytes in Stropharia species was widely documented in several papers (Redhead 1984a,b;Jahnke 1985;Noordeloos 1999;Desjardin & Hemmes 2001;Clémençon 2004;Bandala et al. 2005;Cortez & Silveira 2007Cortez 2008a,b;Silva et al. 2009;Senthilarasu & Singh 2013;Tian & Bau 2014;Seger et al. 2016) after the first observations by Farr (1980), and consequently used by modern authors as a diagnostic key feature for distinguishing species of Stropharia from other closely allied genera in Strophariaceae Singer & A.H. Sm. (Jahnke 1985;Redhead 1984a,b;Norvell & Redhead 2000;Desjardin & Hemmes 2001;Bandala et al. 2005;Cortez & da Silveira 2007Cortez 2008a,b). Acanthocytes were also found as hymenial structures and on the entire stipe surface [in S. acanthocystis Cortez & R.M. Silveira (2007: 135) Singer (1986) recognized 20 Stropharia species worldwide, but Kirk et al. (2008) attributed 15 species for the genus about fifteen validly published names worldwide. ...
A new species, Stropharia acanthostipitata, is here described from the Dominican Republic and French Guiana based on morphological and molecular ITS/LSU analyses. It is distinguished by a dry, smooth and hygrophanous pileus with minute and fugacious velar remnants at the pileus margin, exannulate stipe, brown lamellae, presence of chrysocystidia on both edge and face of lamellae, and the occurrence of acanthocytes all over the stipe surface.
... This fact let some researchers use the presence of acanthocytes for distinguishing species of Stropharia from other closely allied genera, such as Hypholoma (Fr.) P. Kumm., Pholiota (Fr.) P. Kumm. and Psilocybe (Fr.) P. Kumm. (Jahnke 1984, Norvell andRedhead 2000). Molecular studies also have supported acanthocytes as a good generic morphological character (Moncalvo et al 2002). ...
Stropharia acanthocystis is described as a new species from southern Brazil. It is characterized by the lack of an annulus and the presence of acanthocytes in the hymenium.
... Stropharia cultures can produce unique stellate cells, called acanthocytes. Farr (1980) has made a detailed study of the morphology and development of acanthocytes, and considered the ability to form acanthocytes as a characteristic of the whole genus (Norvell et al., 2000). Luo et al. (2006) and Bursaphelenchus xylophilus within hours on agar plates. ...
... A proposal for conservation of the fungal genus Flammula has been put forward by Redhead (2013). (Jacobsson 1990(Jacobsson , 1997Noordeloos 1999;Norvell & Redhead 2000;Redhead 1984a,b). In modern treatments of Pholiota for various regions in Europe with narrower genus concepts, 24-28 species are recognized (Holec 2001, Jacobsson 2009, Noordeloos 2011 Scherff., and a number of Tubaria species, comprising 40-50 species]. ...
A name has been found for a common species in Pholiota subg. Flammuloides fruiting during and soon after snowmelt in the subalpine Abies forests of California: Pholiota olivaceophylla is characterized by rather pale slime-covered basidiocarps, relatively
pale brown ellipsoid to slightly phaseoliform spores, 6.0–8.5 × 3.5–5.0 μm, with an inconspicuous germ pore, and abundant lageniform pleurocystidia. The ITS sequence of the type collection of Ph. olivaceophylla matches those of recent collections. From phylogenetic
analyses and morphology, it is clear that the secotioid Nivatogastrium nubigenum [= Pholiota nubigena] is nested within Pholiota; this species has retained ballistospores and the typical curved sterigmata for active spore dispersal.
his book, as part of the "Natural Products Chemistry of Global Plants" series, describes in detail the health promoting wild edible and medicinal mushrooms specific to the Himilayas region. The focus of the book is to draw on the rich culture, folklore, and environment of the Upper Himilayas, which represents a scientifically significant region. The Himilayas has rich plant resources and a large diversity of plants and mushrooms, which can provide important health benefits as detailed throughout the text. Drawing attention to these mushrooms with detailed scientific descriptions may help in the awareness and in developing sustainable growth of these important resources.
Features:
Provides an opportunity to describe the wild edible and medicinal mushrooms from this scientifically significant region.
Represents a wider variety of mushrooms than previously published in other books.
Presents more content related to traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, distribution, processing, toxicology, conservation and future prospective of individual mushrooms.
The plants and mushrooms of the region are valuable resources not only to local populations but to those living outside the region.
Scientists are monitoring the rich Himalayan plant resources and the consequences of climate change on this precarious ecosystem.
Les auteurs présentent Stropharia flavida, espèce nouvelle découverte dans le parc naturel de la zone volcanique de la Garrocha en Catalogne (Espagne), sur du bois en décomposition de pin, au cours de l'automne 2018. Une description morphologique et microscopique détaillée et l'analyse phylogénétique des marqueurs ITS et LSU précisent ses caractéristiques et ses affinités phylogénétiques. Abstract The authors introduce Stropharia flavida, a new mushroom species discovered in the Natural Park of the volcanic zone of Garrotxa in Catalonia (Spain), on decaying pine wood, in fall 2018. A detailed morphological and microscopical description and phylogenetic analyses of ITS and LSU markers precise its characteristics and phylogenetic affinities. Resumen Los autores presentan Stropharia flavida, una nueva especie descubierta durante el otoño de 2018, en el Parque natural de la zona volcánica de la Garrocha en Cataluña (España), sobre madera de pino en descomposición. Una descripción morfológica y microscópica detallada así como el análisis filogenético de los marcadores ITS y LSU precisa sus características y sus afinidades filogenéticas.
An unpublished report submitted in 2008 summarized the outcomes of a seven-year study evaluating the short-term response of epigeous ectomycorrhizal basidiomycetes to five different density treatments in a 65-year old Douglas-fir forest in the Oregon coast range. That report supplemented information provided in Norvell & Exeter’s 2004 publication, “Ectomycorrhizal epigeous basidiomycete diversity in Oregon’s coastal montane Pseudotsuga menziesii forests – preliminary observations.” This revision includes illustrations and analyses of the 2008 summary and provides new taxonomic reports, a complete bibliography, and a nomenclaturally refined species list.
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