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In vitro activities of plant extracts from the Brazilian Cerrado and Pantanal against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Acari: Ixodidae)
Abstract
A total of 73 ethanol extracts from different anatomical parts of 44 plant species belonging to 24 families, native to the Mid-Western region of Brazil, were assessed in vitro for their effect on the reproductive cycle of engorged females of the cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, using the adult immersion test. All extracts were evaluated at the concentration of 0.2 % and, among the extracts tested, the one obtained from the fruits of Guarea kunthiana (Meliaceae) proved to be highly efficacious, showing 99.1 % of product effectiveness. Extracts from other three species were shown to be moderately active, namely Nymphaea amazonum trunk (Nymphaeaceae) [51.7 %], Strychnos pseudoquina trunk (Loganiaceae) [8.0 %] and Ocotea lancifolia leaves (Lauraceae) [34.5 %], while the remaining extracts were shown to be weakly active or inactive. This is the first report on the bioactivity of these species on egg production by engorged females of R.
microplus.
... Plant extracts have emerged as an alternative to chemical acaricides, and several studies have confirmed their effects on the R. (B.) microplus tick, causing mortality among other effects (Borges et al. 2011; Barbosa et al. 2013;Ghosh et al. 2015;Banumathi et al. 2017). Plant-derived acaricides are environmentally friendly, have low toxicity against mammals, and tick resistance development occurs at a slower pace. ...
... classes of secondary metabolites with different mechanisms of action (Elango and Rahuman 2011;Barbosa et al. 2013;Ghosh et al. 2015;Rosado-Aguilar et al. 2017). Furcraea foetida (L.) Haw. ...
... Plant-derived products are an attractive natural alternative to controlling ticks (George et al. 2014;Rosado-Aguilar et al. 2017). Several plant species have shown in vitro and in vivo acaricidal activity against R. (B.) microplus ticks (Pivoto et al. 2010;Buzatti et al. 2011;Krawczak et al. 2011;Borges et al. 2011;Elango and Rahuman 2011;Barbosa et al. 2013;Adenubi et al. 2016;Banumathi et al. 2017). However, until now, the acaricidal activity of F. foetida leaf crude extract against the R. (B.) microplus tick has not been tested and reported. ...
The Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus tick is a major concern for the livestock market worldwide, as it causes serious economic damage. Plant-derived acaricides are an attractive alternative to control this ectoparasite and limit the development of resistance. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the acaricidal activity of Furcraea foetida leaf extract against engorged female R. (B.) microplus ticks. Our in vitro bioassays showed that the crude extract of leaves from F. foetida caused hemorrhagic swelling and skin lesions in the ticks, and three days of treatment caused 100% mortality. Dose-response assay indicated that this toxicity effect was dose-dependent. Similar effects were observed when the crude extract from F. foetida leaves was denatured by boiling at 100°C. These results suggest that the toxicity of the leaf extract might be associated with thermostable biomolecules. Together, our results show for the first time that the crude extract of F. foetida leaves has acaricidal activity against engorged female R. (B.) microplus ticks and it acts in a dose-dependent manner.
... The genus Ocotea, the largest member of the Lauraceae family, contains about 350 species and is distributed mainly in tropical and subtropical regions, including Brazil. Several biological activities related to the species of this genus have been reported, such as antibacterial, antifungal (Bruni et al., 2004), anticholinesterase (Yamaguchi et al., 2012), and acaricidal (Barbosa et al., 2013;Santos et al., 2013). An important species of this genus is the Ocotea aciphylla (Ness) Mez., whose leaves have been traditionally used as a tonic and stomachic (Marques, 2001). ...
... After this period, the eggs were weighed, transferred to glass tubes and incubated under the same conditions for larval hatching, which was read visually using a stereomicroscope after 21 days of incubation. The data obtained were used to determine the percentage of reduction on egg oviposition and larval hatching (Barbosa et al., 2013), as well as to calculate the estimated reproduction and efficacy of product according to Drummond et al. (1973). ...
... All three extracts from O. aciphylla evaluated showed significant activity against R. (B.) microplus in the adult immersion test. Activity of other species of Ocotea against R. (B.) microplus was reported by Barbosa et al. (2013). This study demonstrates that the ethano- lic extract of O. lancifolia (2 mg/mL) promoted 34.5% efficacy in the adult immersion test, a result that the authors considered as moderate acaricide activity. ...
The in vitro acaricide activity of hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts of Ocotea aciphylla leaves was investigated by means of an immersion tests using Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus engorged females and larvae. All extracts were shown effective against the different stages of the parasite, and the ethanol extract (50 mg/mL concentration) was the most active (more than 90% efficacy in both assays). The ethanolic extract was fractionated using column chromatography with silica gel as stationary phase to furnish several fractions that were tested against larvae of R. (B.) microplus. Three fractions showed high acaricidal activity (50 mg/mL), causing between 84.2% and 100% mortality of the larvae. The anticholinesterase effect of these fractions was determined spectrophotometrically using a microtiter assay. The chemical investigation of the active fractions led to the characterization of terpenoids (cadalene 1 and squalene 2), a phenylpropanoid (dillapiole 3) and a phenolic mixture containing five proanthocyanidins (4-8) and a flavonoid (vitexin-2”-O-rhamnoside). Our findings suggest that the O. aciphylla has potent acaricidal activity in vitro against R. (B.) microplus, and that different secondary metabolites are responsible for this effect.
... Meliaceae plants, including Guarea kunthiana A. Juss, are widely distributed in some Brazilian ecosystems, such as Cerrado and Pantanal. In a previous study (Barbosa et al., 2013) we evaluated 73 ethanol extracts from 24 families of plants from Brazilian Cerrado and Pantanal for their effects on the reproductive cycle of engorged females of R. (B.) microplus. Of the crude extracts evaluated, the one obtained from the fruits of G. kunthiana was the most effective, with 99% efficacy at a 0.2% concentration (Barbosa et al., 2013). ...
... In a previous study (Barbosa et al., 2013) we evaluated 73 ethanol extracts from 24 families of plants from Brazilian Cerrado and Pantanal for their effects on the reproductive cycle of engorged females of R. (B.) microplus. Of the crude extracts evaluated, the one obtained from the fruits of G. kunthiana was the most effective, with 99% efficacy at a 0.2% concentration (Barbosa et al., 2013). Based on these findings, a chemical investigation of this extract guided by its effect on the reproductive cycle of engorged females of R. (B.) microplus led to the isolation of 3b-O-tigloylmelianol (Fig. 1), a new protolimonoid, as the active constituent (Miguita et al., 2015). ...
... The protolimonoid 3b-O-tigloylmelianol was previously obtained from G. kunthiana fruits, as described by Barbosa et al. (2013) and Miguita et al. (2015). The material was standardized for the tests and stored in a freezer at À18 C. For the histological evaluations on oogenesis the compound was diluted to 0.01% in distilled water and 5% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). ...
... Several classes of compounds have been isolated from the genus Ocotea, such as terpenoids, alkaloids, neolignans, allyl phenols, coumarins, and sesquiterpenlactones (Hess, 1995). Recent in vitro studies have detected acaricidal effect of Ocotea lancifolia and Ocotea diospyrifolia etanolic extracts on R. (B.) microplus engorged females and larvae (Barbosa et al. 2013;Santos et al., 2013). Likewise, Conceição et al. (2017) evaluated hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts of Ocotea acidophyla leaves and all of them demonstrated acaricidal activity against different stages of the cattle tick. ...
... Therefore, we believe it should be better studied at the histological level. Our results are close to those of Barbosa et al. (2013), in which ethanol extract of O. lancifolia (Schott) Mez leaves and bark at 2 mg/mL showed significant activity on the reproductive parameters of R. (B.) microplus engorged females (34.5% efficacy). Conceição et al. (2017) also obtained efficacy higher than 90% with the ethanol extract of O. aciphylla (Nees & Mart.) ...
Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus is responsible for reducing animal welfare, causing a drop in productive performance and transmitting hemoparasites. The main strategy of tick control is application of synthetic acaricides. However, parasite resistance to these compounds is a major concern. Therefore, the acaricidal and repellent in vitro effect of the Ocotea elegans essential oil on larvae and adult females of R. (B.) microplus were evaluated. The larval packet test (LPT), larval repellency test (RT) and adult immersion test (AIT) were performed. The essential oil was analyzed by gas chromatography (GC/FID) and the structure of the oil's major constituent (92.2% sesquirosefuran) was elucidated by nuclear magnetic resonance. In the AIT, efficacy higher than 90% was detected from the concentration 25 mg/mL upward. In both LPTs performed after 48 h, only the 100 mg/mL concentration resulted in mortalities above 70%. On the other hand, the essential oil caused an average of 95.8% repellency from 0.78 to 100 mg/mL. The LC50 in the two LPT (48 h) tests were 59.68 and 25.59 mg/mL, respectively. The LC50 and LC90 in the AIT were 4.96 and 17.37 mg/mL, and in the RT they were 0.04 and 1.24 mg/mL respectively. We conclude that the essential oil of O. elegans leaves has a significant acaricidal effect on engorged females and on larval repellency of R. (B.) microplus ticks, and can be a promising alternative for the control of this ectoparasite.
... The plant extracts of some species of the Fabaceae family have been tested against R. microplus adults and larvae (Chungsamarnyart et al. 1991a, b;Zorloni et al. 2010;Rosado-Aguilar et al. 2010a;Barbosa et al. 2013). The H. albicans and C. gaumeri leaf extracts at 20% concentration showed low mortality (23-30%) and moderate efficacy in terms of ELI (Chungsamarnyart et al. 1991a). ...
... The H. albicans and C. gaumeri leaf extracts at 20% concentration showed low mortality (23-30%) and moderate efficacy in terms of ELI (Chungsamarnyart et al. 1991a). In addition, ethanol extracts from Andira cuyabensis and A. humilis leaves at 0.2% concentration showed no significant acaricidal activity on egg laying or larval hatching (Barbosa et al. 2013). In other studies, the acetone extract of Calpurnia aurea leaves presented 50% mortality in Rhipicephalus pulchellus adults after the extract (24 h) was topically applied at a concentration of 20% (Zorloni et al. 2010). ...
The acaricidal activity of methanolic extracts from the leaves of Havardia albicans (Kunth Britton and Rose) and Caesalpinia gaumeri (Greenm) were tested on the larvae and adults of the cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus Canestrini using the larval immersion test and the adult immersion test, respectively. The toxicity of these extracts was also evaluated on laboratory animals using toxicity bioassays at different concentrations: skin irritability (500 mg/ml), acute oral toxicity (5000 mg/kg), ocular irritability (1000 mg/ml) and dermal toxicity (5000 mg/kg). The acaricidal activity of the H. albicans extracts on R. microplus larvae showed a LC50 of 7.0% (4.3-11.4) and a LC99 of 25.5% (14.26-201.5). The acaricidal activity of the C. gaumeri extracts on larvae showed a LC50 of 7.8% (5.74-10.65) and a LC99 of 38.32% (22.22-146.48). The H. albicans extracts showed moderate acaricidal activity in the inhibition of egg laying (54.4 ± 12.4) and the inhibition of larval hatching (48.7 ± 6.8) in R. microplus adults. The C. gaumeri extracts also showed moderate acaricidal activity in the inhibition of egg laying (51.0 ± 11.2). However, none of the evaluated extracts showed significant toxicity on laboratory rodents. These plants show the potential to control R. microplus and could be administered topically or orally in animals. Further studies are needed to identify the active compound(s) and to evaluate the effects of these plants on R. microplus in vivo.
... The genus Ocotea (Lauraceae) is found mainly in the tropical zones of the world and many of their species are source of diverse products such as natural extracted compounds, fuelwood and timbers of different qualities (Marques, 2001). Besides the previous biological studies of Ocotea species from Brazilian flora (Marques et al., 2003;Monte Neto et al., 2007;Barbosa et al., 2013), there are few published studies about Ocotea lancifolia (Schott) Mez. This medium-size tree is widely distributed among Cerrado and Atlantic Forest biomes, with a natural distribution of 167 individuals per hectare (França and Stehmann, 2004;Sobral et al., 2006). ...
... This medium-size tree is widely distributed among Cerrado and Atlantic Forest biomes, with a natural distribution of 167 individuals per hectare (França and Stehmann, 2004;Sobral et al., 2006). Moreover, O. lancifolia, described as non-toxic, shows a potential source of phytochemicals for medicinal and insecticidal applications (Fournet et al., 2007;Camargo, 2011;Barbosa et al., 2013;Camargo et al., 2013); nevertheless, the way to obtain these value-added products it is through sustainable forest management. ...
This study is designed to evaluate the physicochemical properties and the decay resistance of leaf extracts obtained from a native Brazilian tree Ocotea lancifolia. Ethanol was used to obtain crude extract from milled leaves, which was further partitioned with ethyl acetate and butanol achieving two phenolic-rich fractions. Furthermore, wood veneers were impregnated with crude extract and its fractions (at 1 and 4%), and evaluated against two wood-destroying fungi. Firstly, Fourier transform infrared and thermogravimetric analysis confirmed chemical differences on structure, stability and purity of the evaluated extract samples. Crude extract presented lower total phenolic content (178 mg GAE/g dried sample) and lower antioxidant activity than its fractions. Moreover, the fractions showed 360–405 mg GAE/g dried sample and a high scavenging effect (IC50 < 0.75 mg/mL). Chromatographic analysis revealed the presence of quercetin-derived monoglucosides in all samples, such as quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside (∼20–22% in crude extract and ethyl acetate fraction) and quercetin-3-O-glucoside in butanolic fraction (20.71%). Crude extract and ethyl acetate fraction at 4% were the most effective treatments to reduce the action of two wood-rot fungi (mass loss < 8%). Overall, leaf extracts from O. lancifolia can provide a renewable source of antioxidants and eco-friendly wood preservatives.
... Plants accumulate organic substances in significant quantities and concentrations and are a renewable source of these substances; hence, they could be exploited economically and sustainably [7]. The use of plant derivatives in the control of veterinary ectoparasites is an area that holds considerable potential for the future and research into their use in vivo is just beginning [8]. Antimicrobial, insecticide and acaricidal effects of essential oils (EOs) have been exhaustively demonstrated [9][10][11]; numerous studies have confirmed the effect of herbal products on ticks, as larval mortality, reductions in weight, egg-laying, fecundity, and egg viability [12][13][14][15]. ...
Control measures against common cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus are of the upmost importance because of considerable, deleterious impact on a farm’s economy. Due to resistance phenomena to synthetic acaricides being a constraint in affected farms, the search for plant derivatives as acaricides has increased dramatically in recent years. In this work, essential oils obtained from two Ecuadorian plants, Ambrosia peruviana and Lepechinia mutica (EOAp, EOLm), traditionally used as insecticides in indigenous communities, were studied on larvae and engorged females at the parasitic stages of R. microplus. Larvae and females were treated with five (0.0625, 0.125, 0.25, 0.50 and 1%) and six concentrations (0.125, 0.25, 0.50, 1, 2 and 4%), respectively, of each EOsAp/Lm. A 98–99% larval mortality was achieved with 0.5% of both EOsAp/Lm. EOAp inhibited oviposition and egg hatching up to 82% and 80%, respectively, and had an overall efficacy of 93.12%. Efficacy of EOLm was 72.84%, due to the low influence of EOLm on reproductive parameters. By steam distillation and GC-MS analysis, γ-Curcumene was identified as the main constituent (52.02%) in the EOAp and Shyobunol (10.80%) in EOLm. The results suggest that major components of both essential oils should be further studied as promissory acaricides against R. microplus.
... Vasconcelos et al. (2014) reported that all the syringe contents were counted under a stereoscopic microscope. On the other hand, Barbosa et al. (2013) reported that when less than 50% of the larvae hatched, eggs and larvae were mixed in 4 mL of a 1:1 solution of aqueous ethanol at 96% and glycerin. Then larvae and eggs were counted in 1 mL of the solution. ...
Reproductive parameters of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus are often evaluated. They are good indicators of resistance to commercial acaricides and of plant extracts’ efficacy. The objective of this study was to compare the techniques: visual estimation and quantification by sampling used in the Adult Immersion Test (AIT) to calculate the hatching rate of eggs. Engorged females collected from cattle were subjected to the AIT with plant extracts and kept in an incubator for oviposition. The egg hatching was evaluated in 210 syringes by visual estimation (%). Then, eggs and larvae were counted into samples of 100 individuals, in three repetitions by stereo microscope. Significant differences were found between the two tests (p ≤ 0.05). The egg hatching average of visual estimation was higher than the quantification by sampling, 56.8–48.0, respectively (correlation = 0.85). We found that the visual assessment leads to a higher estimate of larvae in relation to eggs, because the infertile eggs can be concealed in the center of the syringe. In quantification by sampling, no statistical differences (p = 0.99) were observed in the pairwise counts between the three samples (48.1 ± 26.6%, 47.8 ± 26.9%, 48.1 ± 26.5%) (correlation of repetitions = 0.96). This suggests that counting one sample is sufficient and the result should not differ much, regardless of the evaluator. Regarding the cutoff point of tick resistance status (95%), both methods are reliable. This study contributes to improvement of the AIT and can stimulate researchers to choose more accurate techniques for the assessment of egg hatching.
... marcgravii, P. aduncum) extracts possess both larvicidal and adulticidal activity (Silva et al., 2009(Silva et al., , 2011. The highest adulticidal mortality (100%) was recorded testing ethanol extract of Lobelia leschenaultiana and Murraya koenigii at 10%, 0.06 mg/ml and 10%, respectively (Banumathi et al., 2016;Singh et al., 2015), followed by the ethanol fruit extract of Guarea kunthiana (99%), the essential oil of Pelargonium roseum (98.3%) and the methanol seed extract of Carica papaya (93.33%), tested at the concentration of 0.2%, 5% and 100 mg/ml, respectively (Barbosa et al., 2013;Kheirabadi et al., 2009;Shyma et al., 2014). ...
The tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus is a key vector of bacterial and protozoan diseases causing heavy economic losses directly and indirectly in animal husbandry. In the past decades, the control of ticks faced some major issues, such as the rapid development of resistance in targeted vectors and non-target effects on human health and the environment, due to the employ of synthetic acaricides and repellents. Eco-friendly pesticides for treating and controlling animal parasites such as ticks were mainly from medicinal plants and thus they form the richest entity for manufacturing resources for drugs. Even though there are efforts made to discover effective plant-based acaricides to control ectoparasites in animal husbandry, the effective control of R. (B.) microplus ticks still represent a major challenge in current veterinary entomology. Recently, there are attempts to use herbal preparations and green-fabricated nanoparticles for the control of R. (B.) microplus that are promising. The aim of this review is to critically summarize and discuss the use of herbal preparations used in ethno-veterinary as well as green-fabricated nanoparticles as novel acaricides for the control of the cattle tick R. (B.) microplus.
... Investigations on plant extracts as a new source of acaricidal agents constitute a useful approach. Plants accumulate organic substances in quantities and concentrations that can be economically exploited in a sustainable manner since they are a renewable source (1). Another advantage from the use of those compounds is that resistance develops slowly because there is usually a mixture of different active agents with different mechanisms of action (2). ...
The use of bio-derivatives as acaricides would be an effective and safe method of tick control. The acaricidal effect of essential oils obtained from Bursera graveolens (Burseraceae) and Schinus molle (Anacardiaceae), traditionally used by indigenous Ecuadorian medicine as insecticides, was tested on larvae of cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Essential oils were obtained from mature fruits by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography. The acaricidal activity of essential oils against larvae was measured by larval package test with six concentrations of each essential oil. In total, sixteen compounds were identified in B. graveolens and twenty-one in S. molle essential oil. The mortalities of larvae in assays conducted with B. graveolens essential oil ranked from 35.43 to 100%; in S. molle from 5.58 to 100%. The obtained results show a clear and promising acaricidal effect of both essential oils over larvae of R. (B.) microplus.
... Os ovos dos grupos II e III apresentaram um aspecto ressecado e coloração escura. Barbosa et al. (2013) fizeram a mesma observação dos ovos de R. microplus tratados com o extrato de Guarea kunthiana. É possível que o extrato de N. tabacum tenha removido a cera de revestimento que protege os ovos contra a desidratação, o que possibilitou a troca osmótica dos ovos com o meio, e consequentemente o aparecimento desse aspecto ressecado e enrugado (Politi et al., 2015). ...
The use of synthetic acaricides is the most common way to control the cattle tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. However, problems that result from the indiscriminate use of these products have driven the search for alternative methods sucj as the use of compunds based on medicinal plants. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of different extraction methods of rope tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) against R. microplus eggs. In order to obtain bioactive compounds of the plant, the following techniques were employed: maceration, distillation and Soxhlet extraction, all of them using water as solvent. Eggs were organized in pools of 100 mg to be treated with the extracts and, subsequently, they were observed daily for the record of larval hatching parameters. A significant increase in incubation period was observed when maceration or soxhlet extracts were used. Larval hatching period and hatching rate were significantly reduced, when any extraction technique was employed. Therefore, N. tabacum aqueous extract, without the need of formulations, is efficient to avoid larval hatchability under the conditions used in this research.
... Among the advantages of phytotherapics that currently justify their use are synergistic effects of its components, easy degradation in the environment, the share of compounds acting on different molecular targets, the lowest risk of side effects and the relatively lower costs in research (Yunes et al., 2001). Some plant extracts have been reported in the literature for the control of certain species of ticks as Hyalomma anatolicum (Abdel-Shafy and Zayed, 2002;Singh et al., 2014), Rhipicephalus microplus (Barbosa et al., 2013;Kongkiatpaiboon et al., 2014;Pazinato et al., 2014), Rhipicephalus annulatus (Kaaya et al., 1995;Ravindran et al., 2012) and even R. sanguineus (Fernandes, 2007;Arnosti et al., 2011;Denardi et al., 2012;Sampieri et al., 2012;Politi et al., 2012Politi et al., , 2013. ...
... Promising results have been obtained in vitro against resistant ticks with plant extracts and their compounds (Fernandes et al., 2007;Barbosa et al., 2013). However, in vivo experiments have demonstrated low to moderate efficacy as well as very short residual periods (Pereira and Famadas, 2006;Srivastava et al., 2008;Olivo et al., 2009). ...
... In Brazil, several plants have been evaluated against R. (B) microplus, highlighting Melia azadirachta (SOUSA et al., 2008), Azadirachta indica (COSTA et al., 2008), Drimys brasiliensis (RIBEIRO et al., 2008b), Piper aduncum (SILVA et al., 2009), Simarouba versicolor (CATTO et al., 2009), Calea serrata (RIBEIRO et al., 2011), Tagetes minuta (GARCIA et al., 2012) and Guarea kunthiana (BARBOSA et al., 2013). ...
This research evaluated the in vitro acaricidal activity of extracts from 21 plant species from the Pantanal of Mato Grosso do Sul. During stage I, a larval immersion test was performed using three extract concentrations (5%, 20%, and 40%). During stage II, we used only plants that showed over 95% efficiency at the 40% concentration in stage I in an amount sufficient for the adult immersion test. Aeschynomene denticulata, Angelonia hirta, Aspilia latissima, Caperonia castaneifolia, Centratherum punctatum, Crotalaria micans, Diodia kuntzei, Echinodorus paniculatus, Hyptis mutabilis, Lantana canescens, Melanthera latifolia, Ocotea diospyrifolia, Richardia grandiflora, Sebastiana hispida, Tocoyena formosa, Zanthoxylum rigidum, and Sesbania virgata (fruit extract) showed acaricidal activity against the larval stage of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus higher than 95% at a 40% (w/v) concentration, while Hippocratea volubilis and Randia armata showed moderate efficacy and Croton glandulosus and Senna obtusifolia had no effect. The M. latifolia, A. hirta, R. grandiflora, and A. latissima raw extracts were evaluated for their activity against adults, and only A. hirta showed an efficacy close to 90%. Eighteen extracts had an efficacy of up to 95% against larvae at a 40% concentration, seven extracts were effective at 20%, and only one (Sebastiana hispida) was effective at a 5% concentration.
The reemerging diseases caused by Aedes aegypti are one of the main public health problems in the world. The control of mosquitoes using larvicidal compounds from products of plant origin is an excellent alternative. This study aims to evaluate the larvicidal potential of fractions in hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and hydromethanol from the ethanolic leaf extract of two species of the genus Croton L. (Euphorbiaceae) against larval forms of A. aegypti, as an alternative tool to control this vector. Dry leaves of Croton betaceus Baill. and Croton lundianus (Didr.) Müll. Arg. were used for biological tests. The compounds were extracted with ethanol (99.8%). The ethanolic extracts of the leaves were suspended in a methanol / water solution and were successively subjected to the liquid-liquid division process with solvents of different polarities: hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate, giving rise to the four fractions. Larvicidal tests were performed with the ethanol extract and fractions resulting from the partition. In the study, the crude extract and the fractions showed larvicidal potential, being hexane fraction the one with greatest activity. Mortality in C. betaceus fractions was up to 40%. Croton lundianus presented mortality of up to 93.33% of the larvae submitted to the test. Data analysis showed larvicidal activity in the crude extract and fractions. The hexane fraction was more effective, especially in C. lundianus.
In the present study, chemical characterization of essential oils (EOs) from different chemotypes of Siparuna guianensis was performed and their acaricidal activity against Rhipicephalus microplus evaluated. Leaves of S. guianensis were collected from three municipalities of the Zona da Mata region, Minas Gerais State, Brazil: São Miguel do Anta (SMA), Tocantins (TO), and Viçosa (VI). The EOs chemical compositions were analysed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. To evaluate acaricidal activity, larval packet tests (LPT), and adult immersion tests (AIT), were used. The major compound found in the SMA and TO samples was α-bisabolol (62.6 and 48.1%, respectively). In the VI sample, germacrene D was the predominant compound (25%). In the LPT, the highest concentration (20 mg/mL) of the VI sample caused a mortality rate of 81.1%, while for the TO and SMA samples, mortality was 100%. Pure α-bisabolol, acaused 100% mortality at a concentration of 10 mg/mL. The control percentage at the highest concentration (60 mg/mL) was 77.4, 87.8, and 98.6%, for the TO, SMA, and α-bisabolol samples, respectively. We demonstrate that there is variation in the chemical composition of the EOs of S. guianensis from different regions, and that the chemotypes rich in α-bisabolol presented greater activity against R. microplus.
O tratamento de enfermidades à base de plantas medicinais é uma prática antiga e que vem ganhando especial atenção na área da ciência médica, sobretudo, na medicina veterinária, onde vários estudos científicos já comprovaram a eficácia de inúmeras plantas como possível alternativa ao uso de fármacos convencionais. Nesta perspectiva, o objetivo dessa revisão de literatura foi reunir estudos científicos realizados no Brasil sobre a eficácia terapêutica de plantas medicinais com possível aplicação na medicina veterinária. Para tal, foram selecionados 114 artigos (pesquisados nas bases de dados Google Acadêmico, SciELO, PubMed, Science Direct e MEDLINE) para compor essa revisão. Foram comprovadas as atividades biológicas de mais de 70 plantas, concluindo-se que as plantas são alternativas eficientes e seguras para o tratamento de doenças na medicina veterinária.
Destaque do agronegócio brasileiro no cenário mundial, a bovinocultura tem sua produtividade comprometida por uma espécie de carrapato conhecida como Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (BRASIL, 2015). As investigações com produtos de origem vegetal são métodos alternativos a principal medida de controle utilizada na pecuária bovina, os acaricidas sintéticos (FERREIRA, 2002).As espécies do gênero Ocotea, membros da família Laureceae são apontados como detentores de atividades biológicas como a ação acaricida (SANTOS et. al. 2013). A enzima acetilcolinesterase é utilizada como alvo para o controle de infestações por carrapatos, pois sua inibição ocasiona o acúmulo de acetilcolina e consequentemente a morte do parasito (RIBEIRO et al., 2012).Será construído inicialmente um banco de moléculas oriundas de plantas do gênero Ocotea, em seguidas a afinidade das mesmas será avaliada por acoplamento molecular frente a enzima acetilcolinesterase, os melhores compostos serão avaliados por ensaios in vitro. Espera-se com isso contribuir para o controle do Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus e com isso com a bovinocultura.
The reemerging diseases caused by Aedes aegypti are one of the main public health problems in the world. The control of mosquitoes using larvicidal compounds from products of plant origin is an excellent alternative. This study aims to evaluate the larvicidal potential of fractions in hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and hydromethanol from the ethanolic leaf extract of two species of the genus Croton L. (Euphorbiaceae) against larval forms of A. aegypti, as an alternative tool to control this vector. Dry leaves of Croton betaceus Baill. and Croton lundianus (Didr.) Müll. Arg. were used for biological tests. The compounds were extracted with ethanol (99.8%). The ethanolic extracts of the leaves were suspended in a methanol / water solution and were successively subjected to the liquid-liquid division process with solvents of different polarities: hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate, giving rise to the four fractions. Larvicidal tests were performed with the ethanol extract and fractions resulting from the partition. In the study, the crude extract and the fractions showed larvicidal potential, being hexane fraction the one with greatest activity. Mortality in C. betaceus fractions was up to 40%. Croton lundianus presented mortality of up to 93.33% of the larvae submitted to the test. Data analysis showed larvicidal activity in the crude extract and fractions. The hexane fraction was more effective, especially in C. lundianus.
The objective of this study was to identify the main chemical components of the essential oil of Cuminum cyminum L. (cumin) and of the fixed oils of Bertholletia excelsa (Brazil nut) and of Helianthus annuus (sunflower seed). As well as testing the three oils and three different commercial synthetic acaricides against engorged females of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus in order to explore their acaricidal efficacy. Six different concentrations of the oils (200, 100, 50, 25, 12.5 and 6.25 mg/mL) and the active principles were evaluated with the Adult Immersion Test (AIT). The two main chemicals components of C. cyminum L. were the cuminaldehyde and the γ-terpinene. In both B. excelsa and H. annuus were the linoleic and oleic acid. C. cyminum L. showed high acaricidal activity (100%) over the engorged females and on their reproductive characteristat from the concentration of 100 mg/mL. B. excelsa and H. annuus had low acaricidal activity (39.39% and 58.75% in the concentration of 200 mg/mL respectively). The amidine and the pyrethroid (35.12% and 1.50% respectively). It can be concluded that the oil of C. cyminum L. may be a phytoterapic alternative for the cattle's tick control.
Arthropods are dangerous vectors of agents of deadly diseases, which may hit as epidemics or pandemics in the increasing world population of humans and animals. Among them, ticks transmit more pathogen species than any other group of blood-feeding arthropods worldwide. Thus, the effective and eco-friendly control of tick vectors in a constantly changing environment is a crucial challenge. A number of novel routes have been attempted to prevent and control tick-borne diseases, including the development of (i) vaccines against viruses vectored by ticks; (ii) pheromone-based control tools, with special reference to the “lure and kill” techniques; (iii) biological control programmes relying on ticks’ natural enemies and pathogens; and (iv) the integrated pest management practices aimed at reducing tick interactions with livestock. However, the extensive employment of acaricides and tick repellents still remains the two most effective and ready-to-use strategies. Unfortunately, the first one is limited by the rapid development of resistance in ticks, as well as by serious environmental concerns. On the other hand, the exploitation of plants as sources of effective tick repellents is often promising. Here, we reviewed current knowledge concerning the effectiveness of plant extracts as acaricides or repellents against tick vectors of public health importance, with special reference to Ixodes ricinus, Ixodes persulcatus, Amblyomma cajennense, Haemaphysalis bispinosa, Haemaphysalis longicornis, Hyalomma anatolicum, Hyalomma marginatum rufipes, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, Rhipicephalus pulchellus, Rhipicephalus sanguineus and Rhipicephalus turanicus. Eighty-three plant species from 35 botanical families were selected. The most frequent botanical families exploited as sources of acaricides and repellents against ticks were Asteraceae (15 % of the selected studies), Fabaceae (9 %), Lamiaceae (10 %), Meliaceae (5 %), Solanaceae (6 %) and Verbenaceae (5 %). Regression equation analyses showed that the literature grew by approximately 20 % per year (period: 2005–2015). Lastly, in the final section, insights for future research are discussed. We focused on some caveats for future data collection and analysis. Current critical points mainly deal with (a) not uniform methods used, which prevent proper comparison of the results; (b) inaccurate tested concentrations, frequently 100 % concentration corresponded to the gross extract, where the exact amounts of extracted substances are unknown; and (c) not homogeneous size of tested tick instars and species. Overall, the knowledge summarized in this review may be helpful for comparative screening among extensive numbers of plant-borne preparations, in order to develop newer and safer tick control tools.
Plant species that occur in the major biomes of Mato Grosso do Sul state (Pantanal and Cerrado) have been chemically investigated by the research group on Natural Products Chemistry (PRONABio) at the Institute of Chemistry of the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Extracts from approximately 120 species have been evaluated for their biological activities and many of them have been chemically studied. Several of these works were inspired by the medicinal use of these plants by the local population. The studies also involved investigation of plants with implications in one of the main economic activities of Mato Grosso do Sul, namely livestock - including investigation of toxic species for cattle and with acaricidal activity. Dengue, one of the major public health problems in Brazil, was also the subject of chemical investigation of active species against its vector, the mosquito Aedes aegypti. In this context, some of the results obtained from studies performed with members from the families Apocynaceae, Combretaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Erythroxylaceae, Fabaceae, Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Malpighiaceae, Meliaceae and Rubiaceae, among others, are highlighted in the present article. Promising results were obtained for extracts, fractions and secondary metabolites isolated from members of these families with cytotoxic, genotoxic, recombinogenic, antimicrobial, and leishmanicidal properties, in addition to larvicidal activities against Aedes aegypti and toxicity against the cattle tick. Therefore, this review about the work performed by PRONABio, emphasizes the potential of the biomes of Mato Grosso do Sul as sources of substances of medicinal and veterinary interest, and also relevant to public health.
Chemical investigation of Guarea kunthiana fruits, guided by their effect on the reproductive cycle of engorged females of the cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus-a major economic problem to the livestock industry worldwide-led to isolation of 3β-O-tigloylmelianol, a new protolimonoid, from the bioactive hexane phase obtained by partitioning the crude ethanol extract. An adult immersion test was performed. The compound strongly inhibited egg-laying and hatchability (99.2% effectiveness at a 0.01% concentration). Melianone, isolated from the same phase, yielded unremarkable results in the adult immersion test. From the dichloromethane phase, melianol, melianodiol, meliantriol, and a new protolimonoid, 3β-O-tigloylmeliantriol, were isolated, all of which, in the same manner as melianone, exhibited unremarkable results in the test. The structures of new and known compounds were mostly established by 1D- and 2D-NMR analyses and mass spectrometry data. This is the first report on the bioactivity of protolimonoids on the reproductive cycle of engorged females of R. (B.) microplus. 3β-O-Tigloylmelianol proved a promising candidate for the development of a biocontrol agent against the cattle tick investigated, as an alternative to environmentally hazardous synthetic acaricides.
The tick Rhipicephalus microplus causes significant losses in livestock cattle and has developed increasing resistance to the primary acaricides that are used to treat these infections. The objective of this study was to identify new biomolecules or isolated substances showing acaricidal activity from plants. Larval packet tests were conducted to evaluate the effects of 11 species of plants and three isolated substances (betulinic acid, eugenol, and nerolidol) on R. microplus. An adult female immersion test was performed with the substance that showed the highest larvicidal activity, which was evaluated for inhibition of reproduction. Tests using Licania tomentosa, Hymenaea stigonocarpa, Hymenaea courbaril, Stryphnodendron obovatum, Jacaranda cuspidifolia, Jacaranda ulei, Struthanthus polyrhizus, Chrysobalanus icaco, Vernonia phosphorea, Duguetia furfuracea, and Simarouba versicolor extracts as well as the isolated substance betulinic acid indicated lower acaricidal effects on R. microplus larvae. The extract displaying the best larvicidal activity was the ethanolic extract from L. tomentosa at a concentration of 60 %, resulting in a mortality rate of 40.3 %. However, nerolidol and eugenol showed larvicidal activity, which was highest for eugenol. Nerolidol caused a 96.5 % mortality rate in the R. microplus larvae at a high concentration of 30 %, and eugenol caused 100 % mortality at a concentration of 0.3 %. In the adult immersion test, 5 % eugenol was identified as a good biomolecule for controlling R. microplus, as demonstrated by its high acaricidal activity and inhibition of oviposition.
In the present study, azadirachtin A and oil content on kernel basis have been estimated continuously for four years (2001-04) in 16 neem trees belonging to 13 districts of Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan, and selected from progeny and provenance trials established in 1994 at the National Research Centre for Agro-forestry, Jhansi. These two biochemical parameters were also estimated in some tress which produce fruits in November. Coefficient of variation over the years was calculated for these parameters. Correlation studies of azadirachtin A and oil content were done with atmospheric temperature, rainfall and relative humidity. Results suggested that azadirachtin A was highly influenced by environmental factors compared to oil content in seeds. Positive and significant correlation was found for azadirachtin A and oil content with relative humidity, and negative and significant correlation with atmospheric temperature. Regions with comparatively low temperature (30-35°C) and high humidity (45-55%) during the period of flower initiation to fruit maturity favour high azadirachtin A and oil content in neem seeds. A one-year study on azadirachtin content in neem is not sufficient for arriving at any conclusions.
This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of severals concentrations of rope tobacco against the tick (Boophilus microplus) naturally infested on Rolstein dairy cattle. The treatments used were Amitraz at 0.025%; rope tobacco aqueous extract (RT) at 1.25% + neutral detergent at 0.5% (tree aspersions, with interval of 24 hours among them), RT at 1.75% + withewash at 0.5% (tree aspersions); RT at 5.0% + withewash at 2.0% (tree aspersions); RT at 3.75% + neutral detergent at 0.5% (one aspersion) and the control group. Engorged ticks were evaluate with length superior to 4.0 mm, before and at 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th and 14th day after treatment. The mean efficacy was 100.0; 77.5; 22.0; 63.8; 25.3 and 0.0%, respectively. Differences (P<0.05) among treatments with chemical product and rope tobacco formulations were observed.
The acaricidal potential of the crude ethanolic extract (c.e.e.) of the stem peel of Magonia pubescens was evaluated against larvae of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. The larvae were placed in filter paper envelopes impregnated with different concentrations of c.e.e., dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and distilled water for determination of lethal concentrations (LC). The following treatments were used: 1. Envelopes of dry filter paper; 2. Envelopes of filter paper moistened with distilled water; 3. Envelopes of filter paper moistened with a solution of DMSO in distilled water; and 4. Envelopes moistened with 2 mL of each concentration of the c.e.e. to be tested. The bioassays were carried out in quadruplicate at 27°±1° C and RH ≥80% and 12h light. Mortality was observed after 48 h, LC 50 and LC 99 values of 365 and 4,000 ppm being obtained. There was no significant mortality in larvae exposed to the first three treatments (p < 0.05).
1 ABSTRACT:- PEREIRA, J.R. (In Vitro efficacy of comercial formulations of ixocidides in engorged female of Boophilus microplus collected of dairy cattle at Paraíba Valey in the state of São Paulo .) Eficácia in vitro de formulações comerciais de carrapaticidas em teleóginas de Boophilus microplus coletadas de bovinos leiteiros do Vale do Paraíba, estado de São Paulo. Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária , v. 15, n. 2, p. 45-48, 2006. Agência Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agronegócios, Pólo Regional de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico dos Agronegócios do Vale do Paraíba. Caixa Postal 07, Pindamonhangaba, SP 12411 010. Brasil. E-mail: jroberto@aptaregional.sp.gov.br Laboratory trials were realized between the year 2001 at 2004 to evaluate the efficacy of commercial ixodicides against samples of Boophilus microplus collected of dairy bovines in 17 properties of eight cities at Paraíba Valey region, State of São Paulo Brazil. The trials was performed against engorged female using immersion technique. It was evidenced low efficacy of products of the chemical groups synthetic pyrethroid (28.24%) and amitraz (47.19%). The best efficacy was presented by products of the association between synthetic pyrethroid with organophosphorus (88.64%).
Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a eficiência de várias formulações feitas com fumo em corda no controle do carrapato (Boophilus microplus) de bovinos leiteiros da raça Holandesa naturalmente infestados. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por Amitraz a 0,025%; extrato aquoso de fumo em corda (EFC) a 1,25% + detergente neutro a 0,5% (em três aspersões, com intervalos de 24 horas entre elas); EFC a 1,25% + cal extinta a 1,25% (três aspersões); EFC a 5,0% + cal extinta a 2,0%, (três aspersões); EFC a 3,75% + detergente neutro a 0,5% (uma aspersão), e pelo grupo controle. Para a avaliação, foram observadas fêmeas ingurgitadas do carrapato, com comprimento superior a 4,0mm, antes da aplicação e no 1°, 2°, 3°, 4°, 5°, 6°, 7° e 14° dias após a aplicação de cada tratamento. A eficácia média de controle do carrapato no 14° dia foi de 100,0; 77,5; 22,0; 63,80; 25,3 e 0,0%, respectivamente. Verificou-se diferença significativa (P<0,05) entre os tratamentos constituídos pelo produto químico e por diferentes formulações de fumo em corda.
Many plant extracts or allelochemicals show a broad spectrum of activity against pests and such products have long been touted as attractive alternatives to synthetic chemical pesticides for pest management because they pose little threat to the environment or to human health. The studies available suggest that plant-based materials do affect arthropod pests, vectors and other patho-gens, yet only a handful of botanicals are currently used in agriculture in the industrialized world, and there are few prospects for commercial development of new botanical products. Secondary allelochemicals from plants are usually commercialized as single, concentrated compounds, despite research showing that compound mixtures reduce pest resistance better than single compounds. Several factors appear to limit the success of botanicals, most notably regulatory barriers and the availability of competing products of microbial origin and fermentation products that are cost-effective and relatively safe compared with their predecessors. In the context of agricultural pest management, botanical pesticides are best suited for use in organic food production in indus-trialized countries but can play a much greater role in the production and post-harvest protection of food in developing countries. It is in developing countries that are rich in endemic plant biodiversity where these pesticides may ultimately have their greatest impact in future integrated pest management (IPM) programmes, given their safety to non-target organisms and the envi-ronment. However, there is a need to organize natural sources, develop quality control, adopt standardization strategies and modify regulatory mechanisms.
This study was conducted to obtain an epidemiological view of acaricide resistance in populations of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus in the State of Mato Grosso do Sul. Twenty-four tick samples were collected from municipalities in the State where farmers had reported concerns about resistance to or failure of tick control. These ticks were subjected to in vitro resistance detection assays using the adult immersion test (AIT). The efficacy of alpha-cypermethrin, cypermethrin and amitraz treatments on samples collected throughout the State was generally poor. AIT showed efficacy ≥ 90% from the use of DDVP + chlorfenvinphos) (20 out of 21 municipalities), dichlorvos + cypermethrin (10 out of 16 municipalities) and cypermethrin + citronella + chlorpyrifos + piperonyl butoxide (20 out of 21 municipalities). PCR assays were used to detect the presence of pyrethroid resistance-associated sodium channel gene mutation. Larvae from three different populations that had previously been diagnosed as pyrethroid-resistant, through AIT, were evaluated. The PCR assays showed that the pyrethroid resistance-associated gene mutation was absent from these three populations. This study confirms that the emergence of resistance is a constant challenge for the livestock industry, and that development of resistance continues to be a major driver for new antiparasitic drugs to be developed.
The evolution of resistance of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus to synthetic acaricides has given rise to the need for new scientific investigations on alternative ways to control this tick. In this regard, various studies on plants have been developed in an attempt to find extracts with acaricidal properties. Evaluations on plant extracts for controlling R. (B.) microplus have grown intensely over the last decade. There are many advantages from using plant extracts: for example, they can be used in organic cattle farming or even replace synthetic acaricides and they are associated with lower environmental and food contamination, slower development of resistance and lower toxicity to animals and humans. In vitro studies on plant extracts have shown promising results, but most of these extracts have not been tested on animals to validate their use. Difficulties in preparing proper formulations, differences in the chemical composition of plants of the same species due to extrinsic and intrinsic factors and sparse information on active acaricide compounds are hindrances that need to be addressed in order to enable progress within this scientific field.
The adult immersion test (AIT) was used to evaluate the efficacy of acaricide molecules used for control of Rhipicephalus microplus on 106 populations collected in five municipalities in the state of Rondônia in the Brazilian South Occidental Amazon region. The analysis of the data showed that the acaricide formulations had different efficacies on the tick populations surveyed. The synthetic pyrethroids (SPs) acaricides were the least effective (48.35-76.84%), followed by SP + organophosphate (OP) associations (68.91-81.47%) and amidine (51.35-100%). For the macrocyclic lactones (MLs), the milbemycin (94.84-100%) was the most effective, followed by spinosad (93.21-100%) and the avermectins (81.34-100%). The phenylpyrazole (PZ) group had similar efficacy (99.90%) to the MLs. Therefore, SP acaricides, including associations with OP, and formulations based on amidine presented low in vitro efficacy to control the R. microplus populations surveyed.
To develop a environment friendly control measure against cattle tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, medicinally important plants were identified and extracts were prepared. Twelve 95% ethanolic, thirteen 50% hydroethanolic and nine hot water extracts were prepared and tested against laboratory reared homogenous colony of R. (B.) microplus. Amongst the 34 extracts, 26 extracts showed no mortality within 72 h of application while 12.0 ± 4.9% to 35.0 ± 9.6% mortality of treated ticks was recorded in other extracts. Of the effective extracts, the extract prepared from rhizome of Acorus calamus proved highly efficacious and 100% final mortality within 14 DPT was recorded. The LC85 value of the extract was determined as 11.26. In vivo experiments confirmed the efficacy of the extract up to 42%, and repeat application was required after 7 DPT. The extract was found safe and no reaction was observed when animals were treated with 50% of the concentration, which was five times of the concentration used for in vivo studies. The possibility of using the extract for the control of cattle tick is discussed.
The present study was based on assessments of the antiparasitic activities to determine the efficacies of acetone, chloroform, ethyl acetate, hexane, and methanol dried leaf, flower, and seed extracts of Cassia auriculata L., Rhinacanthus nasutus KURZ., Solanum torvum Swartz, Terminalia chebula Retz., and Vitex negundo Linn. were tested against larvae of cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus Canestrini, 1887 (Acari: Ixodidae), adult of Haemaphysalis bispinosa Neumann, 1897 (Acarina: Ixodidae), hematophagous fly Hippobosca maculata Leach (Diptera: Hippoboscidae), nymph of goat-lice Damalinia caprae Gurlt (Trichodectidae), and adult sheep parasite Paramphistomum cervi Zeder, 1790 (Digenea: Paramphistomatidae). All plant extracts showed moderate parasitic effects after 24 h of exposure at 3,000 ppm; however, the highest parasite mortality was found in leaf ethyl acetate, flower methanol of C. auriculata, leaf and seed methanol of S. torvum, seed acetone of T. chebula, and leaf hexane extracts of V. negundo against the larvae of R. microplus (LC(50) = 335.48, 309.21, 297.43, 414.99, 167.20, and 611.67 ppm; LC(90) = 1571.58, 1111.82, 950.98, 1243.64, 595.31, and 1875.50 ppm), the leaf and flower methanol of R. nasutus, leaf and seed methanol of S. torvum, and seed methanol extracts of T. chebula against the nymph of D. caprae (LC(50) = 119.26,143.10,164.93,140.47, and 155.98 ppm; LC(90) = 356.77, 224.08, 546.20, 479.72, and 496.06 ppm), the leaf methanol of R. nasutus, leaf and seed methanol of S.torvum, and seed acetone of T. chebula against the adult of H. bispinosa (LC(50) = 333.15, 328.98, 312.28, and 186.46 ppm; LC(90) = 1056.07, 955.39, 946.63, and 590.76 ppm), the leaf methanol of C. auriculata, the leaf and flower methanol of R. nasutus, the leaf ethyl acetate of S. torvum against the H. maculata (LC(50) = 303.36, 177.21, 204.58, and 211.41 ppm; LC(90) = 939.90, 539.39, 599.43, and 651.90 ppm), and the leaf acetone of C. auriculata, the flower methanol of R. nasutus, the seed methanol of S. torvum, and the seed acetone of T. chebula were tested against the adult of P. cervi (LC(50) = 180.54, 168.59, 200.89, and 87.08 ppm; LC(90) = 597.51, 558.65, 690.37, and 433.85 ppm), respectively. Therefore, this study provides first report on the veterinary parasitic activity of plant extracts from Southern India.
Os experimentos envolvendo o uso de acaricidas sintéticos ou naturais, geralmente necessitam da utilização de um solvente. Com a finalidade de verificar a sensibilidade do carrapato bovino Boophilus microplus a diferentes solventes, larvas e fêmeas ingurgitadas deste ectoparasito foram expostas a sete solventes em cinco diferentes concentrações, na ausência e presença de azeite de oliva. Os resultados mostraram que a utilização do azeite de oliva não produz resultados diferentes estatisticamente em testes de larvas com papel impregnado, fato não verificado em testes de imersão de adultos com compostos hidrofílicos. A mortalidade média causada pelos solventes foi menor nos testes com papel impregnado, aumentando nos testes de imersão de larvas e de adultos. Solventes de baixo peso molecular e pouca viscosidade como o álcool metílico e o álcool etílico, não interferiram na mortalidade média em testes biológicos de B. microplus, principalmente em concentrações inferiores a 76%.
This paper presents a program emphasizing ethnopharmacological approaches that could allow great success in the study of medicinal plants. The minimum ethnopharmacological research team should consist of a botanist, a chemist and a pharmacologist with each carrying the responsibility for answering in sequential fashion critical questions. The chemical composition and pharmacological properties of the very efficient medicinal plant Croton cajucara were investigated according to ethnopharmacological approaches. The study with this Croton proved to be both efficient and successful. This happy situation was only possible because a multidisciplinary team was involved getting the research done correctly. The ethnopharmacological study involving one other especies Copaifera will be cited.
Many higher plants produce economically important organic compounds such as oils, resins, tannins, natural rubber, gums, waxes,
dyes, flavors and fragrances, pharmaceuticals, and pesticides. However, most species of higher plants have never been described,
much less surveyed for chemical or biologically active constituents, and new sources of commercially valuable materials remain
to be discovered. Advances in biotechnology, particularly methods for culturing plant cells and tissues, should provide new
means for the commercial processing of even rare plants and the chemicals they produce. These new technologies will extend
and enhance the usefulness of plants as renewable resources of valuable chemicals. In the future, biologically active plant-derived
chemicals can be expected to play an increasingly significant role in the commercial development of new products for regulating
plant growth and for insect and weed control.
Ethanol extracts of 83 plants species belonging to the Asteraceae (Compositae) family, collected in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil, were tested for larvicidal activity against the mosquito Aedes fluviatilis--Diptera: Culicidae). The extract from Tagetes minuta was the most active with a LC90 of 1.5 mg/l and LC50 of 1.0 mg/l. This plant has been the object of several studies by other groups and its active components have already been identified as thiophene derivatives, a class of compounds present in many Asteraceae species. The extract of Eclipta paniculata was also significantly active, with a LC90 of 17.2 mg/l and LC50 of 3.3 mg/l and no previous studies on its larvicidal activity or chemical composition could be found in the literature. Extracts of Achryrocline satureoides, Gnaphalium spicatum, Senecio brasiliensis, Trixis vauthieri, Tagetes patula and Vernonia ammophila were less active, killing more than 50% of the larvae only at the higher dose tested (100 mg/l).
Laboratory trials were realized between the year 2001 at 2004 to evaluate the efficacy of commercial ixodicides against samples of Boophilus microplus collected of dairy bovines in 17 properties of eight cities at Paraíba Valey region, State of São Paulo Brazil. The trials was performed against engorged female using immersion technique. It was evidenced low efficacy of products of the chemical groups synthetic pyrethroid (28.24%) and amitraz (47.19%). The best efficacy was presented by products of the association between synthetic pyrethroid with organophosphorus (88.64%).
The action of crude ethanol extract of the stem bark of the soapberry Magonia pubescens St. Hil. was studied upon larvae of the Brown Dog tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille). Tick larvae were obtained by maintaining gravid females in an incubator, after collecting them from naturally infested kennels. The tick larvae were placed in envelopes of filter paper impregnated with different concentrations of the extract dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and distilled water. Four tests were repeated with each solution (n > 120). The control was carried out in DMSO and distilled water. The bioassays were performed at 27 +/- 1 degrees C, RH > 80% and 12:12 light cycle. Mortality was observed after 48 h exposure. All motionless larvae were considered to be dead. The extract of M. pubescens showed larvicidal potential against R. sanguineus. The lethal concentrations of 1503 ppm (LC50) and 9991 ppm (LC99) were obtained. There was no mortality in the control group. Based on the results of the current study, M. pubescens should be recognized as an future alternative acaricide for the control of Brown Dog tick. These results reinforce the importance of the preservation of this soapberry in its natural biome.
Hexanic extracts gotten of the fruits of cinamomo (Melia azedarach) were tested on engorged females and larvae of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Four extracts were produced: one of unripe fruits and three of ripe fruits, being one with the fruits immediately processed, another one with fruits stored for five months and one tested after storage of the extract for 2 (two) years at 4 degrees C. The tests were made in triplicate, in 0.25% - 0.0156% dilutions. The effectiveness of extracts was evaluated through the comparison of the Reproduction Estimate of the groups "controlled and treated" for females, of mortality for the larvae, and of the calculation of the DL50 and the relative power for larvae and females. The extract of unripe fruits presented the effectiveness varying the 3.6% - 100% for females, and of ripe fruits it varied of 5.2% - 99.7%. The two extracts caused a mortality of 100% of the larvae in the highest concentrations. The extract of stored fruits presented effectiveness of 14% - 83% on females, while the extract stored in refrigerator presented effectiveness of 8.4% 100% and both did not present larvicidal effect. The results demonstrate a superiority of the unripe extract, with a minor DL50 and superior power 1.497 times to the extract of ripe fruits.
Mosquito larvicidal activity and phytochemical screening of methanol and ethanol extract of leaves and flowers of Lantana camara Linn belongs to the family of Verbanaceae have been evaluated in the present study. Larvicidal effect on 3 and 4 instar larvae of mosquito species Aedes aegypti and Culex rd th quinquefasciatus have been investigated in a dose dependent manner for 24 h. With 1.0 mg/ml concentration of extracts of Lantana camara maximum mortality was observed in Aedes aegypti exposed for 24 h. In the case of Culex quinquefasciatus the mortality was seen maximised when the concentration increased to 3.0mg/ml. Presence of saponin, flavonoids, terpenoids and cardiac glycosides have also been observed and GC/MS analysis was carried out on methanol flower and leaf extract to find out the components.
Adverse effects of extracts from the plants Artocarpus altilis and Azadirachta indica on egg laying and hatching in the tick Boophilus microplus were quantified. A 50% inhibition of egg laying was achieved by a dose of 0.54 and 0.46 μg crude ethanol extract per tick, respectively. These doses also caused a 65% and 80% hatching failure, respectively. Extracts, particularly those of A. indica, inhibit protein and lipid sequestration by ovaries and oocytes. GC-MS analyses revealed reductions in the quantities of four methyl esters sequestered from the ovaries into the oocytes oviposited on the 12th day of engorgement by the treated ticks in the order of (A. indica effects are in parentheses): undecanoic acid 10-methyl-,methyl ester 40% (100%); tetradecanoic acid, methyl ester 100% (100%); tetradecanoic acid, 12-methyl-,methyl ester 100% (100%) and pentadecanoic acid, 14-methyl-,methyl ester 30% (75%).
Larvicidal Activity of Plant Extracts on Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae), under Laboratory Conditions ABSTRACT – Dengue is a virus bourne disease, chiefly transmitted by Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquitoes. Vector control remains as the best prophylactics. However, some populations have shown significant levels of resistance to several pesticides, indicating the need of new insecticides for the control of these insects. Insecticidal activity of 67 Cerrado plant extracts were assayed on third instar larvae of A. aegypti, under laboratory conditions. For the extract application, ten larvae, in triplicate, were placed into Petri dish containing 20 ml of solution (500 μg/ml). The insects were maintained at 28 ± 5°C, under 70 ± 5% relative humidity and 12h photophase. After 24 h the number of dead larvae was counted. The dichloromethane extract of the leaves of Kielmeyera coriacea Mart. (Clusiaceae) showed high toxicity against larvae of A. aegypti with LC50 values of 112.79 µg/ml. These data suggest that this extract should be chemically investigated and monitored through biological assays in order to determine their insecticidal components that could be used as a molecular model or as biorational compounds for use in insect control programmes. KEYWORDS – dengue mosquito, crude extract, insect control, Kielmeyera coriacea. RESUMO – A dengue é uma doença viral transmitida, principalmente, pelo mosquito Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae). Nenhuma vacina ainda foi validada, portanto, o controle vetorial ainda é a melhor prevenção. Entretanto, algumas populações já mostraram resistência a vários inseticidas utilizados. Por isso, há necessidade do desenvolvimento de novos produtos com essa atividade. Avaliou-se a ação larvicida de 67 extratos vegetais sobre larvas do terceiro estádio de A. aegypti, em condições de laboratório. Para cada extrato, dez larvas, em triplicata, foram colocadas em placa de Petri contendo 20 ml de solução (500 μg/ml). As larvas tratadas e o controle foram mantidos à temperatura de 28 ± 5°C, umidade relativa de 70 ± 5% e fotoperíodo de 12 horas. Os resultados foram registrados após 24h. O extrato diclorometânico da folha de Kielmeyera coriacea Mart. (Clusiaceae) foi o que apresentou melhor atividade na concentração inicial testada. A CL 50 desse extrato foi determinada, sendo igual a 112.79 µg/ml. Sugere-se que este extrato seja quimicamente fracionado e biomonitorado, isolando as substâncias ativas, pois podem ser úteis na busca por novos compostos naturais inseticidas, mais seletivos e biodegradáveis, sobre larvas do mosquito A. aegypti. PALAVRAS-CHAVE – mosquito da dengue, extrato bruto, controle de insetos, Kielmeyera coriacea.
Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Medicina, 2007. A doença de Chagas causada pelo Trypanosoma cruzi é transmitida ao homem através de fezes contaminadas durante o repasto sanguíneo de insetos hemípteros, subfamília Triatominae. É crescente o surgimento de populações de triatomíneos resistentes aos inseticidas disponíveis, além do aparecimento de novas espécies com potencial vetorial, como Rhodnius milesi na Amazônia. Diante da diversidade química das plantas como fonte de novas moléculas ativas, este estudo avaliou a atividade inseticida e a capacidade de atrasar o ciclo de desenvolvimento do inseto de extratos de plantas do Cerrado sobre ninfas de 4° estádio (N4) de R. milesi e acompanhou o ciclo biológico do inseto em condições de laboratório. Entre os 67 extratos testados, 15 causaram entre 12,5 a 42,5% de mortes dos insetos. A partição em sistema líquido-líquido de nove desses extratos ativos permitiu selecionar a fase hexânica do extrato etanólico da folha de Siparuna guianensis, que foi fracionada em coluna aberta de sílica gel e as frações reunidas em grupos (G), segundo perfil cromatográfico em CCD. O grupo G6 apresentou propriedades triatomicida e toxicológicas sobre as ninfas de 4º estádio de R. milesi. Foi observada uma taxa de eclosão de 94,2% dos ovos em ninfas de 1º estádio, com incubação média de 15 dias. O período médio em dias de desenvolvimento pósembrionário foi para ninfas de 1º estádio de 17,2; 2º estádio 18,2; 3º estádio 17,3; 4º estádio 20,5 e 5º estádio 32,5 dias, com 1 a 1,5 repastos sanguíneos em cada estádio. O período médio transcorrido da eclosão da ninfa ao inseto adulto de R. milesi foi de 105,7 dias. O percentual de mortalidade total foi de 11,5%, sendo 4,9% para N1; 3,2% para N2; 2,7% para N3; 0,7% para N5 e nenhuma morte em N4, resultados que corroboram com a utilização de ninfas N4 em ensaios de atividade inseticida. Foi observado o período médio de jejum em ninfa de 5º estádio de 333,5 dias. O presente trabalho registra pela primeira vez a atividade triatomicida de S. guianensis e descreve o ciclo de vida, inédito, da biologia reprodutiva de R. milesi em condições de laboratório. ________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT Chagas’ disease is transmitted to humans through feces of hemoptrous insects, subfamily Triatominae, contaminated during blood feeding. The increase in Triatominae populations resistant to available insecticides, and the appearance of new potential vector species, such as Rhodnius milesi in the Amazon region, are two pressing concerns. Given the uncharted chemical diversity of Cerrado plants as sources of new active molecules, this study assessed the insecticidal properties and the insect development retarding capacities of Cerrado plant extracts on 4th stage (N4) R. milesi nymphs, through the monitoring of the insect’s biological cycle under laboratory conditions. Of the 67 plant extracts tested, 15 caused insect mortalities between 12.5 and 42.5%. Nine of the 15 active extracts were partitioned in a liquid-liquid system allowing the selection of the hexanic phase of the ethanolic extract of the Siparuna guianensis leaf, which was fractioned in an open silicon gel column. The fractions were grouped (G) according to their chromatographic CCD profiles. Group G6 manifested triatomicidal and toxicological activity on 4th instar R. milesi nymphs. An overall ecclosion rate of 94.2% was observed for eggs of the 1st instar nymphs, incubated for an average of 15 days. The average pos-embrionary development period was 17.2 days for 1st instar nymphs, 18.2 for 2nd instar nymphs, 17.3 for 3rd instar, 20.5 for 4th instar, and 32.5 days for 5th instar nymphs, with 1 to 1.5 blood feedings in each stage. The average period between the ecclosion of the nymphs and the adult R. milesi was 105.7 days. The total mortality percentage was 11.5%; 4.9% for N1; 3.2% for N2; 2.7% for N3; and 0.7% for N5. However, no deaths were registered for N4, which corroborates the use of N4 nymphs in insecticidal activity studies. The average period of resistance to starvation for 5th instar nymphs was 333.5 days. This study is an initial investigation of the triatomicidal activity of S. guianensis, and is the first description of the reproductive cycle of R. milesi under laboratory conditions.
Leaves of Palicourea marcgravii were extracted successively with hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol in order to evaluate their acaricidal activity on larvae and adult stages of the cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. The ethyl acetate extract showed the highest bioactivity of the tested extracts, which contained 0.12% monofluoroacetic acid. On engorged female, the ethyl acetate extract showed a lethal concentration 50% - LC(50)=30.08 mg ml(-1), inhibitory concentration 50% - IC(50)=5.79 mg ml(-1) and lethal time 50% - LT(50)=4.72 days; 100% reproduction was controlled at concentrations of 50 mg ml(-1) and on larvae the ethyl acetate extract showed a LC(50)=2.46 mg ml(-1). No alkaloids were detected in any of the extracts. This is the first report on the acaricidal activity of P. marcgravii extracts against R. microplus as well as the acaricidal properties of a plant species containing monofluoroacetic acid.
The present study was based on assessments of the antiparasitic activities to determine the efficacies of leaf hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, acetone and methanol extracts of Aegle marmelos (Linn.) Correa ex Roxb, Andrographis lineata Wallich ex Nees., Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Wallich ex Nees., Cocculus hirsutus (L.) Diels, Eclipta prostrata L., and Tagetes erecta L. against the adult cattle tick Haemaphysalis bispinosa Neumann 1897 (Acarina: Ixodidae), the larvae of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus Canestrini 1887 (Acari: Ixodidae) and sheep fluke Paramphistomum cervi Zeder 1790 (Digenea: Paramphistomatidae). All plant extracts showed moderate toxic effect on parasites after 24 h of exposure; however, the highest parasitic activity was found in leaf ethyl acetate extract of A. lineata, methanol extract of A. marmelos, A. paniculata, and C. hirsutus against H. bispinosa (LC(50) = 395.27, 358.45, 327.21 and 420.50 ppm); ethyl acetate extract of A. paniculata, C. hirsutus, methanol extracts of A. marmelos, A. lineata, and E. prostrata against the larvae of R. microplus (LC(50) = 207.70, 258.61, 134.09, 206.00, and 274.33 ppm); hexane extract of A. lineata, ethyl acetate extract of A. paniculata, E. prostrata, acetone extracts of T. erecta, methanol extracts of A. marmelos and C. hirsutus against P. cervi (LC(50) = 254.23, 451.17, 425.73, 253.60, 542.71, and 360.17 ppm), respectively. The present study is the first report on the veterinary parasitic activity of plant extracts from Southern India.
The acaricidal activity of crude extracts and fractions from stems and leaves of Petiveria alliacea (Phytolaccaceae) was carried out on larvae and adults of the cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus using the larval immersion test (LIT) and adult immersion test (AIT), respectively. Methanolic extracts of stems and leaves of P. alliacea showed 100% mortality on the LIT bioassay. On the other hand, methanolic extracts of leaves and stem on the AIT test showed 26% and 86% of mortality, respectively, egg laying inhibition of 40% and 91%, respectively and hatchability inhibition of 26% and 17%, respectively. Purification of the active stem methanolic extract showed that the activity was present in the n-hexane non-polar fraction. Bioassay-guided purification of the n-hexane fraction produced 10 semi-purified fractions; fraction B had the highest activity against tick larvae (100% mortality). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry demonstrated that the chemical composition of the active fraction B samples were mainly composed of benzyltrisulfide (BTS) and benzyldisulfide (BDS). These metabolites might be responsible for the acaricidal activity of stem extract of P. alliacea. However, further experiments to evaluate the acaricidal activity of BTS and BDS on larvae and adults of R. (B.) microplus are needed. Our results showed that P. alliacea is a promising biocontrol candidate as acaricide against R. (B.) microplus resistant strains.
Hesperozygis ringens (Benth.) Epling (Lamiaceae) is a strongly aromatic plant employed popularly for its antiparasitic properties. The leaves afforded 4% of essential oil constituted mainly by pulegone (86%). Laboratory tests were carried out to determine the toxicity of the essential oil species on engorged females and larvae of the cattle tick Riphicephalus (Boophilus) microplus using the adult immersion test (AIT) and the larval immersion test (LIT). It was observed that the essential oil at the concentration of 50 microL/mL and 25 microL/mL inhibited the egg laying significatively in relation to the controls and the eggs from these treated females were affected by the oil; the hatching was inhibited in 95% and 30%, respectively. In the LIT it was verified that the LC(99.9), LC(50) and LC(1) was 0.541 microL/mL, 0.260 microL/mL and 0.015 microL/mL, respectively. Pulegone, isolated from the oil, showed similar effect on the females and on the larvae, indicating that it is responsible for the oil activity.
A total of 42 ethanolic extracts from 30 different plant species, native to the Pantanal and Cerrado of the West-Central region of Brazil, have been evaluated for their larvicidal activity against Aedes aegypti larvae, the vector of dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fevers. Among the extracts tested, that obtained from the trunk bark of Ocotea velloziana was the most active. Using a bioassay-directed fractionation of this extract, the active constituent was isolated and characterized as the aporphine alkaloid (+)-dicentrine. Its structure was established on the basis of (1)H and (13)C NMR spectra, optical rotation and by comparison with an authentic sample. This is the first report on the larvicidal activity against A. aegypti of this alkaloid. Our results suggest that (+)-dicentrine may be considered as a promising natural mosquito larvicidal agent.
In the search of developing herbal acaricides, eight medicinal plants were screened for their efficacy against Boophilus microplus, the widely distributed tick species in India. Of the seven extracts screened, the extracts prepared from the Annona squamosa seed showed very high level of efficacy (70.8%) after 24 h of treatment. The effect of treatment on oviposition of the survived ticks was also assessed, and a significant reduction (P < 0.05) in the reproductive index was noted in comparison to control. When efficacy of the in vitro optimized concentration of A. squamosa was compared with previously tested extract of Azadirachta indica in in vivo model, it was observed that the extracts prepared from A. indica is more efficacious than the extracts of A. squamosa. A comparable efficacy against B. microplus fed on animals treated with herbal extracts and commonly used synthetic acaricide was noted. The possibility of using the herbal extracts in IPM format for the management of ticks is discussed.
A series of 108 samples from 42 medicinal plants of Rwanda have been screened for acaricidal activity against the female tick Rhipicephalus appendiculatus. Two plants, Solanum dasyphyllum (fruits) and Neorautanenia mitis (roots) showed apparent acaricidal activity in the petroleum ether fraction.
Engorged females of the cattle tick, Boophilus annulatus (Say), and the southern cattle tick, B. microplus (Canestrini), were dipped in emulsions, suspensions, or solutions of 30 insecticides. The effect on estimated reproduction (ER. ER = g eggs/g X estimated % hatch X 20,000) was determined, and the percentage reductions in ER afforded by several concentrations of each insecticide were analyzed by the log probit method. The results were presented in terms of concentrations of insecticides affording 50% (IC50) and 90% (IC90) inhibition of reproduction. Rankings by b, IC50 and IC90 values for the 2 species showed a highly significant statistical relationship. Also, the ranking of IC50, values was significantly related to the ranking of the same treatments applied as sprays to cattle.
Babesiosis (Babesia bovis and Babesia bigemina) and anaplasmosis (Anaplasma marginale) affect native cattle from Uruguay and northern Argentina to Guatemala. The distribution of Babesia follows the dissemination of the tick vector. Seroepidemiological studies showed that enzootic instability exist in herds in several areas of the region. However, clinical cases occurred less frequently than expected. The babesial tick infection rate is related to the vector abundance which in turn is regulated by climate. Bos indicus cattle, because of tick resistance, are less likely to be infected by the vector. This can result in herd instability, but clinically is partly compensated by the resistance of Bos indicus and their crosses to babesiosis. Excessive use of acaricides and rotational grazing appears to be related to outbreaks of babesiosis especially in dairy cattle. Factors involved in the epidemiology and transmission of anaplasmosis are not well defined. The role of ticks, haematophagous diptera, iatrogenic and intrauterine transmissions needs to be investigated under local conditions. Therefore, the knowledge of this disease is meager. Utilization of biotechnological methods may help in obtaining information on Babesia-Boophilus-Bos relationship and on the transmission of A. marginale.
For more than 100 years, tick fever and the cattle tick have caused tremendous financial loss to cattle producers around the world. Since Australia became infected with the disease and infested with its tick vector in the mid-19th century, a great deal of research effort has been directed towards their effective control by Australian farmers, administrators and scientists. Such research has yielded information which has facilitated the development of various control strategies that have equal application in other countries afflicted with the same problem. It has been demonstrated that integration of a variety of these strategies is necessary for long-lasting control.
There is a controversy over variations in azadirachtin content in neem (Azadirachta indica) seeds among various provenances and countries. Also, variations in azadirachtins are usually attributed to climatic conditions such as temperature and humidity. The present study was undertaken to evaluate qualitative and quantitative variability in azadirachtins A and B among various neem provenances or individual neem trees. Forty-three provenances of India were examined for intraprovenance variability in azadirachtin A and B content and oil percentage. Twenty-eight individual neem trees from five provenances of different agroclimatic regions were also examined for interprovenance variability. The azadirachtins were quantified using reversed phase analytical HPLC. There were wide variations in oil and azadirachtin contents among different provenances. Azadirachtin A ranged from 556.9 to 3030.8 mg kg(-)(1) of kernels, whereas azadirachtin B was in the range 43.1-590.6 mg kg(-)(1) of kernel among the provenances investigated. Analysis of variance among various neem provenances showed significant differences in oil content, azadirachtin A, total azadirachtin (A + B), and A:B ratio. There were individuals with high and low azadirachtins within a single provenance, and this trend was observed in all of the provenances selected from five agroclimatic regions of the country. Variations among individual trees of a particular provenance indicated that climatic factors such as rainfall, humidity, or temperature did not influence azadirachtin content in the neem trees. The present study shows that there are individual genetic differences among neem trees. A systematic study for tree improvement with a population of mother trees with desired traits should be undertaken by performing half-sib progeny trials and further selections by clonal propagations. The role of genetic makeup needs further research.
The efficacy of ripe fruit extracts of Melia azedarach L. (Rutales: Meliaceae) was evaluated against the tick, Boophilus microplus (Canestrini) (Acari: Ixodidae). Ripe fruits of M. azedarach dried and powdered were extracted by Soxhlet apparatus successively using hexane, CHCl3 and 96% aqueous ethanol. Larvae and engorged females were immersed in decreasing concentrations from 0.25% to 0.015% of each extract. The mortality of larvae was evaluated 24, 72 and 168 h after treatment. The effectiveness of treatment against engorged females was assessed by measuring egg production. All tested extracts caused mortality of B. microplus larvae, with higher mortality rates observed in CHCl3 (100%) and hexanic extract (98%) than in ethanolic extract (50%) 168 h after treatment. The mortality was dependent on concentration and on time after treatment. Similarly hexanic and CHCl3 extracts showed higher effectiveness (varying from 14% to 100%) against B. microplus engorged females than ethanolic extract (varying from 0% to 46%). Melia azedarach extracts did not kill the adult females, but inhibited partially or totally egg production and embryogenesis. These results show that the less polar the extract of M. azedarach ripe fruits the more its effectiveness against larvae and engorged females of B. microplus. This plant may therefore be useful in the control of resistant B. microplus populations.
The reproductive fitness of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Canestrini) strains resistant to organophosphate (OP), pyrethroid (P), or formamidine (F) acaricides was compared to an acaricide-susceptible (SUS) strain to determine whether the acquisition of resistance affected reproductive fitness in the resistant strains. The SUS strain females had a 3.0 days preoviposition period, a 12.1 days oviposition period, a 22.5 days egg incubation period, a mean of 3670 eggs per female, and a mean percentage egg hatch of 78.1%, which were all remarkably similar to these same parameters reported for this species throughout the world. The reproductive biology of the P-resistant strain (PYR) and the F-resistant strain (FOR) were, for the most part, similar to those of the SUS strain. In the few instances where statistical differences did occur there was little evidence that the variation had any biological basis that could be attributed to a reduction in fitness related to resistance to P or F acaricides. Although the comparison of reproductive parameters of the OP-resistant strain (OPR) and the SUS strain identified statistical differences between the mean egg incubation and oviposition periods, the magnitude of the differences was not sufficient to conclude that the OPR strain was biologically less fit than the SUS strain. However, the OPR strain produced 30% fewer eggs (2562 eggs per female) than the SUS strain (3670 eggs per female) indicating the acquisition of resistance placed the OPR at a selective disadvantage relative to the SUS strain. This coupled with a lower, though non-significant, egg hatch was used to predict there would be a reduction of at least 34.1% in larval numbers available to potentially re-infest subsequent cattle than were available from the SUS strain. These data may aid the development of management strategies that can be used to control OP-resistant ticks.
Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus has been pesticide-controlled for several decades in the pacific island of New Caledonia. Since 1996, pesticide-control has been based on either deltamethrin (Butox) or amitraz (Taktic) in herds harbouring deltamethrin-resistant ticks. In this island, the first R. microplus deltamethrin- and amitraz-resistances were detected in 1992 and 2003, respectively. Using LPT bioassays, we have undertaken to update data regarding the geographical distribution and the physiological diversity likely to be involved in these resistances. We confirmed that after 17 years of intensive use of deltamethrin, several resistances of moderate levels (<30-fold) have evolved and/or diffused in any part of the island. We also evidenced that amitraz-resistant phenotypes have recently evolved in diverse western tick populations, although none has reached fixation in any tick population yet. According to synergists bioassays, the physiological changes involved in amitraz-resistance in New Caledonia would involve target modification and detoxifying P450 cytochrom oxydase(s). It may also involve detoxifying esterase(s) although this later point will need confirmation on samples bearing higher frequency of resistant phenotypes. Results are discussed with regard to the local evolutionary dynamics of resistance.
Tick fever is an important disease of cattle where Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus acts as a vector for the three causal organisms Babesia bovis, Babesia bigemina and Anaplasma marginale. Bos indicus cattle and their crosses are more resistant to the clinical effects of infection with B. bovis and B. bigemina than are Bos taurus cattle. Resistance is not complete, however, and herds of B. indicus-cross cattle are still at risk of babesiosis in environments where exposure to B. bovis is light in most years but occasionally high. The susceptibility of B. indicus cattle and their crosses to infection with A. marginale is similar to that of B. taurus cattle. In herds of B. indicus cattle and their crosses the infection rate of Babesia spp. and A. marginale is lowered because fewer ticks are likely to attach per day due to reduced numbers of ticks in the field (long-term effect on population, arising from high host resistance) and because a smaller proportion of ticks that do develop to feed on infected cattle will in turn be infected (due to lower parasitaemia). As a consequence, herds of B. indicus cattle are less likely than herds of B. taurus cattle to have high levels of population immunity to babesiosis or anaplasmosis. The effects of acaricide application on the probability of clinical disease due to anaplasmosis and babesiosis are unpredictable and dependent on the prevalence of infection in ticks and in cattle at the time of application. Attempting to manipulate population immunity through the toleration of specific threshold numbers of ticks with the aim of controlling tick fever is not reliable and the justification for acaricide application should be for the control of ticks rather than for tick fever. Vaccination of B. indicus cattle and their crosses is advisable in all areas where ticks exist, although vaccination against B. bigemina is probably not essential in pure B. indicus animals.
Avaliação da eficácia de extratos oleosos de frutos verdes e maduros de cinamomo (Melia azedarach) sobre Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Acari: Ixodidae)
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Acaricidal properties of the essential oil from Hesperozygis ringes (Lamiaceae) on the cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus Acaricidal activity of extracts from Petiveria alliacea (Phytolaccaceae) against the cattle tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Acari: ixodidae)
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Boophilus microplus annulatus and Boophilus microplus: Laboratory tests for insecticides
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Accumulation of acaricide resistance mechanisms in Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) populations from New Caledonia Island Atividade larvicida de extrato vegetais sobre Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera:Culicidae), condiçõ de laborató Testes paramé e teste nã paramé
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C, Ducornez S, Meeû T, Koffi BB, Gaia H, Delathière JM, Barré N (2007) Accumulation of acaricide resistance mechanisms in Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) populations from New Caledonia Island. Vet Parasitol 147:276–288 Coelho AAM, De Paula JE, Espindola LS (2009) Atividade larvicida de extrato vegetais sobre Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera:Culicidae), condiçõ de laborató. Bioassay 4:1–6 Costa NTGC (2010) Testes paramé e teste nã paramé. In: Amaral WNF (ed) Medologogia cientí: simplificando. Goiâ, Brasil, pp 100–109
Impacto econô das principais ectoparasitoses em bovinos no Brasil South and Central America of babesiosis and anaplasmosis in Epidemiology
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Testes paramétricos e teste não paramétrico Medologogia científica: simplificando
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Doenças do sistema nervoso de bovinos no Brasil
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