Arboviruses and their vectors in the Pacific–status report

Abstract

Three arboviruses have already caused epidemics in various Pacific Island countries and territories, and currently represent a direct threat to public health. The diseases concerned are all mosquito-borne and should be kept under careful surveillance. Dengue fever, which is a worldwide major public health problem, is mainly transmitted in the Pacific by the Aedes aegypti vector but also by other mosquitoes of this genus with varying ranges. Epidemic polyarthritis due to the Ross River virus is endemic in Australia. At least one major epidemic has occurred in the Pacific where various vector mosquito species occur. Japanese encephalitis is a zoonosis that can be transmitted to humans by mosquitoes of the genus Culex. Its area of distribution in Asia is expanding and the possibility of fresh incursions into the region should be borne in mind. This paper reviews the situation regarding these diseases in the Pacific and provides information on the way they are transmitted as well as on the biology of the mosquito vectors.

Full text

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PACIFIC HEALTH SURVEILLANCE AND RESPONSE VOL 12. NO 2. 2005
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Laurent Guillaumot*
*Entomology Unit, New Caledonia Pasteur Institute, E-mail: lguillaumot@pasteur.nc
Abstract
Three arboviruses have already caused epidemics in various Pacific Island countries and territories, and currently represent a
direct threat to public health. The diseases concerned are all mosquito-borne and should be kept under careful surveillance.
Dengue fever, which is a worldwide major public health problem, is mainly transmitted in the Pacific by the Aedes aegypti vector
but also by other mosquitoes of this genus with varying ranges.
Epidemic polyarthritis due to the Ross River virus is endemic in Australia. At least one major epidemic has occurred in the
Pacific where various vector mosquito species occur.
Japanese encephalitis is a zoonosis that can be transmitted to humans by mosquitoes of the genus Culex. Its area of distribution
in Asia is expanding and the possibility of fresh incursions into the region should be borne in mind.
This paper reviews the situation regarding these diseases in the Pacific and provides information on the way they are transmitted
as well as on the biology of the mosquito vectors. (PHD, 2005 Vol 12 No 2 Pages 45 - 52)
Introduction
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PACIFIC HEALTH SURVEILLANCE AND RESPONSE VOL 12. NO 2. 2005
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blood and the subsequent
infectious bites are
separated by a time period
FDOOHGH[WULQVLFLQFXEDWLRQ

ORIGINAL PAPERS
47
PACIFIC HEALTH SURVEILLANCE AND RESPONSE VOL 12. NO 2. 2005
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Ae. aegypti.
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is also a diurnal mosquito.
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or plants with a leaf sheath
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PACIFIC HEALTH SURVEILLANCE AND RESPONSE VOL 12. NO 2. 2005
ORIGINAL PAPERS
48
,WLVWKHPDMRUYHFWRURIO\PSKDWLF¿ODULDVLVLQWKH3DFL¿F
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PRVTXLWRFDQ PDLQWDLQ HSLGHPLFV E\LWVHOIDV ZDV WKH
FDVH LQ WKH SDVW LQ $PHULFDQ 6DPRD WKH 0DUTXHVDV
,VODQGV DQG WKH &RRN ,VODQGV EHIRUH Ae. aegypti ZDV
LQWURGXFHG WR WKHVH DUHDV  ,Q :DOOLV DQG )XWXQD WKH
WUDQVPLVVLRQRIGHQJXH LQ ± ZDV DVVRFLDWHG
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GXULQJWKLVSHULRGDQGVLPLODUREVHUYDWLRQVZHUHPDGH
GXULQJWKH±RXWEUHDN
7KLVVSHFLHVLVSDUWLFXODUO\ZHOOVXLWHGWRWKHHFRV\VWHPV
IRXQGLQWKH3DFL¿F,VODQGV,WVODUYDHFDQEHIRXQGLQ
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ZLWK Ae. aegypti DQG LQ D YDULHW\ RI QDWXUDO EUHHGLQJ
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IDOOHQFRFRQXWVJQDZHGE\UDWVDQGWKHEXUURZVRIWKH
ODQGFUDECardisoma carnifex.
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LVOHWV6ZDUPVPD\ EH YHU\ ODUJH LQVRPHFDVHVDQG
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not unusual.
7KHODUYDHDUHLPSRVVLEOHWRGLVWLQJXLVKIURPWKRVHRI
Ae. albopictus DQG RWKHU PHPEHUV RI WKH scutellaris
JURXSZLWKRXWH[WHQVLYHH[SHULHQFH7KHVDPHFDQEH
VDLGRIDGXOWIHPDOHVZKLFK DUH DOVR FKDUDFWHULVHG E\
DVLQJOHZKLWHVWULSHRQWKHWKRUD[,QWKHVDPHZD\DV
WKHWZRVSHFLHVSUHYLRXVO\UHIHUUHGWRWKH\KDYHGLXUQDO
DFWLYLW\EXWOLNHAe. albopictusWKH\GRQRWXVXDOO\HQWHU
KXPDQGZHOOLQJV7KH\WDNHWKHLUEORRGPHDOVIURPERWK
KXPDQVDQGZLOGRUGRPHVWLFDQLPDOV7KHLUGLVSHUVDO
DURXQG WKH RULJLQDO EUHHGLQJ VLWH H[WHQGV WR VHYHUDO
KXQGUHG PHWUHV EXW FDQ H[FHHG RQH NP LI WKHUH LV D
VKRUWDJHRIKRVWVDQGRUEUHHGLQJVLWHV
2WKHUVSHFLHVRIWKHscutellarisJURXS
6SHFLHV RI WKH scutellaris JURXS DUH QXPHURXV LQ WKH
3DFL¿F ZKHUH VSHFLDWLRQ KDV WDNHQ SODFH EHFDXVH RI
WKH VSHFL¿F LVRODWLRQ FRQGLWLRQV SUHYDLOLQJ LQ LVODQGV
'LVWULEXWLRQLVRIWHQKLJKO\ORFDOLVHG
6RPH RI WKHP KDYH EHHQ LQFULPLQDWHG DV GHQJXH
YHFWRUV HLWKHU RQ D ELRORJLFDO EDVLV LH H[SHULPHQWDO
WUDQVPLVVLRQ RU ODERUDWRU\LQGXFHG LQIHFWLRQ RU RQ
DQ HSLGHPLRORJLFDO EDVLV LH RFFXUUHQFH RI GHQJXH
HSLGHPLFVZLWKQRVLJQL¿FDQWSUHVHQFHRIAe. aegypti or
RWKHUVSHFLHVZLWKDUHFRJQLVHGYHFWRUFDSDFLW\RUERWK
RIWKHDERYHVLPXOWDQHRXVO\
)RU WKLV UHDVRQ WKH :HVWHUQ 3DFL¿F LV SUREDEO\ WKH
ZRUOG¶V UHJLRQ ZLWK WKH KLJKHVW QXPEHU RI GLIIHUHQW
GHQJXHIHYHUYHFWRUVSHFLHV
7KHVH PRVTXLWRHV KDYH D PRUSKRORJ\ VLPLODU WR WKDW
of Ae. polynesiensis DQG DUH H[WUHPHO\ GLI¿FXOW WR
GLVWLQJXLVKRQHIURPDQRWKHU
7KH\KDYHLQFRPPRQWKHIDFWWKDWWKH\OD\GXUDEOHHJJV
LQVPDOOFOXWFKHVLQFRQWDLQHUVJHQHUDOO\DERYHJURXQG
OHYHOHJKROORZWUHHVRUURFNVFRFRQXWVKHOOVD[LOVRI
SODQWVZLWKVKHDWKHGOHDYHVDQGD YHU\ ZLGH UDQJH RI
DUWL¿FLDOUHFLSLHQWVVXFKDVWKRVHXVHGE\Ae. aegypti.

ORIGINAL PAPERS
49
PACIFIC HEALTH SURVEILLANCE AND RESPONSE VOL 12. NO 2. 2005
7KHODUYDHRIFHUWDLQVSHFLHVFRORQLVHODQGFUDEEXUURZV
LQ ODUJH QXPEHUV DQG WKH\ DUH RFFDVLRQDOO\ IRXQG LQ
ZHOOV
7KH DGXOW PRVTXLWRHV DOO KDYH GLXUQDO DFWLYLW\ 7KH\
YLUWXDOO\ DOO RQO\ DWWDFN KXPDQV (QGRSKDJLF DQG
HQGRSKLOLFEHKDYLRXUYDULHVIURPVSHFLHVWRVSHFLHV
$SDUWLDOOLVWRIWKRVHPRVTXLWRHVLVJLYHQLQ7DEOH
Epidemic Polyarthritis Due To The Ross
River Virus
Disease
7KH5RVV5LYHUYLUXVWKHDJHQWRIWKLVGLVHDVHEHORQJV
WRWKHJHQXVAlphavirus,WZDV¿UVWLVRODWHGLQLQ
DEDWFKRIPRVTXLWRHVAedes vigilaxFROOHFWHGFORVHWR
WKHULYHURIWKHVDPHQDPHLQ4XHHQVODQG$XVWUDOLD
7KHLQFXEDWLRQSHULRG YDULHV IURPWR GD\V EXW LQ
PRVW FDVHV LV EHWZHHQ  DQG 
GD\V  7KH PDLQ V\PSWRP LV WKH
UDSLG VXGGHQ RQVHW RI DUWKUDOJLD
XVXDOO\LQ OLPEMRLQWVDQGH[WUHPLWLHV
DFFRPSDQLHGE\DVWKHQLDDQGPXVFOH
pains. Frequently observed is a
PDFXORSDSXODUUDVKZKLFKLVQRUPDOO\
QRW SUXULJLQRXV  7KH SDWLHQW¶V
WHPSHUDWXUHLVQRWRIWHQKLJK
(YROXWLRQ LV DOZD\V IDYRXUDEOH EXW WHPSRUDU\ DIWHU
HIIHFWVDUH QRW XQFRPPRQ 7KHUDVKJRHVDZD\DIWHU
RQHWR WZR ZHHNV  -RLQW SDLQV PD\ ODVWIURP VHYHUDO
GD\VWRVHYHUDOPRQWKVRUHYHQ\HDUV
,WLVHVWLPDWHGWKDWDERXWRILQIHFWHGVXEMHFWVGHYHORS
WKHGLVHDVHZKLOHWKHRWKHUVUHPDLQDV\PSWRPDWLF
7KH DUHD RI GLVWULEXWLRQ H[WHQGV RYHU WKH ZKROH RI
$XVWUDOLDZKHUHWKRXVDQGVRIFDVHVDUHUHSRUWHGHYHU\
\HDU&DVHVRIWUDQVPLVVLRQKDYHDOVREHHQUHFRUGHGLQ
1HZ*XLQHD3DSXD1HZ*XLQHDDQG,ULDQ-D\DDQGD
PDMRURXWEUHDNDIIHFWHGVHYHUDO6RXWK3DFL¿FFRXQWULHV
IURP  WR  LQFOXGLQJ )LML &RRN ,VODQGV 1HZ
&DOHGRQLD:DOOLVDQG)XWXQD7RQJDDQG6DPRD
Mode of transmission
7KH 5RVV 5LYHU YLUXV PDLQO\ LQIHFWV DQLPDOV ZLWK
PDFURSRG PDUVXSLDOV VHUYLQJ DV WKH PDLQ YHUWHEUDWH
KRVWUHVHUYRLUV LQ WKRVH DUHDV ZKHUH WKH GLVHDVH LV
HQGHPLF$XVWUDOLD +RZHYHUGRPHVWLFDQLPDOVVXFK
DV KRUVHV PD\ SOD\ D UROH LQ WKH HSLGHPLRORJ\ RI WKH
YLUXVDV PD\ FHUWDLQ VSHFLHV RI&KLURSWHUD Pteropus
spp  /DVWO\ VRPH DVSHFWV RI WKH ± 3DFL¿F
RXWEUHDNVWURQJO\VXJJHVWWKDWXQGHUFHUWDLQFRQGLWLRQV
GLUHFW KXPDQ±PRVTXLWR±KXPDQ WUDQVPLVVLRQ PD\
RFFXU,WLVSRVVLEOHWKDWWKHVXUYLYDORIWKHYLUXVEHWZHHQ
HSLGHPLFVSDUWO\RFFXUVGXHWRWKHH[LVWHQFHRIYHUWLFDO
WUDQVPLVVLRQ ZKLFK KDV EHHQ GHPRQVWUDWHG LQ VRPH
YHFWRUVSHFLHV
9HFWRULQIHFWLRQRFFXUVLQWKHVDPHZD\DVIRUGHQJXH
IHYHULHGXULQJEORRGPHDOVRQYLUDHPLFYHUWHEUDWHV
Vectors
7KH 5RVV 5LYHU YLUXV KDV EHHQ LVRODWHG IURP D ODUJH
QXPEHURI&XOLFLGDH:HZLOORQO\UHIHUKHUHWRWKRVH
ZKRVH HSLGHPLRORJLFDO UROH LV VLJQL¿FDQW DQG ZKLFK
UHSUHVHQWDULVNIRUWKH3DFL¿FDUHD
Aedes (Ochlerotatus) vigilax*6NXVH  LV D
PRVTXLWR RI WKH FRDVWDO ]RQHV ZKLFK RFFXUV DOO DORQJ
WKHZHVWHUQ3DFL¿FVHDERDUGIURP7KDLODQGWR$XVWUDOLD
DQGIURP0DOD\VLDWR)LMLDQG1HZ&DOHGRQLD
7KHHJJVZKLFKDUHGXUDEOHLQWKHVDPHZD\DVWKRVH
of Ae. aegyptiDUHODLGVHSDUDWHO\GLUHFWO\RQWKHJURXQG
RUDWWKHEDVHRISODQWVWHPV%UHHGLQJVLWHVDUHIRUPHG
E\SRROVDQGWURXJKVWRWKHODQGZDUG
VLGH RI WKH PDQJURYHV WKDW ¿OO ZLWK
ZDWHUHLWKHU GXULQJWKHKLJKHVWKLJK
WLGHVRUEHFDXVHRIKHDY\UDLQV
7KH ODUYDH FDQ WROHUDWH ZDWHU ZLWK
KLJKVDOLQLW\7KH\DUHYHU\VLPLODUWR
WKDWRIAe. aegyptiEXWWKHWZRVSHFLHV
QHYHUFRKDELW'HQVLWLHVRIVHYHUDOKXQGUHGVSHFLPHQV
per square metre are not unusual.
7KHDGXOWVDUHDFWLYHWKURXJKRXWWKHQ\FWKHPHURQZLWK
DSHDN RI DJJUHVVLYHQHVVDWVXQVHW  /DUJHFORXGVRI
WKHVHPRVTXLWRHVFDQRIWHQEHIRXQGFORVHWREUHHGLQJ
sites.
7KLV PRVTXLWR KDV H[FHOOHQW À\LQJ DELOLWLHV DQG VRPH
VSHFLPHQV FDQ EH IRXQG DV IDU DV VHYHUDO NLORPHWUHV
DZD\IURPWKHLURULJLQDOEUHHGLQJVLWH
7KHERG\LVGDUNDQG WKH SRLQWHG DEGRPHQ LV EDQGHG
ZLWKSDOHVWULSHV1RPDUNLQJVDUHYLVLEOHRQWKHEDFN
RIWKH WKRUD[DQGRQO\DIHZ\HOORZLVKSDWFKHVDSSHDU
RQWKHÀDQNV7KHOHJVDUHVWULSHGDQGDUHEODFNDWWKH
HQGV 7KH SURERVFLVLV\HOORZ FORVH WRWKH KHDG DQG
EODFNRYHUWKHODVWWKLUG
7KHIHPDOHAe. vigilaxDWWDFNVERWKKXPDQVDQGDZLGH
YDULHW\RIDQLPDOVLQFOXGLQJELUGV
Culex (Culex) annulirostris Skuse RFFXUVLQWKH
3KLOLSSLQHV,QGRQHVLDDQG$XVWUDOLD,WLVIRXQGLQ1HZ
*XLQHDDQGWKURXJKRXWWKH3DFL¿F,VODQGVH[FHSW1HZ
=HDODQG,WLVWKHPDLQYHFWRURIWKH0XUUD\9DOOH\YLUXV
LQ $XVWUDOLD EXW LW LV DOVR H[WHQVLYHO\ UHVSRQVLEOH IRU
WUDQVPLWWLQJWKH5RVV5LYHUYLUXV
9HFWRULQIHFWLRQRFFXUV
in the same way as for
GHQJXHIHYHULHGXULQJ
blood meals on viraemic
vertebrates.

PACIFIC HEALTH SURVEILLANCE AND RESPONSE VOL 12. NO 2. 2005
ORIGINAL PAPERS
50
,WV HJJV GR QRW WROHUDWH GHVLFFDWLRQ  7KH\ DUH ODLG
GLUHFWO\RQ WKH VXUIDFHRIWKH ZDWHU LQ ³UDIWV´ RI WR
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7KH ODUYDH SRVVHVV D ORQJ WKLQ UHVSLUDWRU\ VLSKRQ
7KH\PD\EHIRXQGLQDOPRVW DOO NLQGV RI JURXQGO\LQJ
ZDWHUERGLHVWHPSRUDU\RUSHUPDQHQWIUHVKRUVOLJKWO\
EUDFNLVKFOHDURUFRQWDLQLQJRUJDQLFPDWWHUH[SRVHGWR
WKHVXQVKLQHRULQWKHVKDGH/HVVIUHTXHQWO\DUWL¿FLDO
UHFLSLHQWVPD\DOVREHXVHG
7KHDGXOWIHPDOHKDVDURXQGHGDEGRPHQDQGDZKLWH
ULQJ RQ WKH SURERVFLV  7KH OHJV KDYH FOHDU PDUNLQJV
DW WKH MRLQWV  7KLV LV D JHQHUDOO\ QRFWXUQDO PRVTXLWR
EXW WKH SHDN RI DFWLYLW\ ZRXOG DSSHDU WR YDU\ IURP
RQH ORFDWLRQ WR DQRWKHU DQG DWWDFNV PD\ RFFXU LQ WKH
GD\WLPH7KHFKRLFHRIKRVWVLVYHU\ZLGHEXWOLYHVWRFN
LVXVXDOO\SUHIHUUHGIROORZHGE\GRJVWKHQKXPDQVDQG
RWKHUPDPPDOVCx. annulirostris does not seem to be
DWWUDFWHGWRELUGV
Aedes (Finlaya) notoscriptus*
6NXVH  LV DQ $XVWUDOLDQ
VSHFLHV  ,WV DUHD RI GLVWULEXWLRQ LQ
WKH 3DFL¿F LQFOXGHV 1HZ *XLQHD
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7KLV VHPLGRPHVWLF PRVTXLWR
EUHHGVLQVPDOOQDWXUDOUHFLSLHQWVRU
DUWL¿FLDOFRQWDLQHUV,WELWHVKXPDQVELUGVDQGYDULRXV
ZLOGRUGRPHVWLFDQLPDOVDWDQ\WLPHRIWKHGD\RUQLJKW
,WVUHVSRQVLELOLW\LQWKHWUDQVPLVVLRQRIWKH5RVV5LYHU
YLUXVLVEDVHGRQLVRODWLRQVSHUIRUPHGIURPVSHFLPHQV
FROOHFWHGLQWKHZLOG
Other vector mosquitoes
'XULQJ WKH ± RXWEUHDN LQ WKH 3DFL¿F ,VODQGV
WKH PDLQ VSHFLHV UHVSRQVLEOH IRU WUDQVPLVVLRQ ZDV
apparently Ae. polynesiensis ZKHUH LW RFFXUUHG DQG
ZKHQ Ae. vigilax ZDV DEVHQW  Ae. aegypti KDV QHYHU
EHHQ IRXQG WR EH FDUU\LQJ WKH YLUXV LQ WKH ZLOG EXW
H[SHULPHQWDO WUDQVPLVVLRQ KDV SURYHG SRVVLEOH
Ae. albopictusZDVQRWSUHVHQWLQJUHDWQXPEHUVLQ)LML
GXULQJWKHUHOHYDQWRXWEUHDN 2Q WKH RWKHU KDQG LW LV
SRVVLEOHWKDW LW SOD\VD UROH LQWKHWUDQVPLVVLRQ RI WKH
YLUXVLQ3DSXD1HZ*XLQHDDQG6RORPRQ,VODQGV
Japanese Encephalitis
Disease
-DSDQHVH HQFHSKDOLWLV LV WKH PRVW LPSRUWDQW DUERYLUDO
HQFHSKDOLWLV LQ WKH ZRUOG LQ WHUPV RI PRUELGLW\ DQG
PRUWDOLW\ ZLWK VRPH  FDVHV FDXVLQJ 
GHDWKVHDFK \HDU7KHYLUXV RI WKHJHQXVFlavivirus,
KDV EHHQ LQ FLUFXODWLRQ IRU D ORQJ WLPH WKURXJKRXW
VRXWKHUQ DQG HDVWHUQ $VLD  ,W KDV UHFHQWO\ DSSHDUHG
LQ3DSXD1HZ*XLQHDDQGWKH7RUUHV 6WUDLW ,VODQGV RI
$XVWUDOLD2XWEUHDNVKDYHDOVRRFFXUUHGLQ0LFURQHVLD
LHRQ*XDPLQDQGRQ6DLSDQLQ$IWHUD
±GD\LQFXEDWLRQSHULRGDIWHUWKHELWHE\WKHYHFWRU
PRVTXLWR WKH LQIHFWLRQ GHYHORSV LQWR DV\PSWRPDWLF
IRUPV HVWLPDWHG WR SUHYDLO LQ DSSUR[LPDWHO\  RI
FDVHV RU LQWR D FOLQLFDO SUR¿OH UDQJLQJ IURP D EHQLJQ
IHYHULVK V\QGURPH WR DFXWH HQFHSKDOLWLV  7KH ODWWHU
FRQGLWLRQPD\EHFKDUDFWHULVHGE\KHDGDFKHVYRPLWLQJ
UHGXFHGDZDUHQHVVDQGFRQYXOVLRQV7KHPRUWDOLW\UDWH
UHDFKHVRIFOLQLFDOFDVHVDQGKDOIRIWKHVXUYLYRUV
VXIIHUIURPVHYHUHQHXURSV\FKLDWULFFRQVHTXHQFHV
Mode of transmission
-DSDQHVH HQFHSKDOLWLV LV D ]RRQRVLV DIIHFWLQJ PDQ\
GRPHVWLFDQGZLOG DQLPDOV  )URP WKHHSLGHPLRORJLFDO
VWDQGSRLQW WKH PRVW LPSRUWDQW VSHFLHV DUH SLJV WKDW
VKRZDKLJKDQGORQJODVWLQJYLUDHPLDZKLFKLVGLI¿FXOW
WR GHWHFW GXH WR WKH ODFN RI FOLQLFDO VLJQV VRPH ELUGV
LQ SDUWLFXODU WKH $UGHLGDH KHURQV HJUHWV HWF DQG
&KLURSWHUD  2Q WKH RWKHU KDQG FDWWOH GRJV KRUVHV
DQGKXPDQVKDYHLQVXI¿FLHQWYLUDHPLDWRLQIHFWYHFWRU
mosquitoes and so do not play any
UROHLQWKHGLVVHPLQDWLRQRIWKLVYLUXV
7KHPRGHRILQIHFWLRQIRUYHFWRUVLV
WKHVDPHDVIRUGHQJXHIHYHU
Vectors
$OWKRXJKRWKHUVSHFLHVFDQWUDQVPLW
WKLVYLUXVLQWKHODERUDWRU\HJAe.
albopictusLWLVEHOLHYHGWKDWWKHYHFWRUVRIWKH-(YLUXV
LQWKHZLOGDUHXVXDOO\PRVTXLWRHVRIWKHJHQXVCulex.
:HZLOORQO\UHIHUKHUHWRWKRVHVSHFLHVWKDWRFFXULQWKH
3DFL¿F
Culex (Culex) tritaeniorhynchus *LOHV  KDV D
YHU\EURDGJHRJUDSKLFDOUDQJHLQWKHZKROHHDVWHUQELR
JHRJUDSKLFDO UHJLRQ DQG H[WHQGV QRUWKHDVW WR -DSDQ
.RUHD&KLQDDQGPDULWLPH5XVVLDQ6LEHULD,WLVSUHVHQW
LQWKH3DFL¿FLQWKH0DULDQD,VODQGV ,WLVWKHSULQFLSDO
YHFWRURIWKH-(YLUXVLQFRQWLQHQWDO$VLD
%RWKLWVELRHFRORJ\ DQG PRUSKRORJ\DUHYHU\FORVHWR
WKRVHRI Cx. annulirostris ,W LVD QRFWXUQDO PRVTXLWR
ZKLFKIHHGVSUHIHUHQWLDOO\RQFDWWOHSLJVDQGELUGVDQG
RFFDVLRQDOO\RQKXPDQV
Culex (Culex) annulirostris 6NXVH  LV DOVR
FRQVLGHUHGWREHDYHFWRURIWKH-(YLUXV
Culex (Culex) sitiens:LHGHPDQQOLNHAe. vigilax,
LVDVHDVLGHGZHOOLQJPRVTXLWR,WLVIRXQGRQWKHWURSLFDO
VKRUHVRIWKH,QGLDQ2FHDQWKH3DFL¿FDQGDGMDFHQWVHDV
,WGRHVQRWRFFXUHDVWRI1LXH,WWUDQVPLWVWKHYLUXVYHU\
HI¿FLHQWO\ LQ ODERUDWRU\ FRQGLWLRQV DQG LWV DEXQGDQFH
SOHDGVLQ IDYRXU RIDQ DFWLYH UROHLQ WKH HSLGHPLRORJ\
RIWKLVGLVHDVH,WLVDOZD\VIRXQGDORQJWKHVHDVKRUH
ZKHUH LWV ODUYDH FRORQLVH SRROV SXGGOHV DQG GUDLQV
7KHPRUWDOLW\UDWHUHDFKHV
RIFOLQLFDOFDVHV
and half of the survivors
VXIIHUIURPVHYHUHQHXUR
psychiatric consequences.

ORIGINAL PAPERS
51
PACIFIC HEALTH SURVEILLANCE AND RESPONSE VOL 12. NO 2. 2005
FRQWDLQLQJEUDFNLVKRU VDOWZDWHU,QWKHVDPHZD\ DV
Ae. polynesiensisLWLVDEOHWREUHHGLQODQGFUDEEXUURZV
7KHODUYDHDUHYHU\VLPLODUWRWKRVHRICx. Annulirostris,
ZLWK ZKLFK LW VRPHWLPHV FRKDELWV  7KH DGXOW KDV WKH
VDPH JHQHUDO DSSHDUDQFH EXW WKH FRORXULQJ LV GDUNHU
DQGVRPHGHWDLOVPDNHLWSRVVLEOHWRGLVWLQJXLVKLWHDVLO\
ZLWKSRZHUIXOPDJQL¿FDWLRQCx. sitiensLVDQRFWXUQDO
PRVTXLWR,WVDJJUHVVLYHQHVVWRKXPDQVVHHPVWRYDU\
FRQVLGHUDEO\IURPSODFHWRSODFH
$UHFHQWWD[RQRPLF UHYLHZ 5HLQHUW  SURSRVHG
DWKRURXJKUHVWUXFWXULQJRIWKHJHQXVAedesHOHYDWLQJ
PDQ\VXEJHQHUDWRJHQXVOHYHOZLWKFRQVHTXHQWQDPH
FKDQJHVDIIHFWLQJVSHFLHVRIPDMRUPHGLFDOLPSRUWDQFH
$OLYHO\ GHEDWHHQVXHG EHWZHHQ WD[RQRPLVWVPHGLFDO
HQWRPRORJLVWVDQGSXEOLVKHUVRIVFLHQWL¿FMRXUQDOVDQG
WKH FRQVHQVXV WKDW HPHUJHG FRQFOXGHG WKDW IXUWKHU
LQYHVWLJDWLRQZDVQHFHVVDU\3HQGLQJWKHUHVXOWVRIVXFK
IXUWKHUUHVHDUFKWKHWUDGLWLRQDOQDPHVVKRXOGFRQWLQXH
WREHXVHG7KLVPHDQV WKDW WKH JHQXV Ochlerotatus,
FUHDWHGE\ 5HLQKDUGW LQUHYHUWV WR EHLQJDVXE
JHQXVRIWKHJHQXVAedes.
Aedes aegypti
Aedes ploynesiensis
Culex annulirostris
Aedes aegypti larvae
Aedes vigilax
Culex sitiens

PACIFIC HEALTH SURVEILLANCE AND RESPONSE VOL 12. NO 2. 2005
ORIGINAL PAPERS
52
Bibliography
 %HONLQ -1 7KH PRVTXLWRHV RI WKH 6RXWK 3DFL¿F
8QLYHUVLW\RI &DOLIRUQLD 3UHVV %HUNHOH\  /RV$QJHOHV
YROV
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