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Microstructure and stability of a cast Ni-base superalloy containing low level of Cr and high level of W

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The microstructure and stability of a conventional cast equiaxed nickel base superalloy, Ni-1.5Cr-10Co-16W-2Mo-6Al-1Ti-1Nb-0.1C-0.02B-0.1Zr, which possesses a high temperature strength corresponding to that of the first generation single crystal superalloy, were described in this paper. Microstructures of as-cast and 850°C/3000 h, 950°C/1000 h and 1100°C/50 h-500 h thermal exposure specimens were investigated by optical metallography, quantitive metallography, SEM and EDS. Results show that the size of specimen directly affects the volume fraction and sizes of phases in microstructure. The eutectic γ' in heavy section of specimen appears to be lower volume fraction and larger size. Section size has no significant effects on the volume fraction of MC carbides, but the increase of MC size will accompany with the enlargement of the section size. This superalloy exhibits a surprisingly good microstructural stability, due to no harmful TCP phase precipitates after long term thermal exposure in the 850°C to 1100°C range. Furthermore, in this temperature range, the carbide reactions are the slow decomposition of MC and precipitation of M6C carbides along the grain boundary, interdendritic zone and periphery of eutectic γ'. In addition, after 1100°C/500 h thermal exposure there are still about 50 vol.% MC carbides which reserved from original as-cast microstructure.
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24   1
2004 2         空    料    报
J OUR NAL OF AE RONA U TICAL MA TER IAL S        Vol. 24 ,No. 1
February 2004
一种低 Cr W型铸造镍基高温合金的
显微组织及其稳定性
 1,谷臣清1,  2,侯淑娥2
(1. 西安理工大学 材料科学与工程学院 ,陕西 西安 710048 ; 2. 北京航空材料研究院 , 100095)
摘要:研究了一种具有第一代单晶合金高温强度水 ,其成分为 Ni21. 5Cr210Co216W22Mo26Al21Ti21Nb20. 1C20.
02B20. 1Zr 通铸造镍基高温合金的显微组织及其长时组织稳定性。对试验合金铸态及 850 / 3000h ,
950 / 1000h ,1100 / 50500h 热暴露后的显微组织进行了光学金相、定量金相扫描电镜和能谱分析。结果
表明 :取样部位的截面尺寸不同直接影响合金铸态组织中相的尺寸及含量 ,其中大截面尺寸部位共晶γ
含量
少而尺寸大 ;截面尺寸对 MC 碳化物含量影响不大 ,但其尺寸随着截面尺寸的增大而明显增大。本试验用合金
具有优良的组织稳定性 ,8501100 长时热暴露均无有害的 TCP 相析出 ,其碳化物反应是 MC 的缓慢分解
M6C沿晶界枝晶间和共晶γ
周围析出 ,1100 / 500h 热暴露以后 ,仍然保留原始铸态组织中约 50 %
MC 碳化物
关键词:镍基合金 ;显微组织 ;相变 ;碳化物 ;热暴露 ;显微组织稳定性
中图分类号: TG146. 1 + 5    文献标识码: A    文章编号: 100525053(2004)0120017205
  镍基高温合金目前已广泛应用于高温燃气涡
轮的关键部件 ,随着使用条件日趋苛刻 ,提高合金
的承温能力一直是重要的研究目标 Cr W
是获得高持久强度的一种有效途径 ,已为冶金工
作者所广泛接受[13 ] 本研究所用的高 W合金
在等轴晶铸态下其 1100 / 118MPa 条件下的持
久寿命达到了 50h ,当于第一代单晶合金的水
[ 4 ] 此类合金由于不含 Re ,Ta ,Hf 等稀贵元素
使其原材料的成本大幅降低[ 5 ] 。然 ,由于 W
重元素的添加量较大 ,合金的密度也相应升高 ,
高可达 8. 95g/ cm3,这一因素严重制约了其在航
空涡轮叶片上的应用但是 ,由于该合金成本低
高温强度高 ,是很有前途的高温模具合金材料。
与航空涡轮叶片不同的是 ,高温模具在地面使用
且为非高速旋转部件 ,因此合金对密度指标无特
殊要求作为模具合金 ,除需高温强度高以外 ,
要求在 10501100 温度范围内具有好的组织
稳定性目前对低 Cr W铸造镍基高温合金组
织稳定性的系统研究报导甚少 ,因此有必要进行
进一步的研究本研究对一种低 Cr W合金的
显微组织及不同温度下的长时组织稳定性进行了
系统的研究 ,为合金的推广应用提供理论依据
1 试验材料及方法
  试验用材料是真空感应熔炼的低 Cr W
,由于 W量高 , 1650 的高温进行精炼 ,
母合金锭重 5kg ,合金分析成分如表 1所示。
1 合金的成分(wt %)
Table 1  Composition of alloy (wt %)
Cr Co W Mo Al Ti Nb C B Zr Ni
Mass f raction 1. 31 9. 63 16. 22 2. 13 5. 96 1. 13 0. 95 0. 10 0. 024 0. 097 62. 45
Atomic fraction 1. 5 10. 0 5. 4 1. 4 13. 6 1. 4 0. 6 0. 5 0. 14 0. 08 65. 3
  母合金经真空重熔浇注成等轴晶成形试棒 ,
浇注温度为 1500 ,填砂壳模温度为 900
收稿日期 : 2003208218 ; 修订日期 : 2003212208
作者简介 :郑亮(19792),,硕士研究生
了考察合金的显微组织稳定性 ,对合金分别进行
850 / 3000h , 950 / 1000h , 1100 / 50h ,
1100 / 100h ,1100 / 500h 的热暴露试验。铸态
及热暴露后的试样用光学金相定量金相扫描电
镜及能谱分析其显微组织的形貌特征各相含量
© 1995-2005 Tsinghua Tongfang Optical Disc Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
成分及尺寸考虑到铸造合金的显微组织受凝固
条件的影响 ,长期热暴露试样全部取自同一模组
下底盘的厚截面部位为了比较截面尺寸对显微
组织的影响 ,部分铸态试样取自成形试棒端头部
位和规长工作部分
2 结果分析与讨论
2.1 合金的铸态组织
  金的铸态组织示于图 1 ,各相成分及合金
显微偏析的能谱分析结果示于表 2组织中除枝
,还有分布于枝晶间的白色块状共晶
γ
1 合金的铸态显微组织
Fig. 1  Microstructure of as2cast alloy
2 铸态组织中不同区域的成分(EDS ,wt %)
Table 2  compositions of different regions in as2cast microstructure of alloy (EDS , wt %)
Regions Al Ti Cr Co Ni Zr Nb Mo W
Eutecticγ
8. 14 1. 78 1. 14 8. 85 66. 98 0. 64 1. 80 1. 61 9. 74
MC30. 04 18. 37 0. 23 0. 49 3. 18 1. 28 32. 29 7 . 79 38. 93
Dendrite 5. 56 0. 73 1. 31 10 . 79 58. 77 0 0. 50 1. 91 19. 05
Interdendrite 6. 61 0. 99 1. 60 10 . 56 61. 72 0. 05 1. 17 2. 58 13. 80
    Note : 3Content of carbon in MC is not determined.
骨架状 MC 碳化物和弥散分布于γ基体中的次生
γ
  
γ
相是镍基高温合金中的主要强化相 ,它包
括初生共晶γ
γ固溶体脱溶出的次生γ
平衡凝固过程中本应无(γ+γ
)共晶析出 ,但合金
成分的显微偏析使凝固时枝晶间残余液相达到(γ
+γ
)共晶成分而形成共晶。与大多数铸造合金
不同的是本合金铸态组织中的共晶呈光板” ,
内部不存在γ,这是由于高温下(γ+γ
)共晶中
γ含量较少 ,在随后较慢的冷却过程中回溶到
共晶γ
  Al , Ti ,Nb 是最重要的稳定γ
元素 ,合金组
中这三种元素的含量最高的是共晶γ
,其次是枝
晶间 ,最后是枝晶干(2)由于显微偏析 ,
Al ,Ti ,Nb γ
形成元素的含量高 ,促使共晶
γ
形成 ,同时使枝晶间γ相处于过饱和状态 ,加速
γ
相的形核与长大 ,因此枝晶间的次生γ
尺寸
一般大于枝晶干处
  从表 2据还可知 ,合金中 MC 碳化物的主
要形成元素是 Nb , Ti , W ,Mo , Nb , Ti MC
中的溶解度极高仔细对比发现 ,Nb 在合金中的
平均成分远远低于 Ti ,而碳化物中 Nb 的含量反
而比 Ti ,这就说明了 Nb 是一种比 Ti 更强的
MC 碳化物形成元素 ,一般来说 ,N bC 也比 TiC
[ 6 ]
  需要特别指出的是 ,在合金组织中 ,相的尺寸
和含量不仅与合金成分有关 ,还与凝固冷却速度
有关因此 ,凡谈及相的尺寸或含量 ,严格说来都
要说明试样的取样部 ,只有冷却速度相当的部
位其相尺寸和含量才有可比性在高温合金组织
,枝晶间距是冷却速度的直接体现 3示出
了合金铸态显微组织中不同枝晶间距与相的尺寸
和含量的关系
  由表 3 ,虽然合金成分相同且同为铸态
组织 ,但由于取样部位的不同导致组织中各相的
含量和尺寸存在明显差异从截面尺寸较大的浇
注底盘到尺寸稍小的持久试样夹头再到尺寸最小
的试样规长部分 ,由于凝固时冷却速度依次增大 ,
因此枝晶间距顺次减小 其中 ,γ
在截面尺
寸较大时体积分数相对较小 ,但相的尺寸较大。
快冷对 MC 碳化物尺寸的影响比较敏感 ,冷速大
的时候 MC 明显细化 ,但对 MC 的含量影响很小
本研究中试样工作部位的 MC 碳化物极小且比较
分散 ,在定量金相测量时明显的界面效应使测量
的体积百分含量偏高
2.2 合金在长时热暴露后的显微组织稳定性
  合金的显微组织稳定性最重要的标志之一是
有无 TCP (通常是指σ,
μLaves )的析出
81
                                          24
© 1995-2005 Tsinghua Tongfang Optical Disc Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
3 合金铸态显微组织中各相的尺寸及含量
Table 3 Sizes and volume fraction of phases in microstructure of as2cast alloy
Cutting position
of specimen
Section
size/ mm
Dendrite
spacing/μm
Eutecticγ
MC carbide
Volume
fraction/ %
Average
size/μm
Volume
fraction/ %
Average
size/μm
Bottom disk 15 ×95 105. 2 10. 7 38. 2 1. 1 3. 6
Grip part <14 74. 2 11 . 9 35. 9 - -
Gage length part <7 58. 9 14. 7 26. 7 1. 6 2. 7
根据合金成分可计算出合金的电子空位数 ,从而
预测合金是否析 TCP 根据本合金分析成
分计算出合金的平均电子空位数(Nv)1. 76 ,
值远远低于高温合金中析出有害 TCP 相的临界
电子空位数 2. 45[ 7 ] ,即相分计算结果预测本试验
合金不会出现 TCP 实验结果也表明 ,合金的
铸态组织中无 TCP 相析出另外 ,由表 1数据可
,本合金 Cr %(原子分数)/(Cr + Mo + 0. 7W)%
(原子分数)= 0. 22 ,此值远远小于出现 M23 C6
0. 72 这一临界值[8 ] ,因此本合金复杂碳化物中应
M23C6,而仅含有 M6C为了验证上述预测结
,对本合金在不同温度下作长时热暴露试验
2. 2. 1  合金 850 / 3000h 热暴露后的显微组织
  850 时合金组织很稳定 ,短时内热暴露组织
与铸态组织接近合金在经过 850 / 3000h 热暴
露后 ,合金基体中过饱和的碳和部分骨架状块状
MC 碳化物缓慢分解生成次生碳化物 ,这种碳化
物多呈粒状和块状沿枝晶间和晶界分布 ,此碳化
物经 X射线衍射确定为 M6C碳化物此外 ,M6C
周围还生成γ
包覆 (2),符合 MC +γM6C
+γ
反应 通过扫描电镜背散射图像可以很好地
MC(灰色)M6C()区别开来850
M23C6σ相的析出敏感温度[ 9 ] ,热暴露后未发
M23C6σ相析出 ,证明这种低 Cr 含量的合金
在该温度下组织十分稳定 ,这一结果也与理论推
测的合金中不析出 M23 C6σ相的结果相吻合。
此外 ,织中还可以看出次生γ
尺寸稍有长大 ,
共晶γ
的含量和尺寸也都无明显变化
2. 2. 2  合金 950 / 1000h 热暴露后的显微组织
   3示出了合金经 950 / 1000h 热暴露后的
显微组织 ,沿晶界析出的 M6C清晰可见(粒状白
),其周围被γ
相包覆 (3(a) ) 在共γ
围是 M6C碳化物最常析出的位置 ,其尺寸也较晶
M6C 3(b)示出了未转变的 MC(灰色)
和次生 M6C(白色)共存的情况 ,其中 MC 保持完
950 通常是μ相析出的敏感温度 ,但该合金
2 合金经 850 / 3000h 热暴露后的
显微组织(背散射图像)
Fig. 2  SEM microstructure of alloy after 850 / 3000h
thermal exposure (BEI)
950 / 1000h 热暴露后仍没有μ相析出此时
γ
有轻微粗化 ,共晶γ
没有明显变化
2. 2. 3  合金经 1100 不同时间热暴露后的显微
组织
  合金 1100 不同时间热暴露后的组织示
于图 4
  合金在 1100 / 50h 热暴露后 ,很少观察到有
MC 1100 / 100h ,有少量 MC 碳化物
开始分解生成 M6C ,粒状的 M6C沿晶界析出 ,
周围形成了较 850 / 3000h 950 / 1000h 更厚
γ
包覆层 (4(a) )
  合金经 1100 / 500h 热暴露后晶界枝晶间
和共晶γ
周围析出了大量的粗粒状 M6C碳化物 ,
更多的 MC 碳化物转变为 M6C ,M6C周围的γ
覆层较 1100 / 100h ,由热暴露形成的γ
层和铸态时生成的共晶γ
连成一片,形成网
,如图 4(b)所示由图 4(b)还可以看到 ,合金
组织中还出现微量片状的 M6C碳化物 ,经能谱分
析其成分为 60W29Mo220Ni28Co22Cr21Nb(质量分
, %),与粒状 M6C成分非常接近 ,在高 W合金
中存在片状 M6C碳化物已有报导[ 9 ] 。此外 ,合金
1100 / 500h 未出 TCP ,γ
化明
91
1        一种低 Cr W型铸造镍基高温合金的显微组织及其稳定性          
© 1995-2005 Tsinghua Tongfang Optical Disc Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
3 合金经 950 / 1000h 热暴露后的显微组织(背散射图像)
Fig. 3  SEM microstructure of alloy after 950 / 1000h thermal exposure (B EI)
(a)M6C carbides precipita ted along grai n boundary ;
(b)M6C carbides precipitated at t he periphery of eutecticγ
4 合金经 1100 不同时间热暴露后的显微组织
Fig. 4  Microstructures of alloy at 1100 for different thermal exposure time
(a)100 h ; (b)500h
  合金 1100 经不同时间热暴露后碳化物
含量和尺寸的变化如图 5 ,6 所示 ,为了便于比较 ,
所有试样均取自底盘部 ,其枝晶间距在 105
110
μm范围 由图 5 ,6 可知 ,随着热暴露时间的
增加 ,M6C碳化物的体积分数和平均尺寸都有明
显增加MC 碳化物在 100h 后体积分数明显减
5 合金在 1100 热暴露不同时间后碳化物的
体积分数变化
Fig. 5  Volume f raction of carbides in alloy at 1100
for different thermal exposure time
6 合金在 1100 热暴露不同时间后
碳化物的平均尺寸
Fig. 6  Average sizes of carbides in alloy at 1100 for
different thermal exposure time
,但平均尺寸直到 500h 变化也不显著 ,这可能
是因为较小尺寸 MC 在热暴露过程中完全分
,导致 MC 碳化物数目的减少 ,使得平均尺寸的
数值变化不大本试验合金的 MC 碳化物比较稳
,这与 MC Nb 的含量高有关 ,Nb MC
的能力远远高于 Ti[ 6 ]
02
                                          24
© 1995-2005 Tsinghua Tongfang Optical Disc Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
  综上所述 ,本试验合金热暴露后无 TCP 相和
M23C6析出 ,试验结果与理论预测一致 ,证明本试
验合金具有很好的组织稳定性
3   
  (1)态组织中相的含量及大小与取样部位
的截面尺寸有关其中大截面中共晶γ
的含
少而尺寸大 ;截面尺寸对铸态组织中 MC 碳化物
含量影响不大 ,但其尺寸随着截面尺寸的增大而
增大
  (2)本试验用低 Cr W铸造镍基高温合金
具有优良的组织稳定性 ,850 1100 长时
暴露均不析出有害的 TCP 该合金的 MC
化物比较稳定 ,1100 / 500h 后其含量仍有铸
态组织中的 50 %左右
  (3)在长时热暴露中 ,碳化物反应是 MC 的缓
慢分解和 M6C沿晶界枝晶间和共晶γ
围析
,1100 / 500h M6C的量可达 1 . 4 %(体积分
)
参考文献:
[1 ] WATERS W J , FRECHE J C. Nickel2base alloy with
improved strength at 2000 to 2200 F [ J ] . Met Eng
Quart , 1970 , 10 (2): 55.
[2 ] WAT ERS W J , FRECHE J C. A nickel2base alloy ,
NASA WAZ - 16 , wit h Pote ntial for gas tur bine stator
vane application [ R] . NA SA2TN2D27648 , 1974.
[ 3 ] PEN RICE P J , S HAW S W K. Nickel2Chromium2Tan2
talum alloys[ P ]. U S Patent No . 3617262 , 1971 .
[4 ] 中国航空材料手册编辑委员会.中国航空材料手册
(第二版) (铸造高温合金 变形高温合金)
[ M]. 北京 :中国标准出版社 , 2002. 792 - 795.
[5] 郑运荣.燃气涡轮用单晶合金的成本因[J ]. 金属学
, 2001 , 38(11): 1203 - 1209.
[ 6] RES TALL J E , TOULSON E C. Constit ution and mi2
crostructure of certain cast nickel base superalloy [J ] .
Metals and Materials , 1973 , 7(3): 134 - 140.
[7] SIMS C T. The occurrence of topologically close packed
phases[A ]. SIMS C T , HAGEL W C. The Superalloys
[M] . New York : J ohn Wiley & Sons , 1972 . 259 -
284
[8 ] 陈国良.高温合金学[ M ] . :冶金工业出版社 ,
1988. 60 - 61
[9] 郑运荣,张德堂.高温合金与钢的彩色金相研究
[ M]. 北京 :国防工业出版社 , 1999. 153 - 198
Microstructure and stability of a cast Ni2base superalloy
containing low level of Cr and high level of W
ZHEN G Liang1, GU Chen2qing1, ZEN G Qia ng2, HOU Shu2e2
(1. School of Materials Science and Engineering , Xian University of Technology , Xian 710048 , China ; 2. Beijing Institute of
Aeronautical Materials , Beijing 100095 , China)
Abstract : The microstructure and stability of a conventional cast equiaxed nickel base superalloy , Ni21. 5Cr210Co216W22Mo26Al2
1Ti21Nb20. 1C20. 02B20. 1Zr , which possesses a high temperature st rength corresponding to that of t he first generation single crys2
tal superalloy , were described i n t his paper . Microstructures of as2cast and 850 / 3000h , 950 / 1000h and 1100 / 50h500h
thermal exposure specimens were investigated by optical metallography , quantitive metallography , SEM and EDS. Results show
that t he size of specimen directly affects the volume fraction and sizes of phases in microstructure. The eutecticγ
in heavy section
of specimen appears to be lower volume fraction and larger size. Section size has no significant effects on t he volume fraction of MC
carbides , but t he increase of MC size will accompany with the enlargement of the section size. This superalloy exhibits a surprising2
ly good microstructural stability , due to no harmful TCP phase precipitates after long term thermal exposure in the 850 to
1100 range. Furthermore , in this temperature range , t he carbide reactions are the slow decomposition of MC and precipitation
of M6C carbides along t he grain boundary , interdendrite zone andperiphery of eutecticγ
. In addition , after 1100 / 500h t hermal
exposure there are still about 50vol. % MC carbides which reserved from original as2cast microstructure.
Key words : nickel alloy ; microst ructure ; p hase tra nsformation ; carbides ; thermal exposure ; microstructural stability
12
1        一种低 Cr W型铸造镍基高温合金的显微组织及其稳定性          
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... It was found that Alloy K9 was a forging die material suitable for application below 1050 . Alloy 601 is a promising candidate due to a 20 higher temperature capability than that of K9 and a very good stability of microstructure in the temperature range of 850~1100 [12]. However, it is noteworthy that these alloys exhibit a high sensitivity of microstructure and mechanical properties to alloy composition and conditions of solidification, especially a great number of primary M 6 C carbides easily form in Co-free Alloy K9 cast forging die with a section size over 200mm, similar section size effect of cast blades was concerned as early as 1970's and stress rupture properties of blades at different sections were measured [13]. ...
Article
In this paper, the forming conditions and harmful effects of the abnormal phases such as M 6 C carbides, (W, Mo) and µ in a series of high W content K9, K20 and 601 alloys, which are suitable for forging die, have been studied. The abnormal phases precipitated from liquid belong to primary phases. The large blocky M 6 C formed in as-cast alloys, as the total amount of (W+Mo) and carbon content exceeded 18 wt% and 0.15 wt% respectively, while the carbon content less than 0.06 wt% promoted the formation of primary and µ phases. The addition of elements such as Co or Ru and the rapid solidification exhibited a decreased tendency to precipitate M 6 C carbides. The primary M 6 C carbide is the most stable phase among the three abnormal phases and is not removed until the full melting of alloy. Contrarily, the and µ are unstable phases and can transform to M 6 C carbides. The primary M 6 C carbides severely deteriorate the mechanical properties of the alloys, and the stress rupture life of the alloys at 1100/118MPa decreased over 50%, as the volume fraction of primary M 6 C in alloys was higher than 1.5%. It was very difficult to avoid the formation of primary M 6 C for a heavy section forging die cast by this series alloys, therefore the compositional modification for these alloys was performed.
Article
By means of microstructure observation and creep property measurement, the microstructure and creep mechanism of Hf-containing K416B as-cast Ni-based superalloy with high W content were investigated. The results show that the as-cast microstructure of the alloy consists of γ matrix, γ' phase, MC and M6C carbides. Thereinto, the MC carbide with chain-like structure and Chinese script precipitates, in the grain boundaries and inter-dendrite, respectively. And the blocky M6C carbide embeds in the eutectic. During creep, the deformation mechanisms of the alloy are that the dislocations with different orientations slip in the matrix, and the dislocation may bypass or shear into γ' phase. In the late stage of creep, high density dislocations may pile up near the carbides or boundaries, and the fact may induce the stress concentration to cause the crack initiating and propagating along the grain boundaries and the interface between the carbide and eutectic, which is considered to be the fracture mechanism of the alloy. ©, 2015, Zhongguo Youse Jinshu Xuebao/Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals. All right reserved.
Article
As-cast Ni-based superalloys with high W content are used extensively in the turbine vane of aeroengine due to their good heat resistance and temperature capability. During high temperature service, the creep deformations and microstructure evolution are occurred in the using materials, and the creep behavior mainly depends on their chemical composition and microstructure, such as size, distribution and morphology of γ' phase and carbides. Thereinto, the mophologies of carbide phases are closely related to creep resistance of the alloy. Generally, the carbide particles displaying dispersive distribution may enhance the creep resistance of the alloy, while the carbide with continuous morphologies distributed in the boundaries, they may provide easy paths for crack propagation and degrade the mechanical properties of the alloy. Besides the creep life of the alloy also depends on the microstructure evolution under high temperature. But the evolution mechanism of carbides in K416B superalloy during creep is still unclear up to now. For this reason, by means of creep property measurement and microstructure observation, the evolution behavior of precipitates in K416B Ni-based superalloy with high W content during high temperature creep has been investigated. The results show that the size of γ' phase is inhomogeneous in the as-cast alloy, and the stripe MC-carbide distribute in the inter-dendrite regions displaying Chinese structures. During high temperature creep applied stress, fine M6C carbide discontinuously precipitate in the deformed g matrix. The thermodynamics analysis indicates that the carbon element segregates in the regions of stress concentration and combines with carbide-forming elements W etc, which promoted the fine M6C carbide to precipitate from the γ' matrix. At the same time, the grooves are formed on the surface of stripe MC carbide, and then gradually decomposed and transformed into M6C particles. Thereinto, the additional press formed in the surface of stripe MC carbide is the main factor to promote the MC phase continuous dissolution and spheroidizing.
Article
Elements that tended to form monocarbide (MC) phases (i. e. niobium, tantalum, and titanium tended to alloy preferentially with the gamma-prime phases. Tungsten, molybdenum, chromium, and cobalt tended to alloy preferentially with the matrix phases. A series of linear regression equations were developed to relate the composition of the phases and parent alloys.
The occurrence of topologically close packed p hases
  • Sims C T
SIMS C T. The occurrence of topologically close packed p hases[ A ].