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Phenol Compounds Treated Cotton and Wool Fabrics for Developing Multi-Functional Clothing Materials
Abstract and Figures
Phenolic compounds found in many plant-based natural antioxidants inhibit pathogenic growth and are not normally toxic to humans. Therefore, in this study we treated cotton and wool fabrics with phenolic compounds through a pad-dry-cure process and investigated the mechanical properties, antibacterial ability, and antioxidant ability of the fabric samples. Polycarboxylic acid was used to cross-link the phenolic compounds to cellulose, whereas wool fabric did not need a cross-linker because the phenolic compounds easily bond to protein naturally. Consequently, both the cotton and wool fabric samples treated with phenolic compounds revealed excellent antibacterial ability against gram-positive bacteria (>99.9 %) as well as gram-negative bacteria (>99.5). However, with regard to the antioxidant ability, all of the wool fabrics treated with phenolic compounds showed significant antioxidant ability (>90 %); however, the antioxidant ability of most of the cotton fabrics treated with phenolic compounds were insufficient (>35 %). This suggests that the cotton fabrics treated with phenolic compounds lost their hydroxyl groups by cross-linking with polycarboxylic acid, causing phenolic moieties also to lose their antioxidant function.
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... For instance, natural antioxidants are used as food preservatives, and have been shown to increase the shelf-life of high-fat-content food [7][8][9]. In another example, the treatment of fabric (cotton and wool) with natural antioxidants significantly enhanced both the antibacterial and antioxidant properties of the fabric [10]. Finally, botanical extracts have been reported to offer colour, protein and growth protection to human hair [11][12][13][14]. ...
... Molecules 2023, 28, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 15 treatment of fabric (cotton and wool) with natural antioxidants significantly enhanced both the antibacterial and antioxidant properties of the fabric [10]. Finally, botanical extracts have been reported to offer colour, protein and growth protection to human hair [11][12][13][14]. ...
In dead biological tissues such as human hair, the ability of antioxidants to minimise autoxidation is determined by their chemical reactions with reactive oxygen species. In order to improve our understanding of factors determining such antioxidant properties, the mechanistic chemistry of four phenolic antioxidants found in tea and rosemary extracts (epicatechin, epigallocatechin gallate, rosmarinic and carnosic acids) has been investigated. The degradation of N-acetyl alanine by photochemically generated hydroxyl radicals was used as a model system. A relatively high concentration of the antioxidants (0.1 equivalent with respect to the substrate) tested the ability of the antioxidants to intercept both initiating hydroxyl radicals (preventive action) and propagating peroxyl radicals (chain-breaking action). LC-MS data showed the formation of hydroxylated derivatives, quinones and hydroperoxides of the antioxidants. The structure of the assignment was aided by deuterium exchange experiments. Tea polyphenolics (epicatechin and epigallocatechin gallate) outperformed the rosemary compounds in preventing substrate degradation and were particularly effective in capturing the initiating radicals. Carnosic acid was suggested to act mostly as a chain-breaking antioxidant. All of the antioxidants except for rosmarinic acid generated hydroperoxides which was tentatively ascribed to the insufficient lability of the benzylic C-H bond of rosmarinic acid.
... Several of these pure compounds have been directly applied to fabrics [23,[28][29][30]. However, in some cases, before being coated onto fabrics, pure compounds suffered some sort of modification, i.e., enzymatic oxidation, crosslinking with other compounds, or they were added to other particles to improve their combined functionality [31][32][33][34][35][36]. ...
... For instance, several dyed fabrics were able to achieve a great percentage of inhibition against bacteria. These include dyed fabrics with pure phenolic compounds such as pyrogallol, phloroglucinol, pyrocatechol, and resorcinol, which were able to inhibit >99.9% of S. aureus and >99.6% of E. coli in cotton and wool fabrics [30]. A dye obtained from Keemun black tea, with theaflavins as the major polyphenol in its composition, was able to inhibit >99.9% of S. aureus in flax fabric [59]. ...
Textile dyeing is known to have major environmental concerns, especially with the high use of toxic chemicals. The use of alternatives such as natural dyes rich in phenolic compounds has become extremely appealing in order to move towards a more sustainable circular economy. Phenolic dyes have the potential to functionalize textile fabrics with properties such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, and UV protection. Wastes/residues from the agri-food industries stand out as highly attractive sources of these compounds, with several by-products showing promising results in textile dyeing through the implementation of more sustainable and eco-friendly processes. This review presents an up-to-date exploration of the sources of phenolic compounds used in the textile industry over the past two decades, with a primary focus on the functional properties they provide to different fabrics. The research highlights a surge in interest in this theme since 2017, accentuating a noticeable upward trend. Throughout this review, emphasis is given to by-products from the agri-food industry as the sources of these compounds. The reviewed papers lay the foundation for future research, paving the way for exploring the potential of raw materials and by-products in the creation of functional and smart textiles.
... Moreover, previous studies have reported significant antibacterial efficacy of phenolic derivativemodified materials. For instance, silk dyed with Delonix regia stem shell extract [29], wool and cotton fabrics modified with pyrogallol [30], as well as fabrics modified with Aronia extracts [31], have exhibited excellent antibacterial properties. Based on the above discussion, it can be concluded that incorporating phenolic derivatives into the field of superhydrophobic material modification offers multiple benefits. ...
Multifunctional superhydrophobic materials demonstrate remarkable performance and promising application prospects in various fields. However, there is still considerable interest in developing milder superhydrophobic modification techniques for materials. In this study, we aimed to improve the surface roughness of cotton fabric by utilizing an in-situ growth method to incorporate zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8). The fabric un-
derwent a subsequent treatment with curcumin at room temperature, which served as a bridge for connection and provided multifunction to form a core–shell structure (curcumin/ZIF-8). Eventually, by implementing a mild thiol-ene click chemistry reaction, specifically by grafting octadecanethiol onto the C =C bond within the curcumin structure, we successfully prepared superhydrophobic modified cotton fabric known as SHCZC. The contact angle of the SHCZC material reached 168.7◦, accompanied by a sliding angle of just 1◦. Furthermore, SHCZC exhibited exceptional stability in harsh environments, enduring exposure to strong acids, alkalis, organic solvents, high and low temperatures, repeated washing, and abrasion. The material also demonstrated excellent thermal stability and remarkable breathability. Additionally, SHCZC possessed self-cleaning, UV-blocking, anti- fouling, antibacterial, anti-icing, and oil/water separation characteristics. The presence of these characteristics expands the potential of SHCZC beyond the field of superhydrophobic materials, positioning it as a highly advanced and versatile multifunctional material.
... The rest levels were in the safe range; moreover, the intrinsic pH value of the C. odorata extract was around 5, while the adjusted pH value was 5, which gave the most color efficacy. The results of the FT-IR analysis [ Figure 4(c)], represented the identification of the combination of wool and primary compounds in C. odorata (flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins) (Hong, 2015;Zargarkazemi et al., 2015;Shwe and Win, 2019;Bui and Phan, 2022), indicated that these samples were all similar. It can be concluded that there was no any change in the material in various pH values of the dyeing solution, although wool is usually dyed in acidic conditions (Kamel et al., 2011). ...
Purpose
The health and environmental hazards associated with synthetic dyes have led to a revival of natural dyes that are non-toxic, environmentally benign and coupled with various functions. The study aims to investigate and develop the potentiality of a popular herb called Chromolaena odorata ( C. odorata ) as a sustainable and stable dyestuff in textiles.
Design/methodology/approach
Natural colorant extracted from C. odorata leaves is used to dye the worsted fabric, which is one of the premier end-use of wool in fashion, via the padding method associated with pre-, simultaneous and post-mordanting with chitosan, tannic acid and copper sulfate pentahydrate. The effects of extraction, dyeing and mordanting processes on fabric’s color strength K/S and color difference ΔE CMC are investigated via International Commission on Illumination’s L*a*b* color space, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope, color fastness to washing, rubbing, perspiration and light.
Findings
The results obtained indicate extraction with ethanol 90% with a solid/liquid ratio of 1:5 within 1 h, and coloration with a liquor ratio of 1:5 (pH 5) within 2 h under padding pressure of 0.3 MPa are the most effective for coloring worsted fabric.
Practical implications
The C. odorata ’s application as a highly effective dyestuff possessing good colorimetric effectiveness has expanded this herb's economic potential, contributing partly to economic growth and adding value to wool in global supply chain.
Originality/value
C. odorata dyestuff has prevailed over other natural colorants because of its impressive color fastness against washing, rubbing, perspiration and especially color stability for pH change.
... The phenolic content of an extract is important because the colouration of substrates when using natural dyes is a result of specific phenolic-substrate bonding interactions. Thus, dyeing and dye uptake J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f strongly depend on the TPC of the extract [47]. Indeed, Elksibi et al. [6] demonstrated that the K/S of a dyed wool fabric was directly proportional to the amount of phenolics present in the natural dye extract. ...
Currently, synthetic dyes are widely used to colour textile materials. However, safer and more sustainable bio-based alternatives are currently being explored. In this context, by-products and wastes from agricultural value chains have been investigated as potential sources of natural dyes. Nutshell wastes are promising because they are abundant, contain interesting dye molecules such as quinones and are easier to handle because of their low moisture content. Hence, the present study aims at exploring the potential of the extracts from the shells of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), cashew nut (Anacardium occidentale L.), coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) and macadamia nut (Macadamia integrifolia L.) to colour textile substrates. For this purpose, the nutshell colourants were extracted and then applied to wool fabrics. Then, the extracts were analysed for their total phenolic content using the Folin–Ciocalteu method; the extracts were qualitatively screened for the presence of quinone-based dye molecules. Next, the effect of the main dyeing parameters, such as pH and mordant concentrations, on K/S was assessed. After this, the dyeing kinetics, colourimetric properties, UV protection potential and environmental impact of using the dye were assessed. The phytochemical screening indicated the presence of phenolic compounds (within a range of 71.3 ± 1.7–1664.4 ± 7.7 mg GAE/100 g), confirming the presence of colouring compounds such as quinones. The dyeing process, at pH 3 for the cashew nut shell and pH 5 for the other nutshell extracts, gave the best K/S (0.6 ± 0.1–14.9 ± 1.0), while the mixed 1,2 order was the best model for describing dye wool adsorption. Also, a good resistance to washing (4–5), light (3–8) and staining (4–5) was achieved, even without the use of mordants. However, the use of mordants increased K/S and fastness properties. The nutshell extracts improved UV protection by up to 79%, with cashew nutshell extracts and FeSO4 mordants providing the best K/S and UV protection. Furthermore, the use of extract dye was about 60% environmentally friendlier compared with synthetic dyeing. Thus, the use of nutshell-based dyes can provide a clean and sustainable source of dyes that can be used to substitute for synthetic analogues.
Abstract
Seaweed, a diverse group of marine macroalgae, has emerged as a rich source of bioactive compounds with numerous health-promoting properties. Among these, phenolic compounds have garnered significant attention for their diverse therapeutic applications. This review examines the methodologies employed in the extraction and purification of phenolic compounds from seaweed, emphasizing their importance in unlocking the full potential of these oceanic treasures. The article provides a comprehensive overview of the structural diversity and biological activities of seaweed-derived phenolics, elucidating their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. Furthermore, it explores the impact of extraction techniques, including conventional methods and modern green technologies, on the yield and quality of phenolic extracts. The purification strategies for isolating specific phenolic compounds are also discussed, shedding light on the challenges and advancements in this field. Additionally, the review highlights the potential applications of seaweed-derived phenolics in various industries, such as pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and functional foods, underscoring the economic value of these compounds. Finally, future perspectives and research directions are proposed to encourage continued exploration of seaweed phenolics, fostering a deeper understanding of their therapeutic potential and promoting sustainable practices in the extraction and purification processes. This comprehensive review serves as a valuable resource for researchers, industry professionals, and policymakers interested in harnessing the untapped potential of phenolic compounds from seaweed for the betterment of human health and environmental sustainability.
In the present work, we propose a green and sustainable strategy for eco-friendly surface modification of wool structure using biosynthesized kerationlytic proteases, from C4-ITA-EGY, Streptomyces harbinensis S11-ITA-EGY and Streptomyces carpaticus S33-ITA-EGY, followed by subsequent environmentally sound functionalization of the bio-treated substrates using ZnONPs, ZrO 2 NPs, ascorbic acid and vanillin, individually, to impart durable antibacterial and UV-protection properties. The changes in surface modification, and the extent of functionalization of the final products were characterized by SEM, EDX, antibacterial efficacy, UV-blocking ability, loss in weight, nitrogen content and durability to wash analysis. The obtained data reveals that, the developed green wool fabrics exhibit outstanding durable antibacterial activity and UV-blocking ability for fabricating multi-functional textile products can be utilized in a wide range of sustainable protective textiles, irrespective of the used post-finishing formulation ingredients. The results also show that both modification and functionalization processes are governed by type of enzyme and kind of active material respectively. Moreover, the biosynthesized kerationlytic proteases could be accessible used to remove protein-based stains like blood and egg.
Chestnut shells, which are a byproduct of agricultural and food processing industries, contain various compounds such as polyphenols and flavonoids that are beneficial to human health. Furthermore, the brownish pigment in chestnut shells is often used to dye textiles. This study explores the feasibility of using chestnut shells—a biowaste—to dye wool fabric using a sustainable textile dyeing process that can impart beneficially functional properties to the dyed fabric. Chestnut shell flakes were boiled in water to prepare an aqueous solution, which was then filtered, centrifuged, concentrated, and dried to obtain a chestnut shell extract. The powdered extract was then dissolved in distilled water at a concentration of 7 wt% and applied to wool fabrics using a laboratory infrared dyeing machine. The dyed wool fabrics were analyzed using spectrophotometry, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The functional properties of the dyed fabrics, namely the antibacterial, antioxidant, and deodorant properties, were analyzed as well. The wool fabrics turned a brownish hue when dyed using the chestnut shell extract, and the dyeing temperature had a stronger influence on the color strength compared with the dyeing duration. The dyed wool fabrics also exhibited significant antibacterial, antioxidant, and deodorant properties after dyeing under optimal conditions of 100 °C for ≥120 min.
The utilization of Bokbunja (Rubus coreanus) sludge as a source of reductant was investigated to develop an eco-friendly indigo dyeing process. Total sugar contents were 18.94 and 50.87% for ethanol and water extracts, respectively. The extract was effective to reduce indigo dye. Reduction of indigo was occured rapidly in the solution containing the extract and indigo dye in alkaline condition and it reached to the maximum color yield in one or two day. The reduction potential of the extract was stabilized between -550 mV and -600 mV depending on concentration of the extract. At higher concentration of the extract, reduction power was maintained stably for longer time and stronger color yield. It was confirmed that the Bokbunja sludge extract can be an eco-friendly and safe alternative to sodium dithionite as a reducing agent in indigo dyeing processes.
A new photoactive antimicrobial agent was synthesized by introducing a reactive functional group (-CH2CH2OH) to 4,4′-bis(dimethylamino)benzophenone (Michler's ketone) that could enhance the fixation of benzophenone derivatives to cotton fabric. Cotton fabrics containing organic photosensitizers were investigated to demonstrate antimicrobial properties in the application to protective and germ-free clothing. Photosensitizers such as benzophenone, Michler's ketone and synthesized (4-(dimethylamino)phenyl)(4-((2-hydroxyethyl)(methyl)amino)phenyl)methanone (MK-EtOH) were applied on cotton fabrics through a pad-dry-cure method. The introduction of the reactive functional groups (-CH2CH2OH) enhanced the fixation of benzophenone derivatives to cotton fabrics as confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis and methylene blue staining method. No significant reductions of tensile strength and thermal degradation were observed with cotton fabrics treated with MK-EtOH. The scanning electron microscope morphology of the treated cotton showed that organic photosensitizers were evenly distributed and diffused to cotton fibers. After ultraviolet irradiation (365 nm), the cotton fabrics treated with synthesized MK-EtOH photosensitizer provided more effective and durable antimicrobial properties than Michler's ketone and benzophenone, even after multiple washing. © The Author(s) 2013 Reprints and permissions: sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav.
Cotton fabrics with antibacterial properties were prepared by the treatment with 3,3′4,4′-benzophenone tetracarboxylic dianhydride (BPTCD) in a combined process of shaking immersion in dyeing machine and pad-dry-cure. Environmentally-benign choline chloride (ChCl)-based deep eutectic solvents (DESs) were mainly examined as treatment media instead of using organic solvent. The results revealed that cotton fabrics treated with BPTCD in urea-ChCl DES showed a strong ester carbonyl peak in fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis, indicating fixation of BPTCD on cotton cellulose. Detailed characterizations of the BPTCD-treated cotton were carried out by FTIR, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, dye staining, and evaluation of hydrophilicity and strength. The treated fabrics demonstrated a high level of antibacterial characteristics before and after UV irradiation. This indicated that addition of ChCl could enhance antibacterial activity of cotton before UV irradiation. Therefore, use of ChCl-based DES along with BPTCD incorporation provided environmentally-acceptable and economically-feasible treatment process for preparation of novel antibacterial cotton.
Extracts from the root of Lithospermum erythrorhizon (gromwell) have been used for many centuries as a natural red dye and crude drugs with excellent performance for wound healing. In particular, shikonin a major constituent of the gromwell colorant is reported to possess antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor activities, etc. Therefore, we tried to manufacture antimicrobial and antioxidant cotton fabrics for biocompatible clothing materials using the natural stuff and environmentally friendly process. In this study, cotton fabrics were dyed with the colorant extracted from the root of gromwell, and their properties were closely investigated. Consequently, we discovered that the cotton fabrics dyed with the extracts from the root of gromwell showed excellent antioxidant performance as well as antibacterial ability. Also, the functionalities and color fastness were improved by gallnut mordanting and cationization of the cotton fabrics.
The skin is one of the largest organs in the body. Skin aging in older adults is manifested by increased numbers of pigmented spots, wrinkles and features of sagging. Because the skin derives much of its oxygen from the atmosphere it also derives free radical oxygen species in the same way and this increases oxidative stress. Other environmental exposures, especially to cigarette smoking and UV light, also predispose to oxidative stress by both increasing free radical oxygen species and reducing the activity of antioxidant enzymes. In addition to these changes, the skin becomes more predisposed to neoplastic changes with age; again, increased oxidative stress may contribute to this. There is some evidence that UV light also impairs the immune function of the skin through altering antioxidant enzyme levels that impact on the number of Langerhans cells in the epidermis.
Growing awareness of health and hygiene has increased the demand for bioactive or antimicrobial textiles. The function of a bioactive finish on the fabric is twofold. It protects the wearer from microorganisms for aesthetic, hygiene, or medical reasons, and protects the textile from biodeterioration caused by mold, mildew, and fungi. Research is going on worldwide with the focus on new quality requirements that include maintaining the intrinsic functionality of the product through an ecofriendly production process. This paper reviews recent developments in antimicrobial textile finishing, and the mechanism of their action against microorganisms. The commercially available bioactive fibers and fabrics have also been included.
Gallnuts are known to exert various pharmaceutical effects, including anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and detoxifying effects. In particular, the gallnut extract is thought to be a safe antimicrobial agent for textile application, since it is of natural origin. Hence, wool and cotton fabrics were treated with the gallnut extract, by using a pad-dry-cure process to develop multi-functional clothing material with no harmful effects. Additionally, fabrics were plasma-treated to improve the finishing effect. This study thoroughly investigated the surface appearance, mechanical properties, antimicrobial ability, and antioxidant performance of gallnut extract-treated wool and cotton fabrics. Gallnut extract treatment was found to impose the antimicrobial and antioxidant properties on the wool and cotton fabrics.
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