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Iranian Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Vol. 18, No. 3, 2022
1
Iranian Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering 03 (2022) 2390
FACTS Technology: A Comprehensive Review on FACTS
Optimal Placement and Application in Power System
R. Gandotra*(C.A.) and K. Pal*
Abstract: The growing demand increases the maximum utilization of transmission and
distribution lines which causes overloading, high losses, instability, contingency, and
congestion. To enhance the performance of AC transmission and distribution systems
FACTS devices are used. These devices assist in solving different issues of transmission
lines such as instability, congestion, power flow, and power losses. Advancement in
developed technology leads to the development of special application-based FACTS
controllers. The main issues are concerned while placing the FACTS controller in the
transmission and distribution lines to maximize the flow of power. Various methods like
analytic method, arithmetic programming approaches, meta-heuristic optimization
approaches, and hybrid approaches are being employed for the optimal location of FACTS
controllers. This paper presents a review of various types of FACTS controllers available
with both analytical and meta-heuristic optimization methods for the optimal placement of
FACTS controllers. This paper also presents a review of various applications of FACTS
devices such as stability improvement, power quality, and congestion management which
are the main issues in smart power systems. Today’s smart power systems comprise the
smart grids with smart meters and ensure continuous high quality of power to the
consumers.
Keywords: Congestion Management, FACTS Controllers, Optimal Size, Power Quality,
Stability Improvement, Transmission Lines.
Nomenclature
1
CSA
Cuckoo Search Algorithm
DE
Differential Evolution
DSC
Distribution Static Compensator
EHV
Extra High Voltage
FACTS
Flexible AC Transmission System
GA
Genetic Algorithm
GSA
Gravitational Search Algorithm
GUPFC
Generalized Unified Power Flow
Controller
IHSA
Improved Harmony Search Algorithm
IPFC
Interline Power Flow Controller
LOSF
Line Outage Sensitivity Factor
Iranian Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 2022.
Paper first received 10 January 2022, revised 10 April 2022, and
accepted 23 April 2022.
* The authors are with the Department of Electrical Engineering,
Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida, U.P. India.
E-mails: rupikagandotra01@gmail.com and kirti.pal@gbu.ac.in.
Corresponding Author: R. Gandotra.
https://doi.org/10.22068/IJEEE.18.3.2390
MOEPSO
Multi-Objective Evolutionary Particle
Swarm Optimization
MOPSO
Multi-Objective Particle Swarm
Optimization
POC
Power Oscillation Controller
PSO
Particle Swarm Optimization
PV
Photo Voltaic
RHFC
Rotary Hybrid Flow Controller
SSA
Salp Swarm Algorithm
SSSC
Static Synchronous Series Compensator
STATCOM
Static Synchronous Compensator
SVC
Static Var Compensator
TCPAR
Thyristor Controlled Phase Angle
Regulator
TCSC
Thyristor Controlled Series
Compensators
TCVR
Thyristor Controlled Voltage Regulator
TSC-TCR
Thyristor Switched Capacitor- Thyristor
Controlled Reactor
TSSC
Thyristor-Switched Series Capacitor
TSSR
Thyristor Switched Series Compensator
UPFC
Unified Power Flow Controller
FACTS Technology: A Comprehensive Review on FACTS
…
R. Gandotra and K. Pal
Iranian Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Vol. 18, No. 3, 2022
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1 Introduction
LECTRICAL power network mainly comprises the
transmission lines, generators, distribution lines,
safety devices, and compensators. This complex
network is prone to have faults and disturbances.
Voltage failure occurs due to heavily loaded conditions,
arise of fault, and reactive power shortage. So, power
system expansion is required as the electricity demand
is growing, and to preserve stability, consistency, and
security of the electric power system, it is considered
that FACTS are important devices [1]. They are used for
the maximum flow of power to support the voltage so
that the transmission line capacity increases and
stability margins also increases. In [2] author uses
tracing power flow method to show the impact of
FACTS devices on both reactive and real power flow.
Because of the compensating techniques and their fast
activity, these FACTS devices are required to be made
up of high accuracy so that good results are achieved.
Otherwise, it gives the system insecurities due to that
further gives rise to system failure or give rise to voltage
fall [3]. The survey about FACTS controllers further
shows positive results of applying these devices to
power system and to improve the voltage stability under
emergency conditions such as line outage as discussed
by [4]. There is a certain desire to find solution to all the
problems which can be achieved through FACTS
devices. The rapid industrialization and growth of
lifestyle have led to widening dependence on the
electrical power system. The increase in demand has
resulted in a few uncertainties. To overcome these
uncertainties, changed technologies are implemented on
transmission setups has been impelled to wield adjacent
to their rationality limits. These limitations can be
reduced by enhancing the control of the power system.
In paper [5] the author presented a survey in order to
find out which FACTS device is best for power system
stability and which is providing optimum power. Today
FACTS controllers have emerged as one of the best
possible solutions for improving power system control
techniques. In [6] frequency regulation is maintained by
controlling the firing angle of thyristor. FACTS
controllers are advanced static Power Electronic based
equipment’s such that they control the different
transmission system parameters. These devices enhance
the control ability and increase the voltage stabilization
capability such that the interrelated parameters are
controlled in a proper way. To transfer the maximum
power with high quality to the users and to get better
dynamic and transient behavior of the system FACTS
devices are used. Another application of automatic
generation control using FACTS devices is discussed
by [7]. These devices are important at the transmission
level, where load requirement has to be achieved. The
compensators are employed in transmission lines in
series as well as in parallel. Series compensation is
primarily used for the maximum power transfer in the
EHV lines. These series capacitors (compensators) are
connected at different locations in the transmission
lines. Thus, series compensation enhances the system’s
stability. TCSC which comprises a parallel LC circuit
having fixed reactive capacitance, and a variable
reactive inductance. Shunt compensation provides
compensation in reactive power and thus improves
voltage profile. In an embedded electrical network,
STATCOM and SVC are used for the enhancement of
the dynamic voltage stability in marine vessels [8].
Positive inductive reactance gives the consumption of
reactive power and negative inductive reactance gives
the generation of reactive power. The reactive power
compensation is required to improve the voltage profile.
One of the shunt controllers employed in parallel is
STATCOM with the transmission line to control the
reactive power. These day's combination type
compensators are greatly employed such as series-shunt
compensators which can regulate both reactive and
active power in the transmission line. A UPFC is
another example of the combination of series-shunt
controllers. The benefits of the FACTS controller in the
smart power system are shown in Fig. 1.
Today the biggest challenge of deregulated electric
power market is that it is required to supply the
contracted power to the customer from the supplier with
the stability. The FACTS technology came because of
the problems that were arisen in the year 1980 for the
construction of transmission lines and to expand the
network of import and export with the two main
objectives:
Increasing power transfer capability such that the
demand of customer is fulfilled.
Flow of power over designated routes which means
that the selection of transmission lines can be done
where power is to be sent.
The aim of this review paper is to present a survey on
many types of existing FACTS controllers used in the
smart power system. Here both analytical and
Fig. 1 Advantages of FACTS controllers.
E
FACTS Technology: A Comprehensive Review on FACTS
…
R. Gandotra and K. Pal
Iranian Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Vol. 18, No. 3, 2022
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Fig. 2 Types of FACTS controller.
Fig. 3 Types of Series compensators.
meta-heuristic approaches are studied for identifying the
optimal position of many types of FACTS controllers.
This review paper is organized in seven sections.
Introduction of FACTS devices presented in Section 1.
Different types of FACTS controllers such as series,
shunt, and combination types are discussed in Section 2.
Surveys on the placement of FACTS devices are
discussed in Section 3. Section 4 describes different
applications of FACTS controllers in the power system.
Section 5 includes a summary and the conclusion is
presented in Section 6. The last section gives
recommendations for future studies.
2 Types of FACTS Controller
FACTS concept was first given by Hingorani in [9].
These electronic-based devices are capable to control
both reactive and active flow of power in the system and
also, they can redistribute power in congested lines
under heavily loaded conditions, thus improving the
system stability. A survey on various types of FACTS
controllers has been done in [10] for existing FACTS
controllers in India. The first controller installed in India
is TCSC. FACTS controllers improve the quality of
power, improve impedance and thus give voltage
stability. In [11], the author has discussed various
FACTS controllers, their characteristics, and cost
comparison of different controllers. FACTS controllers
are classified as Series, Shunt, Series-Series controllers,
and Series–Shunt controllers. Series controllers increase
the capability of lines to transfer power.
2.1 Series Connected Controllers
These controllers are responsible for improving the
power transfer capability. To decrease the total
impedance of the line from sending end to receiving
end, series compensation is effective. Thus, transient
stability can be decreased through the damping of
oscillations. Controlling the flow of current can be done
using series controller.
Series controller could be in form of a variable
capacitor, reactor, or varying power. An SSSC is a
voltage source-based series compensator [12]. This
controls the voltage drop in the line and transmittable
power. Thus, it improves the maximum power transfer
in the lines. The SSSC performance is analyzed by [13]
at various locations like in the end of line, middle of line
and at far-end during the occurrence of fault in distance
relay. In [14] author has discussed about TSSR which is
an inductive reactance compensator, which provides a
stepwise control.
2.2 Shunt Connected Controllers
The shunt controllers in the transmission line can be in
the form of varying source, impedance, or both. The
shunt controllers provide varying current in the system.
If the current with the voltage line is in phase
quadrature, then it gives or consumes the varying
reactive power. The placement of these shunt-connected
controllers can be done in the middle of the
transmission lines. STATCOM is one of the shunt
controllers which regulate reactive power in lines.
STATCOM which is installed in 5-bus power system is
analyzed in detail in [15]. With installing STATCOM in
the transmission line, the shunt controller is injecting
the power in order to get the favorable amount of flow
of power through the line as 0.43 P.U. and 0.154 P.U.
respectively. The compensation techniques further show
reduction in the loading of transmission lines. Also, a
shunt compensator is added at bus 4 to improve voltage
regulation. In these cases, all bus voltages are in the
voltage limits. The application of two control strategies
to enhance transmission stability using shunt-connected
FACTS controllers is discussed in detail in [16]. A
STATCOM shunt controller was taken and approached
for the classical cascade controller which comprises of
an inner vector-current controller and different outer-
control loops. In [17] author discusses a power system
network, which is simulated in MATLAB environment
with three steps, with STATCOM only, without and
STATCOM with using POC. The result will show that
without STATCOM, the system parameters will become
unstable during fault conditions. In [18] author proposed
that if the system is operating at low voltage, then
STATCOM will generate power and acts as capacitive.
When the system voltage will operate under high
FACTS Technology: A Comprehensive Review on FACTS
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R. Gandotra and K. Pal
Iranian Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Vol. 18, No. 3, 2022
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Fig. 4 Block diagram of series controller.
Fig. 6 Block diagram of Shunt compensators.
Fig. 5 Types of Shunt compensators.
Table 1 Objectives of Series and Shunt compensation.
Objectives
Series compensation
Shunt compensation
Voltage level improvement
Primary
Secondary
Power factor improvement
Secondary
Primary
Line losses
Secondary
Primary
Voltage fluctuations reduction
Primary
Not used till now
voltage then, STATCOM will absorb reactive power
and acts as inductive. The controller of SVC used in
order to study in improving the transient stability of the
taken model. TCPST or TCPAR is regulated by
thyristor switches to provide an instant change in phase
angle which is basically a phase-shifting transformer.
Shunt controllers are employed to compensate
reactive power in the transmission lines.
After the survey of different types of series and shunt
controllers, their application as per different objectives
is summarized in Table 1. From this table, it can be
concluded that for power factor improvement and for
line loss reduction shunt compensation is used. Series
compensation is mostly used for voltage level
improvement and for voltage fluctuation reduction in
power systems.
2.3 Combined Series-Shunt Controllers
In the combination of series-shunt controllers, both
types of series and shunt controllers are used. The main
principle used in the series-shunt controller is to provide
current in the lines through the series controller and
voltage is controlled through the shunt controller. When
the controllers are put together in the system, they
exchange the real power between them. Series-Shunt
controllers are regulating both real and reactive power
and thus provide better performance of the system.
UPFC is an example of the series-shunt controllers. The
detail constructional features of UPFC are discussed
in [19] that UPFC is a fusion of SSSC and STATCOM.
In [20] author has discussed about UPFC that it can be
used for power quality improvement by controlling both
active and the reactive power. The UPFC application to
control the flow of power in transmission line by
controlling the impedance of transmission line,
magnitude of voltage and phase angle with wind energy
generation is discussed by [21] .These two devices are
coupled through a DC link to provide the two-way
power flow to impart reactive and real power
compensation in series with line. A GUPFC device
controls the smart power system parameters of line
which includes power flows, bus voltage, real power,
reactive power etc. which simply consist of three
converters, two in series and one in parallel with the
line. The shunt and series compensators are integrated
and this combination is used effectively to change the
system parameters such as to improve the power
transfer capability proposed by [22].
2.4 Combined Series-Series Controllers
When the two or more series controllers are combined
together, then this combination is formed. The main
purpose of the series controller is to provide
compensation in reactive power among lines but these
controllers also control real power between the lines
through power links. This capability of transfer of
power makes the controller to balance both reactive and
real power flow. The IPFC is a combined series-series
controller. This converter is one of the voltage source
converters and it controls the flow of power in multi-
transmission line systems. They are generally placed on
the transmission lines which are at high risk of danger.
3 Survey on Placement of FACTS Devices
Optimal placement of the controllers with soft
computing techniques helps in minimizing the
transmission losses and minimizing the cost of these
controllers. Hence finding their location in the lines is
another step toward getting a reliable system. In [23]
FACTS Technology: A Comprehensive Review on FACTS
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R. Gandotra and K. Pal
Iranian Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Vol. 18, No. 3, 2022
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Table 2 A sample of technical contribution of FACTS devices.
FACTS controllers
Technical contribution
Paper No.
STATCOM
Stability, Voltage control, power flow control
[15-18], [76-78], [86]
UPFC
power quality improvement, use in single line system
[19-21], [79], [85]
SSSC
Transient and dynamic control, Stability
[12, 58], [61-63]
IPFC
Reactive power control , stability
[23, 26], [64-66]
TCSC
stability, current control
[24, 25], [46-48], [57, 61, 97, 98]
RHFC
contribution is similar to UPFC but cost effective
[74]
author has discussed about UPFC FACTS controller
which is a series-shunt controller. In this paper, the
author determined the best location for UPFC using the
Simulated-Annealing algorithm with the IEEE 14-bus
system. In [24] author has studied the optimal location
and sizing of the TCSC and the SVC controllers in order
to reduce the line losses and improvement in voltage
stability by the use of the differential evolution
algorithm. In [25] LOSF is used, which helps to detect
the line which is best for optimal placement of TCSC.
This PSO technique is used on the IEEE 14-bus and 57-
bus systems.
Congestion problems are elevated using artificial
techniques by finding the proper location of STATCOM
which is a shunt controller [26]. IPFC is applicable if
one line is in a fault condition, then IPFC will be
effective and provide power from other lines. In [27]
author finds the optimal location of the IPFC controller
in order to alleviate the congestion problem. In [28]
STATCOM controller in PV solar farm is coordinated
with power system stabilizers so that system oscillations
can be improved. Thus, the transient and dynamic
behavior of the system is improved. A GA-based
approach was discussed in [29] to minimize the power
plant generation cost and FACTS controller investment
cost. Authors have used the GA approach to optimally
place the multi-type FACTS controllers in the system.
In [30], authors have taken the IEEE 30-bus system, in
which they have discussed that after installing
STATCOM at an optimal location, the congestion
management can be improved which gives the reduction
in operating cost of the system. In [31] authors have
reduced generating cost in transmission system using
FACTS controllers such that power system load ability
is increased, and in this way annual saving can be done.
In [32] author has developed a simulated model of TSC-
TCR type SVC is taken with distribution transformer.
Author [33] investigates the use of SVC and
STATCOM operation on voltage fall. The results are
carried out in a way to confirm that SVC and
STATCOM could improve the voltage failure and fall
during any contingency and acts as a fast-acting device
to ensure the power system stability. The DE algorithm
proposed in [34] minimizes the generator fuel cost by
using FACTS devices. The controller UPFC is used by
[35, 36] for congestion management in a connected
power system network by selecting an optimal location.
UPFC is also used by the authors of [37] to minimize
the operating cost by selecting the optimal location.
FACTS are also used in AC transmission network to
improve stability and control the transferred power
through the transmission line. In [38], the CSA
algorithm is used with two controllers SVC and TCSC
for controlling optimal reactive power dispatch through
the transmission line. After deregulation burden on
transmission lines was increased to reduce this burden
on AC transmission lines FACTS devices are used.
These devices are used to improve the voltage profile,
balance the reactive demand and supply, and minimize
the losses and generation cost. These improvements are
only possible if FACTS controllers are located at
optimal location [39].
3.1 Analytical Approach
Many authors [40-42] work to identify the optimal
place of FACTS controllers in the deregulated power
markets. In [43, 44] STATCOM and SSSC are
optimally placed to remove the congestion. As the
renewable energy resources are integrated into the
power system network in [45] uses many FACTS
devices in an optimal location to minimize the
generation cost with wind power integration. FACTS
devices were also incorporated at an appropriate place
to reduce the cost with an optimal power flow program
using TCSC in [46-48].To improve the system security
sensitivity-based approach was used by [49] to allocate
TCSC and UPFC. Similarly, in [50] to improve the
system security line outage distribution-based
sensitivity factor was used for the best placement of
TCSC and SSSC. The sensitivity-based approach was
used by [51] for UPFC and by [52] for TCSC optimal
location. FACTS device’s performance was also
analyzed under contingency cases by [53, 54], both
authors use TCSC such that to improve the power
system network condition. The power flow-based
sensitivity factor was also analyzed by [55, 56] for
optimal placement of STATCOM.
3.2 Placement of FACTS devices Using Metaheuristic
Techniques
Nowadays the most common method to know the
optimal placement of FACTS controller is metaheuristic
optimization techniques. These methods are stochastic
and highly efficient with multi-objective and multi-
constraints optimized algorithms. The PSO was used by
[57] for the optimal placement of the FACTS controller
which includes SVC, UPFC, and TCSC. For SSSC
optimal location GA is used by [58]. Multi-objective
function such as MOEPSO was used by [59] to know
FACTS Technology: A Comprehensive Review on FACTS
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R. Gandotra and K. Pal
Iranian Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Vol. 18, No. 3, 2022
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the optimal placement of SVC such that the losses in the
IEEE 30-bus system are reduced. Another multi-
objective function such as MOPSO is also used by [60]
for optimal placement of DSTATCOM. In [61-63] PSO
was used to know the optimal placement of SSSC,
TCSC, and SVC, respectively. The binary PSO was also
used by [63] to identify the optimal location of SVC. A
new GSA algorithm is also used by [64-66] for sizing
and optimal placement of IPFCs, SVC-TCSC, and
STATCOM-SVC respectively. In [67] SVC is placed by
using the hybrid Tabu search method to improve the
total power transfer capability. For optimal placement of
UPFC very rarely used algorithm Cat Swarm
optimization was used by [68].
A novel and unique heuristic optimization Brain storm
optimization algorithm [69] was used for improvement
of voltage profile to control overload and loss issues in
transmission line outage conditions. This algorithm is
implemented on the IEEE 57-bus system by using
optimal placement of FACTS controller TCSC and
SVC. Another novel algorithm known as IHSA was
used by [70] to identify the best location of SSSC. A
new hybrid algorithm JAYA blended moth flame
optimization technique is proposed by [71] for optimal
location and transmission loss reduction in power
systems by adding TCSC and SVC.
The proposed method is implemented on IEEE 14-bus
and 30-bus systems. The optimal reactive power
dispatch through the AC transmission line is a complex
problem. However, the solution based on modifying the
SSA algorithm is suggested by [72] for optimal location
and size of SSSC to resolve the reactive power issues.
This algorithm is used in the IEEE 30-bus and 57-bus
systems. RHFC which is a newly added controller in the
FACTS family is discussed briefly in [73] and a
comparison is done with other FACTS controllers. The
optimal location of RHFC controller is done using
GAMS software [74].
4 Applications of FACTS Devices
4.1 Stability Improvement Using FACTS Devices
Supplier’s aim is to provide electricity to their
customers in a stable manner without any disturbances.
The stable supply must have a pure sinusoidal voltage
waveform with constant magnitude, frequency and
balance between phase angles for three-phase
operations. However, a normal stable operation is not
always possible due to variation in voltage magnitude
and angle under heavy reactive load condition.
Sometimes under fault condition, under contingency
cases system become unstable. Development of
semiconductor switches-based FACTS devices helps in
controlling voltage magnitude and angle under heavy
reactive load condition [75]. STATCOM is mostly used
for stability analysis [76-78]. Another device used for
stability analysis is UPFC to control the flow of power
through transmission lines [79]. In [80, 81] optimal
location of the FACTS devices is analyzed for stability
improvement.
4.2 Power Quality Improvement
The power quality can be defined as the system where
voltage remains pure sinusoidal continuously with
constant magnitude, phase angle, and frequency. Some
of the power quality requirements are [82]:
Voltage must be stable in the range,
Frequency must be stable in the range,
Phase angle must be balanced,
No electromagnetic and telephonic interference
effect.
There are many causes of the power quality problems
[83]. Some of them are discussed here.
Voltage sag in which the voltage decreases less than
10% from the nominal voltage level.
Short interruption of power supply for a few
milliseconds.
Long interruption of power supply for more than 1or
2 seconds.
Increase in voltage spikes from nominal voltage to
thousands of voltages for a few milliseconds.
Change in frequency for milliseconds.
Harmonic distortion in which waveform of current
and voltage become non-sinusoidal.
The author of [84] has discussed the three types of
FACTS devices SVC, STATCOM, UPFC for power
quality improvement. UPFC is able to control three
parameters voltage at bus, the reactance of transmission
line, and phase angle for power quality improvement
[85]. In [86], authors compare the performance of
STATCOM and SVC to improve the quality of power.
The author suggests that STATCOM has more ability to
produce capacitive reactive power under fault condition.
The STATCOM is the most suitable device for power
quality improvement [83] and many other applications
of this device are stated in [87].
Power swing impedance characteristics performance
in distance protection schemes are improved by using
FACTS devices in [88]. Working of STATCOM for
power quality improvement is shown in Fig. 7.
Fig. 7 Working of STATCOM [83].
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Iranian Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Vol. 18, No. 3, 2022
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Fig. 8 Congestion management methods.
Table 3 Summary of control techniques and its outcomes.
FACTS devices used in studies
Control techniques
Outcomes after finding optimal location
for controllers
Paper No.
UPFC
Simulated-Annealing algorithm
Congestion management
[23]
TCSC, SVC
Differential evolution algorithm
Reduces line losses, voltage stability
improved
[24]
TCSC
Particle Swarm optimization
Reduction in congestion and control
flow of power in lines.
[25]
STATCOM , IPFC
Real Genetic algorithm
Improved voltage security
[26]
IPFC
Gravitational Search algorithm
Congestion is managed
[27]
TCSC ,TCPS
Differential evolution
Generation fuel cost is minimised
[34]
SVC ,TCSC
CSA
Control of reactive power
[38]
TCSC
Optimal power flow
Control power flow
[46-48]
TCSC, UPFC
Sensitivity-based approach
System security is improved
[49], [51-52]
SVC,UPFC,TCSC
PSO
Minimizes operating cost
[57]
SSSC
Genetic algorithm
congestion management
[58]
SVC
MOEPSO
Reduces transmission losses
[59]
DSTATCOM
MOPSO
Decreases active power losses
[60]
SSSC,TCSC,SVC
Particle Swarm optimization
Improves voltage profile
[61-63]
IPFC,SVC,TCSC
New GSA algorithm
congestion management
[64-66]
SVC
Hybrid Tabu search and simulated annealing method
Increases the total transfer capability
[67]
UPFC
Cat Swarm Optimization
voltage stability improved
[68]
TCSC , SVC
Brain Storm Optimization Algorithm
voltage profile improvement
[69]
SSSC
Improved harmony search algorithm
operating cost minimization
[70]
TCSC ,SVC
Jaya Blended Moth Flame optimization
Minimization of transmission losses
[71]
SSSC
Modified SALP Swarm Algorithm
Enhances voltage stability
[72]
RHFC
General Algebraic modelling system
Optimizes fuel cost, power losses reduce
[74]
4.3 Congestion Management Using FACTS Devices
Congestion is managed by many methods as shown in
Fig. 8. The most applicable methods are technical
methods, market and non-market-based methods [89].
The technical method uses FACTS devices to manage
the congestion. To remove the congestion FACTS
controller, help in controlling the transmission line
impedance, bus voltage magnitude and angle to enhance
the line flow and improve the system reliability and
security. After implementing these devices transmission
line loading limits can be increased without violating
any constraints. Congestion violates transmission limit
constraints and reduces contracted power flow through
transmission lines [90].
After deregulation, as the generator competition
increases, congestion in transmission line increases and
creates problems for system operator [91]. The optimal
placement with size of the FACTS controllers TCSC
and SSSC are determined by observing voltage
magnitude and reactive power changes in a congested
environment [92]. Under loading condition FACTS
devices’ optimal size and location is determined by
voltage magnitude and required reactive power of load
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Iranian Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Vol. 18, No. 3, 2022
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Fig. 9 FACTS controlled parameters.
Fig. 10 Percentage of FACTS controllers used in this survey.
buses. TCSC and SSSC are used in the IEEE 14-bus
system to know the optimal location by analyzing
voltage magnitude and required reactive power of load
buses. Under a congested environment, optimal
placement of FACTS controllers is discussed by [93-
96]. TCSC is used by [97, 98] for congestion
management. The UPFC is introduced by [94-99] for
congestion relieving and minimizing generation cost.
5 Summary
This review paper presents the general idea about the
types of FACTS controllers and their applications are
studied and presented in Table 2. Also, various
optimization techniques are reviewed and their
outcomes are summarized in Table 3. Total 99 research
articles are reviewed to analyze the FACTS optimal
location and application in the power system in which
12 types of controllers are studied. Out of total research
articles, 6 are the review articles, 14 research articles are
reviewed to summarize different types of FACTS
controllers, and 16 research articles are reviewed for
controlling and optimizing FACTS controllers. To
analyze the placement of FACTS devices 36 research
articles are reviewed considering both analytical
approach and meta-heuristic techniques.
As per the literature review, various parameters of the
power system can be controlled by different FACTS
devices as shown in Fig. 9. To control reactive and real
power with bus voltage UPFC and IPFC is the most
appropriate FACTS controller. However, for
compensation of reactive power SVC and STATCOM is
the most used device. To vary the impedance of
transmission line, TCSC is the most suitable controller
and SSSC controller provides active power control.
Most researcher has used recent metaheuristic
optimization approaches to know the optimal placement
and optimal size of FACTS controller.
6 Conclusion
In this article, a review of FACTS controllers for
finding the best location and different applications in
power systems are illustrated in detail. To obtain the
best location both analytical and meta-heuristic
approaches are reviewed in detail. The FACTS
controllers used to resolve issues related to power
systems such as stability, power quality, and congestion
management are also discussed in detail. Different
variables of power system such as power factor, voltage
magnitude and phase angle, and active and reactive
power flow through transmission lines are controlled
through different FACTS controllers which are
summarized in this paper. From this survey, it is
observed that the three most used devices are TCSC,
UPFC, and STATCOM.
7 Future Work
According to the survey done in [100], the numerous
benefits of FACTS devices have led the FACTS market
to reach USD 1.5 billion by 2025 from USD 1.2 billion
in 2020. There is rising demand for STATCOM
controller for voltage control and TCSC for power
transfer. Some of the established players of FACTS
market are ABB (Hitachi), General Electric
Company (US), Siemens, and Mitsubishi Electric
Corporation (Japan).
The integration of FACTS devices with distributed
energy sources such as solar, wind, and hydro in
transmission networks provides the system stability,
constant power supply but the uncertain behavior of
these sources creates complexities. Some other
sources electric vehicles can be integrated (vehicle
to grid technologies). Thus, it has been also
observed that FACTS controllers are less explored in
the smart distribution network.
There is a requirement to know the optimal size of
FACTS Technology: A Comprehensive Review on FACTS
…
R. Gandotra and K. Pal
Iranian Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Vol. 18, No. 3, 2022
9
these Distributed Generation sources which can be
integrated with FACTS devices to alleviate the
congestion problems.
The challenging part of FACTS controllers is their
high initial cost. More advanced algorithms are
required to be searched. Most of the work involves
the reduction of generation cost of these devices but
reduction in consumer cost is not taken into account.
There is a need for advanced algorithms which
reduces both generation and consumer cost.
There is very less research work in which
comparison of all FACTS controllers is done by
taking the same objective function. More work is
required in this area to provide a clear comparison
for the same objective function.
Intellectual Property
The authors confirm that they have given due
consideration to the protection of intellectual property
associated with this work and that there are no
impediments to publication, including the timing of
publication, with respect to intellectual property.
Funding
No funding was received for this work.
CRediT Authorship Contribution Statement
R. Gandotra: Conceptualization, Methodology,
Software, Formal analysis, Writing - Original draft.
K. Pal: Supervision.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors hereby confirm that the submitted
manuscript is an original work and has not been
published so far, is not under consideration for
publication by any other journal and will not be
submitted to any other journal until the decision will be
made by this journal. All authors have approved the
manuscript and agree with its submission to “Iranian
Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering”.
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R. Gandotra received Master’s degree in
Electrical Engineering in 2018, from
Chandigarh University, India. Currently,
she is doing Ph.D. from the Department
of Electrical Engineering, Gautam
Buddha University, India. Her research
areas are stability improvement in power
systems, FACTS controllers, and
optimization techniques application in
power system.
K. Pal is an Associate Professor in the
Electrical Engineering Department,
School of Engineering, Greater Noida,
India. She has total 15 years of teaching
experience. Dr. Kirti holds a Ph.D. degree
in Electrical Engineering, 2013 from
RGTU, Bhopal; M.E. degree from MITS
Gwalior, 2006; BE degree from L.N.C.T.
Bhopal, 2004. She has published many
research and conference papers in various reputed journals and
conferences. She has guided project and dissertation work of
many B.Tech. and M.Tech. Students. She has delivered many
keynote and expert talks at national/international
conferences/workshops. Her research areas are restructuring of
power system, power system security, reliability analysis and
optimization, soft computing techniques, renewable energy
systems, and electric vehicles.
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license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/).
