Significance of Guar as Potential Plant and Role in Plant Activation Metabolism

Abstract

The grains of guar are dehusked mechanically, milled, hydrated and screened according to their use. The guar gum has many industrial applications. It is self-pollinated annual plant having 14 (2n) chromosomes number and belongs to family Fabace. Genus Cyamopsis belongs to sub-family ‘‘Papilionaceae’’ and the tribe ‘‘Indigofereae’’. In the textile industry, it is used in sizing, printing and in finishing. In the paper industry, enhances the sheets formation, folding and gives denser surface for the printing. In the explosion industry, it is used as a waterproofing agent. In milk products it is used as a binding agent. Their genetic diversity can be used as an active tool to predict the association between various characters in genetically different population for improvement of crop enhancement practices. Its yield with different chemical compound trait and is recognized to be related with a number of constituent traits and is extremely affected by environmental deviations. These traits are themselves consistent. The correlation is very significant in plant breeding for its consideration in dependency among two or more characters.

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Citation: Asad Jamil et al (2021). Significance of Guar as Potential Plant and Role in Plant Activation
Metabolism. Haya Saudi J Life Sci, 6(12): 310-314.
310
Haya: The Saudi Journal of Life Sciences
Abbreviated Key Title: Haya Saudi J Life Sci
ISSN 2415-623X (Print) |ISSN 2415-6221 (Online)
Scholars Middle East Publishers, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
Journal homepage: https://saudijournals.com
Review Article
Significance of Guar as Potential Plant and Role in Plant Activation
Metabolism
Asad Jamil1, Misbah Sharif1, Muhammad Tayyab Khan2, Khazra Fiaz3, Muhammad Kashif4, Altaf Hussain3*, Kaleem
Ullah5, Muhammad Junaid Khan6
1Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan
2Department of Forestry & Wildlife Management, The University of Haripur, Pakistan
3Department of Botany, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan
4Department of Botany, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan
5Institute of Agricultural Extension, Education and Rural Development, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan
6Department of Microbiology, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan
DOI: 10.36348/sjls.2021.v06i12.003 | Received: 01.11.2021 | Accepted: 03.12.2021 | Published: 13.12.2021
*Corresponding author: Altaf Hussain
Abstract
The grains of guar are dehusked mechanically, milled, hydrated and screened according to their use. The guar gum has
many industrial applications. It is self-pollinated annual plant having 14 (2n) chromosomes number and belongs to family
Fabace. Genus Cyamopsis belongs to sub-family ‘‘Papilionaceae’’ and the tribe ‘‘Indigofereae’’. In the textile industry, it
is used in sizing, printing and in finishing. In the paper industry, enhances the sheets formation, folding and gives denser
surface for the printing. In the explosion industry, it is used as a waterproofing agent. In milk products it is used as a
binding agent. Their genetic diversity can be used as an active tool to predict the association between various characters
in genetically different population for improvement of crop enhancement practices. Its yield with different chemical
compound trait and is recognized to be related with a number of constituent traits and is extremely affected by
environmental deviations. These traits are themselves consistent. The correlation is very significant in plant breeding for
its consideration in dependency among two or more characters.
Keywords: Guar, genetic traits, biomedical applications, correlation, plant breeding, characters.
Copyright © 2021 The Author(s): This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
License (CC BY-NC 4.0) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium for non-commercial use provided the original
author and source are credited.
INTRODUCTION
The guar gum, also known as galactomannan
gum obtained from guar seed endosperm which has
stabilizing and the thickening properties and used in
many foodstuffs and also have many industrial
applications [1-3]. The grains of guar are dehusked
mechanically, milled, hydrated and screened according
to their use. The guar gum is white colored powder
which floats freely. It is utilized in many food products
all over the world. Guar gum is also called the white
gold because of its large scale properties. In baked
foods, it gives more resilience, increases the dough
yield and also enhances the texture and the storing time.
In the dairy milk products, it act as a thickening agent
as it thickens the kefir, milk yoghurt and the cheeses [4,
5].
It also maintains the texture and the
homogeneity of sherbets and the ice creams. In milk
products it is used as a binding agent. In the
condiments, it is used as a stabilizing agent as it
enhances the appearance and stability of the salad
dressings, relishes, barbecue sauces and the ketchups. It
is used as thickening and stabilizing agent in canned
soup. It is also used in dairy feeding, canned fish
sauces, instant oat meals, dry soup, dry desserts and in
frozen food items [6-8]. In the hydraulic fracturing, gas
and shale oil extraction industries uses the 90 percent of
guar gum. This percentage is obtained from Pakistan
and India. In pharmaceutical industry, it is used as
disintegrating and stabilizing agent. In the cosmetics
industry, it is used as thickening and the conditioning
agent [9, 10].

Asad Jamil et al., Haya Saudi J Life Sci, Dec, 2021; 6(12): 310-314
© 2021 |Published by Scholars Middle East Publishers, Dubai, United Arab Emirates 311
Taxonomy of Guar
Cluster bean, has been named so because of
the manner in which its pods are clustered together (was
earlier referred to as C. psoralioides). It belongs to
genus Cyamopsis. The cultivated guar (Cyamopsis
tetragonoloba L.) is one of the 4 species in the genus
cyamopsis. All are native to the Africa and most are
found in India and Pakistan. It is self-pollinated annual
plant having 14 (2n) chromosomes number and belongs
to family Fabace. Genus Cyamopsis belongs to sub-
family ‘‘Papilionaceae’’ and the tribe
‘‘Indigofereae’’[1, 7, 10].
Table-1: Shows the Systematically Guar position
Kingdom:
Plantae – Plants
Sub-kingdom:
Tracheobionta - Vascular plants
Super-division
Spermatophyta - Seed plants
Division
Magnoliophyta - Flowering plant
Class
Magnoliopsida - Dicotyledons
Sub-class
Rosidae
Order
Fabales
Family
Leguminosea
Sub-family
Fabaceae - Legumes
Tribe:
Indigofereae
Genus:
Cyamopsis
Species
Cyamopsis tetragonoloba
Guar was introduced to Malaysia, Philippines
and the Indonesia round 1915. But now a day it is
grown in many of the regions including dry tropical and
subtropical regions. In 1903, it was taken in USA and
then in South-Western Oklahoma and Northern Texas.
During the second World -War it was advanced as
industrial gum producing crop [11-13].
Fig-1: Shows the different sources of Guar and
related bioactive molecules
The genus Cyamopsis comprises three species
Cyamopsis tetragonoloba, Cyamopsis senegalensis
(found naturally wild in the Arashcol-Mountains at
White-Nile and Red-Sea-Mountains of Sudan) and
Cyamopsis Serrata. On the other hand, added another
species Cyamopsis denata which is intermediate
between Senegalensis and Serrata. All Three species are
wild excluding Cyamopsis tetragonoloba which is the
only cultivated species that has never been found in a
wild. The most significant common name of cluster
bean is guar and its other common names include
cluster bean, guarar, siam bean and gavar. Cluster bean
is a crop of arid and semi-arid sub-tropical regions. It
bears around 122 names in various languages. It
originated in Indo-Pak subcontinent. It is the best
adapted crop to tropical and subtropical regions [1, 4, 9,
11].
Center of Origin of Guar
Dolichos faebiformis (now Cyamopsis
tetragonoloba) was first introduced in the Botanical
Garden of Calcutta in 1797. The seeds were sent under
the Telgu name goor-chikkudkai by Dr. Johan Gehard
Koeinin, a pupil of Linnaeus. Southern India the legume
which was much prized by the natives as a vegetable.
However, the established records & circumstantial
evidence indicate that the cluster bean is of tropical
African origin [12-14].
Presently, its hold a depository of 410 guar
germplasm including C. senegalensis and C. serrata,
which were collected from the following countries: 355
from India, 32 from Pakistan, two from Iran, one each
from South Africa, Senegal, Sudan, and Zaire and ten
varieties and breeding selections from the U.S. These
collections covered regions of Africa, South and
Southwest Asia [15, 16].
Cyamopsis was emphasized to be an isolated
genus with Africa as its possible center of origin. India
is the center of variability for Cyamopsis tetragonoloba.
Trans-domestication process was proposed to explain
the origin of cluster bean and it is reported that the
cultivated cluster bean plant, Cyamopsis tetragonoloba,
originated from a wild African drought tolerant species
Cyamopsis senegalensis[17, 18].
It is believed to be cultivated in the Indo-
Pakistan sub-continent for several generations from
where it spread to Arabia, USA & other arid and
semiarid regions of the regions. The Cyamopsis
tetragonoloba is a summer, annual herb with no wild

Asad Jamil et al., Haya Saudi J Life Sci, Dec, 2021; 6(12): 310-314
© 2021 |Published by Scholars Middle East Publishers, Dubai, United Arab Emirates 312
forms at present anywhere except in Rawalpindi and
Afghanistan which are considered as one of its habitats
from where it might have been introduced to India. The
species Cyamopsis senegalensis has been recorded in
semi-arid savannah region, Senegal to Saudi Arabia and
south of Sahara. The Cyamopsis serrata and Cyamopsis
dentata have been found in semi-arid regions of the
Republic of South Africa, South West Asia & Botswana
[19-20].
Different agricultural Techniques
Since the 1970s, Near-infrared spectroscopy
(NIR) has been widely used to determine oils, proteins
and many other chemicals in various cultures. The two
most important seed constituents, oil and Protein
contents are nutritional quality traits of seed.
Conventionally, oil and protein contents are determined
by lab wet-chemical methods, such as the Kjeldahl
technique and Soxhlet technique for oil and combustion
nitrogen analysis for protein. These conventional
approaches provide precise and exact measurements of
oil and protein content. But these techniques are high-
lab input and cost-inefficient, labor and time-consuming
and also produce chemical-residues. These methods
need a well-trained operator to perform and at the same
time, cannot gives multiple measurements for a single
sample. Moreover, these procedures are seed-
destructive and no seed can be used for planting and
selection after analysis. They techniques are not suitable
for large-scale analysis. Thus, these methods are
unwanted for breeding programs, particularly when a
limited quantity of seed is available [21-23].
Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR) is a simple,
non-destructive and fast technology for analysis of
various chemical materials in crops and food with
minute sample preparation. This technique offers
simultaneously multiple analysis for various characters,
automatic recording and reading, fast response, limited
space requirement and easy operation. Near-infrared
spectroscopy is such a better technology that may
fulfills the requirements of breeding program for large
scale assessment, because it can measure grain
composition characters relatively precisely, mainly oil
and protein content, much faster than other measuring
techniques[24-27].
Genetic Variability
Genetic variation is the origin of species
survival. Information about the accessions associated
with genetic mutation plays an important role for plant
breeders. Many labors highlight the use of different
gene pools as an element to increase production and
quality characteristics of different crops. The greater
diversity in first breeding makeup ensures a better
chance of producing new desired varieties of crops.
Genetic variation in the source of germplasm is a
selection of enhancing yield, quality and adaptableness
of associated traits. Breeding techniques with valuable
evidence and genetic variation leads to achievement in
making decision about the breeding methods to be
followed and choosing improved types [28-30].
The biometric tools support in selection
method to an essential stability when two contrary
desired traits affecting the basic traits are also being
selected. It helps to increase diverse traits
instantaneously. Consequently, existence of satisfactory
genetic variation is an obligatory for all the crop
enhancement plans [31-33].
Biometrical Techniques
These techniques are useful in following
different ways. Correlation is used as an active tool to
predict the association between various characters in
genetically different population for improvement of
crop enhancement practices. Correlation is very
significant in the assessment of genetic variability
present in the population for its consideration among
two or more characters. Path coefficient analysis has
been used in recognizing characters that are valuable as
assortment criteria to increase crop revenue. Path
coefficient analysis provides a measure of comparative
significance of each independent variable to estimates
the variations in the dependent one. Path coefficients
demonstrate direct effect of independent trait upon
dependent attributes. Path coefficient and correlation
analyses helps in selecting of well performing
accessions for fodder and seed. The statistical and
biometrical analyses of data help to the plant breeders
in making their decisions regarding development of
selection criteria. Therefore, these analyses remained a
concern of the young plant breeders while solving their
problems related to discontinuous and continuous
variation [34-37].
Correlation coefficient analysis is used as a
biometrical tool to predict the association among
various factors in genetically different population for
improvement of crop enhancement practices.
Correlation research only reveals an association; it
cannot give a definite reason for why there's a
relationship. Correlation finding does not reveal which
variable impacts the other. It is used as an active tool to
predict the association between various characters in
genetically different population for improvement of
crop enhancement practices. The correlation is very
significant in plant breeding for its consideration in
dependency among two or more characters [38-39].
In case of positive correlation when one
variable increases the other variable must be increases.
Like the maximum statistical number of one variable
linkage with maximum statistical value of another
variable. When down trend correlation is existing
present like one of the variables goes down trend the
other variable goes in uptrend like the maximum
statistical value of one variable link to the down
statistical value of the other variable [39-45].

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It is reported that pods produce in plane sown
germplasms of guar was truly associated to the number
of clusters per plant, pod length, and weight for 100
pods and number of Pods for single plant were major
part of pod harvest production. It is a biometrical
approach that estimates the direct and indirect influence
of one trait with another. It provides a measure of
comparative significance of each independent variable
to estimates the variations in the dependent one. Path
coefficients demonstrate direct effect of independent
trait upon dependent trait. In agricultural science, plant
breeders used path coefficient analysis in identifying
traits. It is a statistical analysis that is used to observe
the relation between reliant variables. By using this
technique, both the level and significance of useful
relationship between the changes can be assessed. There
are two chief necessities for path analysis: All
fundamental relations among traits must go in one
direction only. The characters must have clear time
ordering meanwhile one attribute cannot be said to
affect another unless it precedes it in time [1, 14, 19, 21,
27, 29].
Numerous studies regarding biometrical
techniques have been conducted with cluster bean in
India by using the fodder and grain types. Seed
production is correlated positively with many traits like
pod length, pod plant-1 and branches plant. It was
reported that 100-seeds weight and pods plant were the
main constituents of harvest yield. Using grain
cultivation, it was reported that seed pod-1 and branches
plant were the main constituents of production. It is
suggested that ideal guar plant that which have limited
number of branches but large number of clusters having
greater pods with large amount of seeds [38, 39].
Yield is a compound trait and is recognized to
be related with a number of constituent traits and is
extremely affected by environmental deviations. These
traits are themselves consistent. The comparative
significance of each of the yield attributing traits can be
attained by means of the technique of path analysis, as a
mean of splitting the direct effects from the indirect
ones through other traits. Numerous path coefficient
analyses have been accompanied in guar, using grain-
type cultivars [16, 18, 29].
CONCLUSION
The guar gum has many industrial
applications. In the textile industry, it is used in sizing,
printing and in finishing. In the paper industry,
enhances the sheets formation, folding and gives denser
surface for the printing. In the explosion industry, it is
used as a waterproofing agent.
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