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Visitors' engagement and authenticity: Japanese heritage consumption
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... Taheri et al. (2014) Visitor engagement is conceptualized as a state of being involved with and committed to a specific market offering. Cabiddu et al. (2014) Interaction between customers and organizations in three forms of engagement: persistent, triggered, and customized Bryce et al. (2015) The concept of engagement includes aspects of attachment, emotional connection, commitment, and devotion. Fang et al. (2020) Kumar and Pansari (2016) Loureiro and Sarmento (2019) Tourist engagement is the attitude, behavior, and level of connectedness between the tourists and the attraction itself. ...
... Collectively, these drivers can be regarded as motivational drivers, which represent one of the most usually studied antecedents of CE (Taheri et al., 2014). Research has indicated that cultural motivation might develop visitors' engagement and consumption of culture at heritage sites/attractions (e.g., Bryce et al., 2015;Loureiro & Sarmento, 2018;Ramkissoon et al., 2013;Rather et al., 2022b). Another motivational factor developing engagement is recreational and intrinsic motivations that impact CE via service offerings (Loureiro & Sarmento, 2019;Taheri et al., 2014). ...
... Subjective assessments or perceptions of a destination brand might also motivate visitors to engage in a focal destination/brand outside purchase (Bryce et al., 2015). Scholars have argued that customers' perceived value is evaluated based on their perceptions (e.g., Itani et al., 2019). ...
... Based on the above findings, the present study applies the SOR model as a base model. In this study, the stimulus factor is authentic armchair travel experiences (captured by functional experiences and flow experiences) which was found to influence the consumers' level of engagement (Bryce et al., 2015;R. Chen et al., 2020) and the overall values (Y. ...
... R. Chen et al. (2020) found that brand authenticity leads to engagement with the brand, which then induces the intention to revisit and recommend. Bryce et al. (2015) found that objectbased authenticity positively influenced travelers' engagement with Japanese culture. Based on these findings, the following hypothesis was postulated. ...
... The results in the armchair travel realm can be compared to those of prior research on the influence of authentic experiences on overall value (Y. Fu et al., 2018), engagement (Bryce et al., 2015), and stickiness (Hjalager et al., 2021). Therefore, it was confirmed that the role of authentic experience also applied in the context of armchair travel. ...
Armchair travel is a kind of tourism that gives a vicarious travel experience. This study aimed to examine the influence of authentic travel experiences on travel stickiness using the framework of stimulus-organism-response. Our result revealed that flow and functional experiences positively affected authentic travel experiences with armchair travel. Furthermore, authentic travel experiences positively influenced value and engagement. Customer engagement influenced customer stickiness to armchair travel, while overall value did not. This study provides insightful theoretical implications for the extant armchair travel literature and practical implications for developing new tourism products or programs to keep pace with rapidly shifting industry trends.
... A purposive sampling method was deployed (Bryce et al., 2016;Seyfi et al., 2021;Xie et al., 2022) to gather survey data from tourists by means of self-administered questionnaires in July-August, 2021 during pandemic times. Purposive sampling method is a commonly used approach in published tourism research (Chen et al., 2021;Rasoolimanesh et al., 2022). ...
... Purposive sampling method is a commonly used approach in published tourism research (Chen et al., 2021;Rasoolimanesh et al., 2022). It is a non-probability sampling technique in which researchers are not able to acquire a list of all participants in the population (Bryce et al., 2016). To acquire high-quality survey data, the lead investigator and three well-trained research associates approached tourists, while departing the destination/site at diverse exit points (Bryce et al., 2016). ...
... It is a non-probability sampling technique in which researchers are not able to acquire a list of all participants in the population (Bryce et al., 2016). To acquire high-quality survey data, the lead investigator and three well-trained research associates approached tourists, while departing the destination/site at diverse exit points (Bryce et al., 2016). First, this study included a screening question, which read: Are you a visitor/tourist here? ...
Purpose
The business ambiguity because of COVID-19 has brought the tourism industry under stress. Using the service-dominant-logic and elaboration-likelihood-model, this study tested the effects of destination-based cognitive, affective and behavioral customer brand engagement (CBE) on customer brand co-creation (CBC). This research also examined the effects of involvement and CBC on customer revisit intention (CRI) during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study also tested the moderating role of customers’ age among the modeled relationships.
Design/methodology/approach
Investigating these matters, a sample of 315 tourists was recruited and adopted a mixed-method approach, including structural equation modeling (SEM) as well as fuzzy set qualitative-comparative analysis (fsQCA).
Findings
SEM results render that CBE’s dimensions exercise different impacts on CBC, which affect revisit-intention. Results ascertain customer involvement’s direct effects on CBC and revisit intention. Multi-group analysis uncovers that consumer age significantly moderates the CBC and CRI relationship, and their effect increases as consumers get older. The fsQCA results revealed more heterogenous combinations to predict CBC and revisit intention.
Research limitations/implications
This study focuses on CBE, CBC and involvement, and contributes unique insight to tourism marketing research; thus, it identifies plentiful opportunities for further research, as summarized.
Practical implications
This study offers key implications for destinations to build tourism/marketing strategies to strengthen the CBE/CBC or tourist/destination–brand relationship.
Originality/value
Though CBE/CBC and involvement are identified as important research priorities, empirically derived insights among these and related factors remain limited in the course of the COVID-19 crisis.
... Several previous studies have identified customer engagement's vivacious and significant impact on satisfaction and loyalty (Bowden, 2009;Bryce et al., 2014). Therefore, the results of this study are in line with the findings of previous research. ...
... Customer engagement, of course, includes psychological aspects and behavioural activities. Psychological elements, including cognitive and emotional aspects, influence tourist satisfaction, and behavioural factors influence tourist loyalty to a destination and intention to return to that destination (Bowden, 2009;Bryce et al., 2014). From the explanation above, it can be concluded that H3 is accepted. ...
Objective: This research aims to determine the relationship between Emotional and Recreational Experience on Customer Engagement and the relationship between Customer Engagement on Destination Loyalty and satisfaction felt while traveling. Method: This research is survey research, with the sample research consisted two parts respondent's criteria, the first part included 180 respondents from the mountaineering community who had climbed Mount Lawu and Mount Merbabu, and the second part consisted of 180 respondents who had visited the Prambanan Temple and Borobudur Temple tourist attractions. Primary data collection in this research was carried out using a questionnaire. The data analysis technique in this research uses the multivariate Structural Equation Model (SEM) method with the Smart PLS3 program Results and Discussion: From the model, five significant hypothesized paths are the influence of emotional experiences on customer engagement, the influence of recreational experiences on customer engagement, the influence of between customer engagement on destination loyalty through, and the influence of customer engagement on destination loyalty. The results of further analysis of the role of satisfaction on destination loyalty show that higher tourist satisfaction leads to higher destination loyalty, which encourages tourists to revisit the destination and recommend the destination to others. Conclussion: This research concludes that emotional and recreational experiences can increase customer engagement with tourists who visit tourist destinations.
... Based on the love that increases to this positive attitude, it will provide impetus to tourists, so in this study we suspect that destination brand love will be able to become a mediation concept that can overcome these problems. with indicators from Bryze et all., (2015) [11] namely self-brand integration, passiondriven behavior, positive emotional connection, long-term relationship, anticipated separation distress, attitude valence and attitude strength to connect destination brand authenticity to destination loyalty. ...
... Studies conducted by Chen et al., (2020) [33] have found that the perception of authenticity can increase customer loyalty for tourist destinations. It is also supported by Bryce et all, (2015) [11]; Kolar & Zabkar, (2010) [6]; Shen et all, (2014) [34] . It s shows that the more one loves the destination, the more tourists loyalty. ...
This study aimed to examine the role of destination brand love in mediating destination brand authenticity on destination loyalty (a study of marine tourists in Wakatobi National Park). The study on destination brands is important for several reasons, firstly, there are still limited studies on destination brand love as a mediation of destination brand authenticity to the destination loyalty. There were four hypotheses developed and tested within 100 travelers as sample frame. Respondent data were collected from 100 tourists from Wakatobi National Park through questionnaires. Partial Least Square Data Analysis Technique (PLS) was used as a data analysis technique in this study. The results of this study showed that the path of destination brand love can mediate destination brand authenticity on destination loyalty and the hypothesis was accepted in this study.
... In the diverse contexts of tourism studies, destination engagement correlates with tourists' attitudes, trust, brand equity, perceived value, loyalty, satisfaction, and intention to revisit the destination (Bowden, 2009;Bryce et al., 2015;Leckie et al., 2016;Zhou et al., 2013). This study defines destination engagement as the initial interest and interaction exhibited among tourists upon visiting a DMZ heritage site (Bryce et al., 2015;Kim et al., 2017;Rather et al., 2019). ...
... In the diverse contexts of tourism studies, destination engagement correlates with tourists' attitudes, trust, brand equity, perceived value, loyalty, satisfaction, and intention to revisit the destination (Bowden, 2009;Bryce et al., 2015;Leckie et al., 2016;Zhou et al., 2013). This study defines destination engagement as the initial interest and interaction exhibited among tourists upon visiting a DMZ heritage site (Bryce et al., 2015;Kim et al., 2017;Rather et al., 2019). This involvement reflects the early phase of attraction as tourists start connecting with the destination's offerings, exploring its sociocultural elements (Villamediana-Pedrosa et al., 2020). ...
The Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) stands as a compelling destination for heritage tourism due to its rich historical and sociocultural significance. This study employs the psychological continuum model to explore allegiance development across four dimensions—awareness, attraction, attachment, and allegiance—within the context of DMZ tourism. The investigation delves into how DMZ tourists’ sociocultural motivation shapes their destination engagement, subsequently influencing emotional attachment and ultimately impacting revisit intention. Through a survey of DMZ visitors and the application of structural equation modeling, this study explores the dynamics of DMZ tourists’ allegiance. The findings reveal a positive relationship between sociocultural motivation and destination engagement, emotional attachment, and revisit intention. Destination engagement positively affects emotional attachment, albeit indirectly influencing revisit intention. Emotional attachment positively influences revisit intention. Furthermore, this study identifies notable moderating effects of DMZ tourists’ residency. Specifically, sociocultural motivation more strongly influences revisit intention, and destination engagement has a stronger impact on emotional attachment in international tourists compared to domestic tourists.
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Citation: Lee, S., Kim, T., & Kim, Y. H. (2024). Heritage tourism and allegiance development: A study of the Korean demilitarized zone. Journal of Vacation Marketing. https://doi.org/10.1177/13567667241249178
... Effective TE is critical in improving tourists' overall experience (Chen and Rahman, 2018;Teng, 2021) and their behavioral intention to revisit a destination (Rasoolimanesh et al., 2019;Rather, 2020). TE has been extensively studied in tourism and hospitality-related studies in contexts such as cultural heritage sites, destinations, festivals, and online reviews (Bryce et al., 2015;Chen and Rahman, 2018;Fang et al., 2020;Moro and Rita, 2018;So et al., 2014So et al., , 2016. Global travel and tourism brands have also recognized the importance of TE as per Econsultancy's (2010) survey of 1000 organizations in the travel industry. ...
... More importantly, it is imperative to note that engagement is distinct yet related to other constructs such as involvement and commitment (Brodie et al., 2011;Lim et al., 2022b). Specifically, involvement refers to the psychological state of perceived relevance and interest a tourist has with a destination, acting as a precursor to engagement, whereas commitment denotes the enduring desire to maintain a valued relationship, which, in tourism, translates into repeated visits and positive referrals (Bryce et al., 2015;So et al., 2021b;Taheri et al., 2014). Therefore, while involvement is the affective and cognitive recognition of a destination's significance, and commitment is the long-term bond, engagement encompasses the active interactions stemming from this recognition and can result in loyalty. ...
Tourist engagement (TE) has gained prominence in academia and industry. While previous studies have focused on exploring TE in tourism and hospitality, no consolidated empirical study has been conducted. We conducted a comprehensive meta-analysis using data from 73 independent studies retrieved from 72 papers, with a total sample size of 41,757. Our analysis, using meta-analytic structural equation modelling, tested a conceptual framework and found that tourist experience and TE individually mediate tourists’ satisfaction, emotion, behavioral intention, and loyalty. Additionally, cultural (e.g., power distance, individualism, uncertainty avoidance, indulgence) and economic (e.g., human development index) moderators influence TE. Our findings also suggest that popular global destinations enhance the relationship between tourist experience, engagement, and behavioral intention.
... The perception of authenticity not only influences the outcome of the tourism experience but also serves as an important factor that stimulates, attracts, and encourages tourists to visit. Additionally, it facilitates positive interaction and communication between tourists and tourist destinations [19,40]. In summary, we propose the following hypotheses: ...
... Furthermore, there is a lack of discussion on the relationship between tourism authenticity and tourist engagement. This study indicates that engagement acts as a partial mediator in the relationship between authenticity perception and tourist loyalty, supporting the research perspective of scholars like Bryce [40]. While Bryce focused on cultural heritage tourists from developed countries such as Japan, this study suggests that the mediating role of tourist engagement is also relevant in historical block tourism in developing countries. ...
Tourist loyalty is the key to the sustainable development of tourism in urban historical blocks. This article focuses on exploring the relationship between authenticity perception and tourist loyalty in this context. With this aim, we introduce the mediating variable of tourist engagement and construct a theoretical model of authenticity perception, tourist engagement, and tourist loyalty. Hierarchical regression analysis and bootstrapping were performed on questionnaire data of 287 West Street tourists in Dujiangyan, China. The results of this study demonstrate that both object-related authenticity perception and existential authenticity perception have a significant positive impact on tourist loyalty behavior, with similar degrees of influence. Additionally, the study reveals that tourist engagement plays a mediating role in the relationship among object-related authenticity, existential authenticity, and tourist loyalty. From the perspective of tourist engagement, this article reveals the impact mechanism of authenticity perception on tourist loyalty in the context of historical block tourism, enriches the research on tourism authenticity, and deepens the understanding of tourist loyalty behavior. Furthermore, the results of this study also provide reference for the formulation of sustainable development policies related to tourism in historical blocks.
... Travel has the potential to offer spiritual, cognitive, physical, and psychological experiences that can bring small or big changes in an individual's perception of different aspects in and around a person. New and authentic tourism experiences can make life altering changes in one's life that offers a journey to growth, development, and novel awareness (Bryce et al., 2015). These services can be curated through tourist participation models where the skills and knowledge of tourists can help in strategic designing of tourism services by taking their opinions, suggestions, feedback, and ideas through active interaction (Gupta & Priyanka, 2023). ...
... These services can be curated through tourist participation models where the skills and knowledge of tourists can help in strategic designing of tourism services by taking their opinions, suggestions, feedback, and ideas through active interaction (Gupta & Priyanka, 2023). Moreover, these experiences can be that of learning, for instance, ecotourism in its most organic form can teach the tourist to be a 'responsible tourist' , even so, 'responsible individual' and can divulge in acts of conserving the environment and improve self-wellbeing and that of the society (Bryce et al., 2015). ...
Evidence from literature shows that wellbeing has been considerably picking the drift for a decade as a path to find oneself in a chaotic world. Complimentary to this, the tourism industry is invested in tailoring its services and paying attention to tourist wellbeing. Therefore, this study pioneers in reviewing the plethora of research that amplifies tourist wellbeing and attempts to redefine its conceptualization in addition to underscoring the need for its practical application. We strengthened the methodology by using the SMART approach to define the literature’s parameters, PRISMA for the purpose of data transparency and R bibliometric tools for a comprehensive analysis of data. The inclusion of records at every stage was presented using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses, 2020. N = 279 papers were extracted from Scopus for the final synthesis using Bibliometric tools to map the prospects of the domain. Findings highlight the need to broaden the horizons of tourist wellbeing in concept and practice to make the industry more sustainable and resilient. The responsibility to rebuild tourist-wellbeing vests on stakeholders and scholars by underscoring the potential of the contemporary tourism industry. This study lays out a foundational dimension for future research in the area of tourist wellbeing.
... Effective TE is critical in improving tourists' overall experience (Chen and Rahman, 2018;Teng, 2021) and their behavioral intention to revisit a destination (Rasoolimanesh et al., 2019;Rather, 2020). TE has been extensively studied in tourism and hospitality-related studies in contexts such as cultural heritage sites, destinations, festivals, and online reviews (Bryce et al., 2015;Chen and Rahman, 2018;Fang et al., 2020;Moro and Rita, 2018;So et al., 2014So et al., , 2016. Global travel and tourism brands have also recognized the importance of TE as per Econsultancy's (2010) survey of 1000 organizations in the travel industry. ...
... More importantly, it is imperative to note that engagement is distinct yet related to other constructs such as involvement and commitment (Brodie et al., 2011;Lim et al., 2022b). Specifically, involvement refers to the psychological state of perceived relevance and interest a tourist has with a destination, acting as a precursor to engagement, whereas commitment denotes the enduring desire to maintain a valued relationship, which, in tourism, translates into repeated visits and positive referrals (Bryce et al., 2015;So et al., 2021b;Taheri et al., 2014). Therefore, while involvement is the affective and cognitive recognition of a destination's significance, and commitment is the long-term bond, engagement encompasses the active interactions stemming from this recognition and can result in loyalty. ...
Tourist engagement (TE) has gained prominence in academia and industry. While previous studies have focused on exploring TE in tourism and hospitality, no consolidated empirical study has been conducted. We conducted a comprehensive meta-analysis using data from 73 independent studies retrieved from 72 papers, with a total sample size of 41,757. Our analysis, using meta-analytic structural equation modelling (MASEM), tested a conceptual framework and found that tourist experience and TE individually mediate tourists’ satisfaction, emotion, behavioral intention, and loyalty. Additionally, cultural (e.g., power distance, individualism, uncertainty avoidance, indulgence) and economic (e.g., human development index) moderators influence TE. Our findings also suggest that popular global destinations enhance the relationship between tourist experience, engagement, and behavioral intention.
... Satisfaction, as a pivotal metric, encapsulates the culmination of a tourist's journey, encompassing positive emotions, perceptions, and evaluations of the tourism experience (Alrawadieh, et al., 2019). In Istanbul Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities December 2023 Volume:1 Issue: 1 [3] Istanbul, tourist satisfaction is intricately linked to encounters with cultural heritage, the hospitality of locals, the authenticity of experiences, and the fulfillment of expectations. Simultaneously, tourist engagement emerges as a dynamic force, propelling visitors beyond the realm of passive observers. ...
... These encounters include architectural wonders, gastronomic excursions, and interactions with local craftsmen and customs. The concept of "edutainment" is especially pertinent here, emphasizing the educational and enjoyable components of cultural tourist experiences (Bryce, et al., 2015). Furthermore, relationships between visitors and locals play an important role in creating their experiences. ...
This study introduces a novel approach to cultural tourism in Istanbul by quantifying satisfaction and engagement as measurable values. The complex dynamics of cultural tourism in Istanbul is examined, with a specific focus on the interplay between tourist experiences, satisfaction levels, and the extent of engagement with the city’s cultural offerings. Employing a quantitative research design, the investigation surveys tourists in Istanbul and employs rigorous statistical analyses to derive meaningful findings. Drawing insights from a sample of 230 respondents, the research presents the findings based on different aspects of cultural tourism, including tourist experiences, satisfaction, and engagement. Departing from traditional qualitative assessments, our research employs regression analyses to systematically explore the relationships between tourist experiences and these quantifiable dimensions. This innovative model offers a structured perspective on the impact of tourist experiences, providing unique insights into the intricate dynamics that shape cultural tourism in Istanbul. This methodological novelty advances the empirical understanding of cultural tourism and establishes a robust foundation for future research endeavors. The character of Istanbul as a cultural tourist destination is intricately shaped by the nuanced interactions between tourists and the city’s tourism infrastructure. These interactions, characterized by a symbiotic relationship, meet travelers’ expectations, and frequently surpass them, laying the foundation for a heightened sense of happiness. Satisfaction, a pivotal component of cultural tourism, is intricately linked to the authenticity of experiences. Istanbul’s open infrastructure and unwavering commitment to preserving cultural heritage contribute significantly to the happiness and satisfaction of its visitors. Moreover, the dynamic facet of cultural tourism, termed engagement, transforms visitors into active participants in the cultural narrative. Engaged visitors seek deeper connections, fostering an upward spiral of satisfaction and positive experiences. The implications of these findings presented in the results obtained carry substantial weight for stakeholders in Istanbul’s cultural tourism landscape, offering valuable insights that can inform strategic decisions and contribute to the sustainable development of cultural tourism in the city. Keywords: cultural tourism, tourist satisfaction, Istanbul.
... Engagement has been examined across various disciplines (e.g. psychology, marketing, tourism; Achterberg et al., 2003;Bryce et al., 2015;Kumar & Pansari, 2016). Tourist engagement, defined as the extent of interaction between tourists and destination (Hollebeek, 2011), involves a deeper level of activity and emotional investment from tourists (Taheri et al., 2014). ...
... Highly engaged tourists tend to develop positive emotions and an increasing satisfaction with their destination, which results in an overall enhanced experience (Taheri et al., 2014;Organ et al., 2015). For example, tourist engagement was found to be positively related with visitor loyalty in heritage tourism (Bryce et al., 2015) and with guest trust and service evaluation at hotels (Wei et al., 2013). Place attachment, defined as the positive and strong connection between individuals and the environment (Moore & Graefe, 1994), is fostered through both tangible functional elements and social relationships that link people and place (Lewicka, 2011). ...
... Constructive authenticity implies that tourists can still find pleasure in genuine experiences, even though they are aware that the environment is artificial and not entirely natural [33]. Bryce et al. [34] focused on the quality of tourists' experiences and indicated that constructive authenticity can have an impact on tourists' feelings of loyalty, which, in turn, may affect their sense of belonging. ...
... Nevertheless, the influence of existential authenticity on destination attachment is not statistically significant. In line with this, Bryce et al. [34] emphasized in their study that constructive authenticity could influence attachment, and Kolar and Zabkar [32], in their examination of the authenticity concept in connection with cultural tourism, stated that the strengthening of the objective reality sense would enhance commitment and, consequently, the development of cultural attachment. In the study carried out by Domínguez-Quintero et al. [85], it is suggested that the objective dimension of authenticity positively influences the existential dimension, and, in the context of cultural tourism, a high perception of objective authenticity is also considered to have a positive effect on existential authenticity perception. ...
This study was prepared to examine the effects of cultural authenticity perception by local people on destination attachment and intention to support cultural heritage tourism. The study also investigated the moderator role of cultural sustainability perception. It was conducted in Manavgat, one of the most popular touristic destinations in Turkey. According to the study results, a positive effect was detected between the perception of cultural authenticity, destination attachment, and the intention to support cultural heritage tourism. In addition, the results indicate the existence of a moderator role of cultural sustainability perception in the relationship between destination loyalty and intention to support cultural heritage tourism. As a consequence of the findings obtained, a number of theoretical and practical suggestions have been presented to sector representatives, destination management organizations, and academics working in the literature.
... Taken together, intrapersonal authenticity seems to be an important outcome variable over other types of authenticity. Past research has suggested that tourists' existential experience results in SWB and loyalty (Bryce et al., 2015). Specifically, Kirillova et al. (2017) concluded that intrapersonal authenticity plays a critical role in contributing to consumers' well-being. ...
... On the contrary, the unverified nature of the relationship between intrapersonal authenticity and its potential impact on behavioral intention gives rise to intriguing possibilities. Unlike prior research that has focused on the mediating interventions of these variables, as demonstrated by the works of Bryce et al. (2015) and Lin (2017), our current 286 FU ...
The phenomenon of solitude-seeking tourism has gained attention in recent years due to the growing emphasis on mental and emotional health. While solitude has garnered increasing scholarly and practical interest, there has been limited attention given to how solitude shapes the eudaimonic, hedonic, and behavioral outcomes of tourists. To address the gaps, this study proposes a novel theoretical framework based on the Stimulus–Organism–Response theory and eudaimonia–hedonia literature, which examines the relationships between solitude, intrapersonal authenticity, self-development, subjective well-being, and behavioral intention. Through the analysis of 320 valid responses using partial least squares–structural equation modeling, this study indicates that the physical & personal freedom and intellectual & spiritual elements dimensions in solitude positively contribute to intrapersonal authenticity and self-development. Intrapersonal authenticity and self-development, in turn, lead to subjective well-being, which ultimately has a positive influence on behavioral intention. The implications of these findings for academics, destination practitioners, and policymakers are discussed.
... Rathke et al. (2016) argue that Latin firms present a higher level of EM than Europe and Anglo-Saxon firms after IFRS adoption. In contrast, other studies, such as those by Bryce et al. (2015), Burnett et al. (2015), Ismail et al. (2013), Paananen (2008), Said (2019) and Van Tendeloo and Vanstraelen (2005), found no significant reduction in EM with the adoption of IFRS. Therefore, regarding the literature review, the following hypothesis was developed: H1: IFRS adoption affects negatively the level of earnings management in Saudi Arabian firms. ...
... This contributes not only to regulatory adherence but also to enhancing the firm's reputation and engendering trust among discerning investors and key stakeholders. However, it's essential to acknowledge the divergence of our findings from certain studies that did not register a significant reduction in EM following IFRS adoption in specific contexts (Bryce et al., 2015;Ismail et al., 2013;Paananen, 2008;Said, 2019;Van Tendeloo & Vanstraelen, 2005). These disparities underscore the pivotal influence of contextual nuances, including the degree of IFRS implementation, the efficacy of enforcement mechanisms, and the presence of unique national financial practices. ...
This study aims to examine the impact of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) adoption on financial reporting quality in Saudi Arabia, with a specific focus on the mediating role of effective audit committees (ACs) and the specific characteristics of ACs that have a negative correlation with earnings management (EM) practices. The research collected financial data from 92 listed firms spanning the period from 2012 to 2020 encompassing both the years before and after the IFRS adoption in 2017. The study used regression and rigorous mediation analysis based on the Baron and Kenny (1986) approach to investigate the relationship between IFRS adoption, ACs, and EM. The findings indicate that IFRS adoption has a negative and significant impact on EM practices. Additionally, the study found that AC expertise is positively influenced by the IFRS adoption, while the AC size has a positive correlation with EM levels. The study further revealed that AC expertise has a negative correlation with EM levels and fully mediates the relationship between IFRS adoption and EM. The research's findings carry significant practical implications for a range of stakeholders. Regulators and policymakers in Saudi Arabia should consider the positive impact of IFRS adoption on financial reporting transparency and accountability when evaluating their regulatory framework. Firms can strengthen their corporate governance practices by focusing on the recruitment and training of AC members with robust financial and accounting backgrounds. This emphasis on AC quality, rather than size, is crucial to mitigating EM practices and enhancing the effectiveness of IFRS implementation. Lastly, investors and analysts can utilize these findings to assess the reliability of financial statements and identify firms with robust governance structures. Furthermore, the study contributes to the discourse on financial reporting and governance dynamics in emerging markets, offering insights for future research and policy discussions.
... In heritage tourism, authenticity is necessary to enhance visitors' knowledge of the history, culture, and customs of a place (Jewell & Crotts, 2002), elicit positive emotions and feelings toward the place (Loureiro, 2020), and improve visitors' satisfaction (Domínguez-Quintero et al., 2020). Authenticity can engage visitors, turn them into repeat visitors (Bryce et al., 2015;Lin & Liu, 2018), and improve destination image (Lu et al., 2015). However, a key challenge for destinations to provide an authentic experience is visitors' perceptual differences; they perceive authenticity differently (Chhabra et al., 2003). ...
... Prior knowledge, recreational motivation, and cultural capital are determinants of visitors' engagement at sites (Taheri et al., 2014). Engagement and authenticity are related; Site authenticity causes a high level of visitor engagement (Bryce et al., 2015). ...
... However, according to scientists [26][27][28][29][30], despite technological progress, it is important to remember the sustainability of development. The production and implementation of environmentally friendly technologies is becoming a mandatory task for hotels and other hospitality establishments. ...
... First, this study stands out as one of the first to investigate the direct influence of destination brand experience and DBA on DBE in the tourism context. Studies examining destination brand experience, DBA (Heitmann, 2013;Yi et al., 2017), and brand engagement (Xu et al., 2020) in the tourism sector are sparse (Bryce et al., 2015;R. Chen et al., 2020). ...
Research on destination brand engagement (DBE) within the tourism context has mainly focused on its outcomes rather than its antecedents. This study diverges from previous investigations to examine the impact of destination-focused drivers and a tourist-centric perspective on DBE. Specifically, the study explores how destination brand experience and destination brand authenticity (DBA) influence DBE. Results obtained from a sample of 530 tourists and tested using structural equation modeling techniques reveal that destination brand experience and DBA positively and significantly influence DBE. Finally, theoretical and significant managerial implications are discussed.
... Industrial heritage is considered a living heritage form with substantial historical significance (Pozo and Gonzalez [13]). Engaging in industrial heritage tourism can evoke memories from one's past (Bryce, Curran, O'Gorman, and Taheri [14]; Cohen [15]; Lee, Riley, and Hampton [16]). There has been a growing emphasis on industrial heritage tourism (Adongo, Choe, and Han [17]; Taylor [18]; Yeoman, Brass, and McMahonBeattie [19]). ...
In the post-industrial epoch, numerous industrial wastelands are found worldwide. Industrial heritage—a testament to urban progress and an emblem of urban civilization—is at risk during urban development and the transformation of aging cities. Consequently, the preservation and enhancement of urban heritage resources are crucial. Concerning the tourism development of industrial heritage, various challenges arise. This study, using Nanjing Quarry Park as a case study, employs the S-O-R theory to organize the literature related to authentic experience, experience quality, tourist satisfaction, environmentally responsible behavior, and destination loyalty. Additionally, questionnaire surveys and field research are conducted. The data gathered from the survey on tourists’ authentic experiences are analyzed, forming a research model for responsible environmental behavior in industrial heritage attractions. The findings indicate that authentic experience and experience quality positively impact tourist satisfaction, environmentally responsible behavior, and destination loyalty. The system modeling and evaluation of the experience quality dimension for industrial heritage tourism sites fill a gap in the development of industrial heritage tourism. This study contributes to the utilization of industrial heritage sites for tourism development, which can bring about economic growth and cultural revitalization. Tourist satisfaction mediates the relationship between experience quality, environmentally responsible behavior, and destination loyalty. In conclusion, this research offers valuable theoretical backing and a practical foundation for the development of industrial heritage tourism.
... (Rasoolimanesh et al., 2019). A study carried out by Bryce et al. (2015) confirmed that consumers/tourists with reasonably higher levels of engagement exhibit greater satisfaction. Destination visit intention is considered a behavioural intention that indicates a person's inclination to travel to a particular tourist destination (Choi et al., 2018). ...
Purpose
Using the stimulus–organism–response (SOR) theoretical model, this empirical research aims to examine and validate how tourists’ interactions with 360-degree virtual reality (VR) videos incorporating Web navigability and visual interface design quality (stimulus) on travel websites can make tourists more engaged and then satisfied (organism), which could make them more likely to visit destinations and spread electronic word of mouth (e-WOM) (response).
Design/methodology/approach
Using the convenience sampling method, 975 responses were collected through a questionnaire. The data were analysed using Smart-PLS 4 software to investigate the hypothesised relationships.
Findings
The findings demonstrate that 360-degree VR videos significantly create Web user engagement, and Web user engagement is significantly associated with Web user satisfaction. The result shows that Web user engagement and satisfaction impact the intention to visit the tourist destination. Additionally, Web user satisfaction impacts e-WOM. Lastly, navigability and visual interface design quality are significantly moderated between 360-degree VR videos and Web user engagement.
Research limitations/implications
This research only examined the tourists’ behavioural intentions with 360-degree VR videos during the pre-travel phase. In contrast, future research may investigate how tourists behave with VR during the on-site and post-travel phases.
Practical implications
Tourism marketers should not only adopt 360-degree VR but also integrate Web navigability and visual interface design to boost Web users’ engagement on tourism websites.
Originality/value
This study advances the study of VR from the tourists’ psychological perspective. Moreover, the SOR theory has been re-examined from the VR and technology tourism perspectives. It provides a general understanding of the behavioural aspects of tourists in developing countries.
... Previous studies highlight authenticity's crucial role as an antecedent to various tourism concepts, impacting tourist and destination satisfaction (Tian et al., 2020). Authenticity is particularly foundational in cultural heritage tourism, where tourists are motivated to visit destinations representing past times (Bryce et al., 2015). Scholars consistently explore the link between authenticity and tour satisfaction in cultural heritage contexts (Park et al., 2019). ...
Purpose
This study aims to examine how travellers’ non-immersive virtual heritage authenticity, sense of presence and virtual tour satisfaction stimulate their behavioural intentions (continuance and travel intention) within the stimulus–organism–response model.
Design/methodology/approach
A questionnaire was designed to survey Turkish travellers ( n = 275) participating in a virtual tour. A structural equation modelling method was used to estimate the model and test the research hypotheses.
Findings
Research findings revealed that four out of six hypotheses were supported. Based on the study outputs, authenticity and sense of presence impact overall travellers’ satisfaction. Furthermore, satisfaction influences continuance intention and travel intention.
Originality/value
The study presents a pioneering effort to investigate tourists’ non-immersive virtual heritage tour experiences in a developing destination context through a theoretical framework.
... It explained the reason for the positive relationship that the customer and service provider relationship develops as the customer co-creation in service exchange as a result of increasing its awareness of the quality of service. Bryce et al. (2015) examined the Japanese tourism sector. They found that the visitor who participates in the service experience has a greater tendency to commit and become emotionally attached to that organization, which leads to loyalty. ...
The purpose of this study was to determine the role of customer relationship quality in mediating the relationship between customer value co-creation behavior and customer loyalty in Egyptian private hospitals and medical centers in Assiut Governorate. The descriptive analytical method was used in the study. 445 of the 500 patients in the sample were collected by a questionnaire, which was valid for statistical analysis. The study’s findings supported the mediating role of customer relationship quality in the relationship between customer value co-creation behavior and customer loyalty. Implications, recommendations, and potential future studies in the subject of study were discussed.
... Bryce, Curran, O'Gorman, and (Pranatasari & Diva, 2020) found that destination brand authenticity enhances tourist engagement. These findings suggest that when destination brand authenticity is high, the need for authenticity is fulfilled, and tourists are likelier to achieve high levels of destination brand engagement (Bryce et al., 2015). Therefore, we propose the following hypothesis: H1 Destination brand authenticity positively influences destination brand engagement. ...
This research aims to determine the effect of authenticity on loyalty through the interaction of tourists in Yogyakarta. The City of Yogyakarta, a tourist destination located in the heart of the island of Java, is designated as a Super Priority Tourism Destination area to accelerate the regional economy. Until July 2022, 3.9 million recorded tourists were visiting Yogyakarta City destinations. Understanding tourist loyalty can help destination marketers reduce marketing costs. In previous studies, it has been found that tourist loyalty is influenced by destination brand authenticity and is supported by the involvement of destination brand engagement. This research is quantitative and was carried out using a survey method. Data analysis was performed using simple and multiple regression analysis using the SPSS (Statistical Package for Service Solutions) version 26. The results showed a direct influence of brand authenticity and engagement on tourist loyalty and an indirect effect. Between brand authenticity and tourist loyalty through destination brand engagement. Tourist destination managers, especially D.I Yogyakarta, can use the results of this research to design the Yogyakarta City destination brand in a marketing strategy that can re-attract tourists in Yogyakarta.
... Involvement was measured with 6 items, adopted from Kapferer and Laurent (1993), Lu et al. (2015), Prayag and Ryan (2012), and Prebensen et al. (2012). There were 5 and 7 measurement items for object-based and existential authenticity, respectively, referring from Bryce et al. (2015) and Kolar and Zabkar (2010). Place attachment was measured by 6 items derived from Hammitt et al. (2004), Jaeger and Mykletun (2013), Raymond et al. (2010), andCooper (2017). ...
In this research, the Stimulus-Organism-Response (S-OR) paradigm is employed to empirically investigate the connections between cultural motivation, involvement, authenticity, and place attachment in festivals from the perspective of resident tourists. We collect data through a questionnaire survey (N = 382) during the festival Encounter in Macao-Arts and Cultural Festival between China and Portuguese-Speaking Countries. Subsequently, the model is assessed using confir-matory factor analysis and structural equation modeling with AMOS 26.0. The outcomes reveal that both cultural motivation and involvement positively affect authenticity, which in turn enhances place attachment. These findings have significant strategic and practical implications for festival organizers and service providers involved in festival management.
... Object-based authenticity prioritizes objective factors over subjective emotions as opposed to existential authenticity Wang, 1999;. In the past few years, an increasing body of scholarly work has been dedicated to examining the correlation between these distinct manifestations of authenticity across various contexts by employing empirical research methodologies (Bradley & Sparks, 2012;Bryce et al., 2015;Kesgin et al., 2021). The correlation between object-based authenticity and existential authenticity was first identified by Kolar and Zabkar (2010) in a heritage-based tourism framework. ...
... Intensive processes, including access to global communication, enhanced tourism and immigration, and international investment flows, coincided with urban industrial degradation and cities' need to reinvent their economic base. (Aharon & Alfasi, 2022, p. 1) A autenticidade do património cultural pode geralmente refletir o valor do património e as potenciais vantagens competitivas (Bryce et al., 2014). No desenvolvimento do turismo, a autenticidade é a base para a diferenciação dos produtos turísticos (Jiménez-Barreto et al., 2020). ...
Este artigo tem como objetivo mapear e analisar o conceito de marca lugar sob a ótica da cultura, do turismo e do desenvolvimento sustentável. Como modo de investigação, realizaremos uma análise discursiva da marca lugar do arquipélago dos Açores, um território de colonização portuguesa com um formato de gestão singular, evidenciando seus avanços e limitações em função dos desafios para a criação da Marca Açores, capitaneada pelo poder público local. A construção de uma marca lugar é um processo complexo, que demanda ajustes constantes e está sujeita a modificações em todas as suas etapas de implantação. Através da investigação, parece-nos evidente que a construção da Marca Açores é uma grande aposta na reconstrução da identidade regional deste arquipélago com tantos desafios econômicos, geográficos e de pertencimento, indo ao encontro dos objetivos do posicionamento dos Açores como um destino sustentável.
... The significance of engagement in tourism has expanded from merely the physical interaction of people at destinations with others, such as hosts and locals. It embraces deeper interactions of visitors with local values, cultures, and heritages (Bryce et al., 2015). Visitors may actively seek to engage with a destination's heritage and acquire knowledge about its history, and deep-rooted traditional practices. ...
This study investigates how tourists engage with heritage at contemporary experiential sites that have become popular amongst visitors and vital ambassadors of a destination's heritage. Grounded in the theoretical concept of engagement from an andragogical standpoint, the study utilizes and critically examines reviews from a specific interactive and technologically-advanced whisky experience in Edinburgh, Scotland, namely the Scotch Whisky Experience. Findings expose strong heritage appreciation among visitors, yet challenges exist in engagement despite the optimization of sine qua non human and technologically advanced means. A conceptual diagram of heritage engagement for academic and tourism stakeholders' consideration is provided, re-enforcing its applicability in contexts beyond the heritage sphere. Theoretical understandings of heritage engagement that ought to be extended beyond visitors' personal experiential gain and value are also discoursed.
... Along with the visit intention, tourist engagement positively affects tourist loyalty and subsequent revisit intention (Rasoolimanesh et al., 2021). Moreover, tourist engagement caters to the development of the destination through tourist satisfaction, loyalty, revisiting intention, and building destination brand image (Brodie et al., 2013;Bryce et al., 2015;Prayag et al., 2022;Rasoolimanesh et al., 2021). Previous studies on Schwartz's personal value investigated the role of personal value on visit intention in eco-friendly destinations, satisfaction, and loyalty Grosz et al., 2021). ...
... To measure and evaluate visitor experiences, various qualitative and quantitative research methods have been adapted, and visitor behavior observation is one of the most widely used methods, which includes visiting style (e.g., Verón and Levasseur, 1989;Dean, 2002;Serrell, 1996;Sparacino, 2002), mean duration (Falk and Storksdiek, 2005;Kim and Lee, 2016), engagement level (e.g., Loureiro andFerreira 2018, Taheri et al. 2014), and the process and extent of the interaction (e.g., Bryce et al. 2015). Visiting style is a characteristic of how visitors view an exhibit and move within an exhibition space (Veron and Levasseur, 1983), mean duration is the real viewing time (Falk and Storksdiek, 2005), and engagement and interaction is an interactive process that integrates the visitor's proactive involvement and commitment to an exhibit (Loureiro and Ferreira, 2018;Taheri et al., 2014). ...
The growing interest in the metaverse has led to a corresponding increase in attention towards virtual reality (VR) exhibitions. Furthermore, with the potential and possibility of a virtual environment without physical and economic constraints, expectations for user experiences based on diverse exhibition environments are increasing. Accordingly, this study investigated the characteristics of visitor experience in relation to the spatial environment of VR exhibitions, particularly focusing on the representational fidelity of the real-physical world. We experimented with comparing the user experience in reality-based (realistically representing the physical world, high representational fidelity level) and virtuality-based (surreal, low representational fidelity level) VR exhibition settings to explore design implementation. User experience data were collected through surveys, behavioral observation by video recording, and interviews. In terms of surveys, there was no significant difference in presence and enjoyment by environment, but the reality-based environment was scored significantly higher for communication. The behavioral analysis found that more active movements were captured in the virtuality-based environment. Qualitative analysis of the interview found differences in perception, emotions, and behavior by spatial environment, such that the newness and openness of the virtuality-based environment induced active movement of participants, and the familiarity of the reality-based environment provided comfortable feelings and supported participants’ concentration on exhibition contents. The results of the study suggest how the spatial environment of VR exhibitions can contribute to user experiences.
... Customer engagement has been widely studied across the hospitality and tourism spectrum with a focus on subsectors such as travel, lodging, heritage tourism, cultural tourism, wine tourism, ecotourism, food tourism, hiking and rural camping, adventure tourism, and wellness tourism (Hao, 2020), (Budiawan, AryWidiastini, & Irwansyah, 2020), (Cahyadi, 2014), (Bryce, Curran, O'Gorman, & Taheri, 2015), (Ram, Björk, & Weidenfeld, 2016), (Suhartanto, 2011). However, the bulk of this research has been fragmented standalone research with low generalizability, and with little attempt to develop and add to the existing literature and without the intent to develop cohesive literature. ...
Drawing on literature from three systematic reviews, this umbrella review aims to create a comprehensive overview of customer engagement in the context of hospitality and tourism. This review offers a holistic macro-level view of the customer engagement literature in the area of hospitality and tourism which has been primarily studied in the past from diverse individual perspectives with standalone models relevant to the micro-level context with scant regard towards the development of literature. By doing so, it offers insight regarding customer engagement perspective within the tourism and hospitality context along with its antecedents, consequences, and moderators.
... In China, it is also considered good management to 'improve' heritage. Bryce et al. (2015) also challenge the prevailing Western-centric perceptions of heritage and authenticity in their research on Japanese tourists. One main similarity is the perception of built heritage, as many structures were traditionally built of wood and easily decayed, were destroyed or damaged by earthquakes, or bombed during WWII. ...
Issues in Cultural Tourism Studies This is the third edition of Issues in Cultural Tourism Studies. This book provides a new framework for analysing the complexity of cultural tourism and its increasing globalisation in existing as well as emerging destinations of the world. The book will focus in particular on the need for even more creative and experiential tourism strategies to differentiate destinations from each other using a blend of localised cultural products and innovative global attractions. At the interface between the global and the local, a sustainable approach to planning and development will be advocated to ensure that benefits are maximised for local areas and their inhabitants, a sense of place and identity are retained, and the tourist experience is enhanced to the full. The book explores many of the most pertinent issues in heritage, arts, festivals, indigenous, ethnic and experiential cultural tourism in urban and rural environments alike. This includes policy and politics; impact management, sustainable development; demand and motivation; interpretation and representation; marketing and branding; management and planning. A new and updated selection of topical case studies serve to contextualise the issues discussed with a broader coverage of emerging destinations and markets. As well as exploring the interrelationships between the cultural and tourism sectors, local people and tourists, the book provides suggestions for more effective and mutually beneficial collaboration. As well as providing a new framework for the analysis of cultural tourism supply and a re-visitation of significant issues, the book includes three brand new chapters-on Demand and
... Chen, 1990;H. Chen & Rahman, 2018), makes a contribution to the market concept (Bryce et al., 2015), show if a visitor's behaviour is predictable (Bilgihan & Nejad, 2015) and raise the MCTE to a greater level (H. Chen & Rahman, 2018). ...
Objectives: Virtual tourism has changed the buying behavior patterns
of tourists due to influence of the modern technologies. The tourist purchase
decisions have been taken to the next level, from being complex to simple.
The objective of the study is to understand the impact of Virtual Reality (VR)
on tourist buying behavior of tourism products. Primary data was composed
from 100 respondents who used and experienced virtual reality in
information search, evaluation of alternatives, purchase decision, purchasing
and post purchase evaluation of the tourism products
Methodology: The data thus collected are analyzed using frequency and
multiple regression.
Findings: Based on the results, it has been identified that the impact of
VR (booking tour packaging with the help of Virtual Reality) in selecting the
tourism product (by viewing hotel through VR; VR tour experience; by
exploring cities through VR; viewing historical sites and monuments through
VR; by sightseeing the natural beauty through VR; impact the overall
experience of VR) on tourism industry is abundant.
Implications & Conclusion: The insights of the study have significant
theoretical and practical implications in the field of virtual reality in tourism.
Keywords: Virtual Reality; Tourist Buying Behavior, Booking, Tourism
Products, Tourist Experience
... Culture-based tourism is included in the category of heritage tourism. Thus, heritage tourism concerns the motivation to experience various items, which represent the past and present, in a tourist destination (Adongo et al., 2017;Bryce et al., 2015;Ka Leong, 2016;Sorrentino et al., 2020). In various literature, heritage tourism continues to get attention and Uncovering authenticity in cultural festival produces rapidly growing literature (Park et al., 2019). ...
Purpose
The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between tourism authenticity and tourism experience and its implications for tourists' intention to make repeat visits in the context of cultural festivals.
Design/methodology/approach
This study uses descriptive quantitative and partial least square analysis by discussing six direct and five indirect relationships in the model. This study used a purposive sampling technique, with a total sample of 189 respondents who were collected through a survey of tourists who had visited the Reog Ponorogo National Festival. This study uses SmartPLS SEM to analyze the data.
Findings
The results show that this study extends its practical, policy and theoretical implications to cultural festival stakeholders. In addition, the findings of this study indicate that objective and constructive authenticity have a positive and significant effect on tourist experience. Meanwhile, tourist experience has a positive and significant effect on revisit intention. The mediating role of tourist experience also has a positive and significant effect.
Originality/value
Event tourism that favors the culture of local wisdom shows originality and becomes an attraction for tourists to visit which affects experience and revisit intention. This study focuses on the attributes of authenticity to tourist experience and revisit intention, in which tourist experience acts as a mediation.
Authenticity, which historically has an exclusive and rare value at this time is starting to be influenced by modernization. This is mainly driven by changes in market demand on tourism and hospitality industry. Many studies have emerged to analyze the effect of authenticity on tourist satisfaction due to this change. However, there has been no comprehensive analysis of the existing literature that examines the knowledge of authenticity of heritage tourism on tourist satisfaction at this time. The purpose of this review is to provide academics and tourism stakeholders with an up-to-date picture of tourist satisfaction research in the context of heritage tourism. This article uses Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) analysis to review 35 articles in academic journals. The study showed that in addition to the value of authenticity in heritage tourism, experience and perceived authenticity are also factors that cause tourist satisfaction with heritage tourism.
With the concern of rainbow marketing, sexual minority travelers have become highly vigilant when evaluating hotels’ LGBT-friendly marketing with their authenticity. It is important to scrutinize how sexual minority guests interpret brand authenticity toward LGBT-friendly hotels and form personal meanings during their stay. For this reason, this study proposes brand authenticity as a starting point for authenticity formation, which leads to existential authenticity and brand loyalty. Confirmatory factor analysis and PROCESS analysis were used to analyze data collected from sexual minority guests who visited LGBT-friendly hotels within the last 2 years. The findings indicate that (1) brand authenticity is an antecedent to brand loyalty and (2) the relationship between brand authenticity and brand loyalty is mediated by existential (intrapersonal and interpersonal) authenticity. Thus, in building on the multifaceted concept of existential authenticity, this study adds new theoretical insight into hotel marketing and management strategies.
The study aims to fill the gaps in theoretical studies of the new travel trend of city walk in Malaysia from the perspective of embodiment with factors of sensory experience, visitor engagement, authenticity, and behavioral intention. Memorable tourism experiences and perceived risk are mediators and moderators between embodied cognition and behavioral intention, MTEs, and behavioral intention. Chinese tourists who are the major international tourist in Malaysia were taken into the investigation. The results show that sensory experience and existential authenticity have a positive effect on behavioral intention, MTEs play a mediating role in the relationships of sensory experience, authenticity, and behavioral intention. there is no significant mediation effect between visitor engagement and behavioral intention through MTEs. Perceived risk also shows no significant moderating effect on behavioral intention in city walk in Malaysia. This study provides new conceptual frameworks and research perspectives on City walk in Malaysia with theoretical and practical contributions leading to further study and city tour development practices.
Purpose
This study assessed the antecedents and consequences of tourists’ authenticity experience in a new ancient town in China. Based on Chinese cultural background and case study, this paper aims to explore this kind of tourism place making and establishes an empirical model to examine and verify the impact of tourists’ perception, authentic experience and behavioral tendency on such place making, and proposes targeted improvement measures.
Design/methodology/approach
Based on a Chinese cultural background and case study, this paper explored a certain kind of tourism place making and established an empirical model to examine and verify the impact of tourists’ perceptions, authentic experiences and behavioral tendencies on such place making; the goals were to try to create a new scale to measure the authenticity of the “new ancient town” in the Chinese context and to propose targeted measures for improvement.
Findings
Research shows that Chinese visitors acquire experiences that they perceive to be authentic when visiting a contrived attraction such as a new ancient town. The dimensions of cultural, functional, product, value and unique authenticity were identified as distinct dimensions of tourists’ authenticity experiences in a new ancient town. Although these dimensions have been mentioned at times in the context of traditional Western assessments of authenticity, they do not replicate exactly any category of Western objective authenticity, existential authenticity, constructive authenticity or postmodern authenticity. They instead constitute an authentic experiential dimension in a typical oriental context, which is comprehensively explicated by combining the image of a national cultural theme and the elements of functional construction created by tourist places in a new ancient town.
Research limitations/implications
This study explored the path relationship among perception of place making – authenticity experience – behavioral intention, but it did not analyze relationships among the dimensions of perception of place making or among the authenticity experience variables. Furthermore, advantage was not taken of the availability of socioeconomic information to look for differences among interviewees with different attributes. In addition, there is a profound cultural and complex theoretical connotation to authenticity in the Chinese context, and the study of a single case is insufficient to fully elucidate meaning in this emerging discourse.
Practical implications
By verifying the path of tourists’ authenticity experiences through the perception of place making, the understanding of the effects of different elements of place making on tourists’ experiences is refined. For space producers, different elements of place making promote tourists’ authenticity experiences to different degrees. Strengthening the construction of the physical environment, marketing and scenes can promote tourists’ authenticity experiences: planning and design, marketing and scene enhancements promote tourists’ functional authenticity experiences; planning and design, the physical environment and marketing enhance tourists’ product authenticity experiences; planning and design, marketing, the physical environment and scene enhancement can improve tourists’ perceptions of value; unique authenticity experiences can be created in the marketing and scenes in new ancient towns.
Social implications
Certain aspects of the space production in new ancient towns can be used to strengthen tourists’ perceptions of value. First, the scene system at scenic spots can be strengthened, catering to tourists’ visual, olfactory and other senses so that they are available in all kinds of weather. Second, the local cultural characteristics of the material environment can be strengthened and the installation of inappropriate cultural symbols can be avoided. Thus, a physical environment that is of local ethnic cultural significance can be created so that both local residents and tourists can perceive the value of the place. Third, the rational layout of the new ancient towns should be established and maintained through the ongoing involvement of professional planning and design teams. Local cultural attributes that are of national significance should be included in the layout and design of the physical environment. Fourth, daily marketing and management actions influence how tourists influence scene value. Therefore, managers of scenic places need to make prudent decisions about and integrate local folk and ethnic characteristics into their marketing, which can promote the sustainable development of tourism effectively (Saarinen, 2018).
Originality/value
First, this study constructed and validated the model and path relationship of the “perception of place making, authentic experience, and behavioral intention,” and it confirmed that the perception of place making had an important impact on tourists’ authentic experiences. Second, the exploratory factor analysis extracted five dimensions of the tourist authenticity experience (i.e. cultural, functional, unique, product and value authenticity) based on China’s context of ming shi , which enriched the connotations of the authenticity experience. Third, this study effectively linked the perception of place making with the real experience and behavioral intention of tourists and expanded the theoretical research boundary of place making to a certain extent.
The revisit of tourists can effectively reduce the market cost of tourism destinations and maintain stable tourist sources, which is an important index to evaluate the development potential of tourism destinations and judge the stage of their life cycle. Taking cultural heritage tourism destinations as research sites, based on the ABC attitude model, this paper explores the influence mechanism of authenticity on revisit intention and the mediating effect of place attachment and the moderating effect of variety-seeking. The results show that the influencing factors and mechanism of revisit intention of tourists in cultural heritage destinations conform to ABC attitude model, which is a continuous process of cognition-affect-behavior sequence. Both objective and existential authenticity have significant positive effects on revisit intention. Place attachment plays a partial mediating role between objective authenticity, existential authenticity and revisit intention. Variety-seeking moderates the effect of objective authenticity on revisit intention. The lower the level of Variety-seeking, the stronger the positive relationship between objective authenticity and revisit intention.
Heritage hotels play a significant role in the hotel sector, preserving cultural heritage and delivering authentic and unique guest experiences and economic value to destinations. As such, they are an important but under-researched hotel operation. They range in size and star rating and can be boutique and/or upscale luxury hotels, independently owned and operated or managed by one of the large international hotel chains. There are three types of heritage hotels: original, simulated, and converted. The first are hotels whose purpose has remained unchanged since their inception and, despite modernization, retain their originality. The second are simulated heritage hotels, which are associated with symbolic heritage elements. The third are historic structures (castles, cathedrals, palaces, etc.) that have been repurposed and converted into hotels, imbuing them with new symbolic and economic meanings. This research note investigates the third type of heritage hotels. These are buildings rich in history, a sense of place and hold cultural meanings for their localities and communities. The note employs an exploratory, qualitative research strategy and reports data from semi-structured in-depth interviews with 16 customer-facing employees and managers in three independently owned and operated United Kingdom (UK) rural boutique heritage hotels. This qualitative approach provided an opportunity to attain depth in revealing the participants’ service experiences and encounters. The research note advances extant scholarship, which has examined employee interactions in small heritage accommodations as emotional and individualised guest experiences. It suggests that historic sites repurposed as heritage hotels have distinctive qualities, setting them apart from other hotels as hospitality environments. As such, their staff regard themselves as stewards and storytellers of local culture as much as receptionists, servers, etc. It concludes by advancing possibilities for further research on this conceptualization of heritage hotel employees.
Underground Built Heritage (UBH) is a unique cultural and tourist resource, often with diverse values for tourists and the local community. The research on UBH requires an interdisciplinary approach, various techniques, and methodologies, with current literature mainly focusing on sustainability and conservation issues of these sites, their classification and definitions. This paper tends to fill in the research gap in this field, which is based on the fact that tourism and marketing issues in research of UBH are quite rare and often neglected, although such aspects are very important for heritage valorization. Thus, the principal aim of the paper is to explore how heritage image, perceived authenticity, and perceived value affect motivation to visit UHS (Underground Heritage Sites) and domestic visitors’ loyalty. To explore this aim, the survey was conducted in five countries (Serbia, Poland, Bulgaria, Turkey, and Albania,) on five underground heritage sites. The study sample included 504 domestic visitors (residents of the country where the research was conducted) of underground heritage sites—Petrovaradian Fortress Military Galleries (Serbia), the Srebrna Góra Fortress (Poland), Roman City (Bulgaria), Göreme (Turkey), and BUNK’ART (Albania). The results show a significant positive influence of perceived authenticity on perceived value, heritage image, motivation to visit UBH sites, and loyalty. However, perceived value seems to be a stronger predictor of all analyzed constructs. Heritage image also showed significant positive effects on motivation to visit and loyalty. Theoretical and practical implications of results are discussed in the paper.
Of recent interest in consumer behavior research is the consumer's use of owned possessions to develop and maintain self-concept. This study presents a measure of a central concept in this area–attachment. A conceptual definition of the construct is proposed and is related to social-cognitive theories of the self. The role of attachment in the relationship between people and possessions is discussed. Evidence is presented for the reliability and predictive validity of a simple measure of attachment and for the discriminant validity of the construct. Relationships between attachment and other important consumer behavior constructs are explored. © 1992, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.. All rights reserved.
The concept of serious leisure (Stebbins, 1992) was used to investigate the social world of shag dancing to determine the reasons for long-term involvement and commitment to the dance. Data were collected over a three-year period through in-depth interviews at regional shag festivals. A method of ethnographic analysis was used to analyze the data (Spradley, 1979). Two types of dancers, casual and serious, were identified and differentiated into five subtypes. Results confirm Stebbins (1992) six qualities of serious leisure. Friendship was cited as the most important reason for long-term involvement and commitment to the dance. Findings indicate the shag world is a combination of serious leisure and casual leisure. Participants choose their level of involvement based on changing lifestyle needs.
In this investigation, the serious leisure inventory and measure (SLIM) was developed from convenience and target samples. The multidimensional framework of serious leisure contains six qualities from which 18 operations were employed. With the use of a q-sort, an expert panel, and confirmatory factor analysis, the 72 item SLIM demonstrated acceptable fit, reliability and equivalence across samples. Mean differences and correlation patterns found between samples demonstrated preliminary evidence for the predictive ability of the new measure. The SLIM short form (54 items) demonstrated good model fit and construct validity. Future replications are needed to adequately address the psychometric complexities of the SLIM within the network of interrelated leisure constructs.
Heritage brands stand for longevity and sustainability, as proof that the core values and performance of the given products are reliable. Focusing on the automotive industry, the aim of the present study is to analyze the drivers and outcomes of brand heritage, focusing on the functions of the brand as perceived by consumers. To explore the perceived values and outcomes of heritage brands, we present the methodology and the results of our empirical study using a partial least squares—based path modeling approach. Our results show the significant effects of brand heritage on consumers' attitudes and behaviors related to the given brand.
Many social scientists believe the future will offer significantly fewer opportunities for most adults to gain and maintain a job in the way they are used to doing today. A smaller number of jobs and a substantially reduced number of work hours are in store for many employees in the postindustrial society. Whether or not their jobs ever provided such things, they will increasingly be searching the world of leisure for ways to express their abilities, fulfill their potential, and identify themselves as unique human beings. Serious leisure is a main route open to people with these goals. Its three types--amateurism, hobbyist pursuits, and career volunteering--are defined, described, and interrelated. They are contrasted throughout with unserious or casual leisure, on the one hand, and work, on the other. The intermediate position of serious leisure between these two extremes relegates its current participants to the status of marginal men and women of leisure.
Understanding visitors’ level of engagement with tourist attractions is vital for successful heritage management and marketing. This paper develops a scale to measure visitors’ level of engagement in tourist attractions. It also establishes a relationship between the drivers of engagement and level of engagement using Partial Least Square, whereby both formative and reflective scales are included. The structural model is tested with a sample of 625 visitors at Kelvingrove Museum in Glasgow, UK. The empirical validation of the conceptual model supports the research hypotheses. Whilst prior knowledge, recreational motivation and omnivore-univore cultural capital positively affect visitors’ level of engagement, there is no significant relationship between reflective motivation and level of engagement. These findings contribute to a better understanding of visitor engagement in tourist attractions. A series of managerial implications are also proposed.
Customers can interact with and create value for firms in a variety of ways. This article proposes that assessing the value of customers based solely upon their transactions with a firm may not be sufficient, and valuing this engagement correctly is crucial in avoiding undervaluation and overvaluation of customers. We propose four components of a customer’s engagement value (CEV) with a firm. The first component is customer lifetime value (the customer’s purchase behavior), the second is customer referral value (as it relates to incentivized referral of new customers), the third is customer influencer value (which includes the customer’s behavior to influence other customers, that is increasing acquisition, retention, and share of wallet through word of mouth of existing customers as well as prospects), and the fourth is customer knowledge value (the value added to the firm by feedback from the customer). CEV provides a comprehensive framework that can ultimately lead to more efficient marketing strategies that enable higher long-term contribution from the customer. Metrics to measure CEV, future research propositions regarding relationships between the four components of CEV are proposed and marketing strategies that can leverage these relationships suggested.
Authenticity is a concept originating in the condition of modernity. Inauthenticity or fakery is identified essentially as an attempt to replicate meaning. Yet replication is not intrinsically bad; what is important is the different expriential depth between the original and the replication. Inauthenticity emerges out of the very attempt to retain or regain authenticity. It is more problematic when there is a deliberate attempt to deceive. Authenticity is derived from the property of connectedness of the individual to the perceived, everyday world and environment, the processes that created it and the consequences of one's engagement with it. There is no problem in searching for authenticity but in the belief that ‘the authentic tourist’ can be satisfied with a holiday package. Arguably, the most authentic tourists of all may be those wanting to visit friends and relations. A number of trends are then identified as far more significant for tourism flows and consumption than for authenticity.
Authenticity in the consumption context is an important topic within the marketing literature. This article explores authenticity's multiplicity of meanings within the MG brand subculture of consumption. An ethno- graphic approach guided data collection, which included participant observation, photo and document reviews, informal conversations, and formal, in-depth interviews with 58 MG owners. The data show that MG owners gain a sense of authenticity in the consumption context via the object and its ownership, consumer experiences, and identity construction and confirmation. As an object, an MG is authentic if it broaches an ideal standard and pre- serves the brand heritage. An MG experience is authen- tic when an owner interacts with the car through driving and self-work activities. Finally, an MG owner authenti- cates his or her identity through role performance and communal commitment. Implications are discussed in light of brand management.
This article develops and discusses the concept of customer engagement behaviors (CEB), which we define as the customers’ behavioral manifestation toward a brand or firm, beyond purchase, resulting from motivational drivers. CEBs include a vast array of behaviors including word-of-mouth (WOM) activity, recommendations, helping other customers, blogging, writing reviews, and even engaging in legal action. The authors develop a conceptual model of the antecedents and consequences—customer, firm, and societal—of CEBs. The authors suggest that firms can manage CEBs by taking a more integrative and comprehensive approach that acknowledges their evolution and impact over time.
Of recent interest in consumer behavior research is the consumer's use of owned possessions to develop and maintain self-concept. This study presents a measure of a central concept in this area–attachment. A conceptual definition of the construct is proposed and is related to social-cognitive theories of the self. The role of attachment in the relationship between people and possessions is discussed. Evidence is presented for the reliability and predictive validity of a simple measure of attachment and for the discriminant validity of the construct. Relationships between attachment and other important consumer behavior constructs are explored.
It is argued that the current state of studies of the relationship between culture and tourism is unsatisfactory. Cultural tourism is considered as an entity, though, in practice, it covers a diverse range of activities. In addition, tourists are not often segmented according to the importance of culture in their decision to visit a destination. The paper develops a four-part classification of cultural tourist according to cultural interest and examines this in the context of one element of culture only: the performing arts. Data from a range of existing audience and tourism studies are examined and it is concluded that the current structure of surveys does yet not enable the identification of the classification developed except in the broadest terms. The implications for tourism studies and for marketing of the performing arts are discussed.
This study assesses the impact of business ideology and national culture on work values of managers in the United States, Russia, Japan, and China. The convergence/divergence/crossvergence framework is used to discuss the findings. Implications for international businesses are drawn regarding the applicability of multilocal or global strategies for corporate culture.
A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM), by Hair, Hult, Ringle, and Sarstedt, provides a concise yet very practical guide to understanding and using PLS structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). PLS-SEM is evolving as a statistical modeling technique and its use has increased exponentially in recent years within a variety of disciplines, due to the recognition that PLS-SEM’s distinctive methodological features make it a viable alternative to the more popular covariance-based SEM approach. This text includes extensive examples on SmartPLS software, and is accompanied by multiple data sets that are available for download from the accompanying website (www.pls-sem.com).
In The Theft of History Jack Goody builds on his own previous work to extend further his highly influential critique of what he sees as the pervasive Eurocentric or occidentalist biases of so much western historical writing and the consequent “theft’ by the West of the achievements of other cultures in the invention of (notably) democracy, capitalism, individualism and love. Goody, one of the world's most distinguished anthropologists, raises questions about theorists, historians and methodology and proposes a new comparative approach to cross-cultural analysis which allows for more scope in examining history than an East versus West style.
This very practical book guides museums on how to create the highest quality experience possible for their visitors. Creating an environment that supports visitor engagement with collections means examining every stage of the visit, from the initial impetus to go to a particular institution, to front-of-house management, interpretive approach and qualitative analysis afterwards.
Macau was founded by the Portuguese in the mid-sixteenth century. The centuries of colonial rule that preceded its recent return to China gave it a distinctive character unique in China. The tangible and intangible imprint of the colonial history of Macau is central to its attractiveness as a cultural tourism destination. A literature review reveals worldwide examples of the manipulation of history for both political and tourism purposes. This research uses in-depth thematic interviews with 14 local tour guides to show how Macau's colonial heritage is presented and interpreted to tourist groups by the local tour guides, as regards both what they are shown and what they are told. It is found that the guides adjust their interpretation to the geographical origin of the tourists in a significant way; in particular, they tend to almost totally eschew any reference to its colonial history when addressing a Chinese audience, in contrast to the interpretation presented to non-Chinese visitors. The use of Hall's three-fold interpretative message framework (dominant – hegemonic/negotiated/oppositional) is discussed, as is Langer's concept of mindless and mindful tourists. Some consequences for the sustainability of heritage tourism in Macau are also explored.
Although consumer demand for authentic market offerings has often been mentioned in consumer research, the meaning of the term "authentic" has not been sufficiently specified. Thus, some important differences among authentic market offerings have not been recognized or examined. This article uses Peirce's semiotic framework to distinguish between two kinds of authenticity - indexical and iconic. We identify the cues that lead to the assessment of each kind, and, based on data collected at two tourist attractions, we show that these cues can have a different influence on the benefits of consuming authenticity. Our results also contribute to an understanding of the negotiation of reality and fantasy as a part of consumption.
The first goal of this study was to determine whether Day's (1969) measure of loyalty could be extended to better understand travel service patronage. Findings provide clear support that this composite measure, of repeat purchase and loyal attitude, is an effective approach to distinguishing the loyal traveler. A cluster analysis that combined scores on the composite measure from 428 travelers supported a two-dimensional matrix that identified four types of loyalty: true, spurious, latent, and low. This accomplished the study's second purpose by confirming that the four distinct levels of loyalty exist in a variety of service settings. Discriminant analysis was used to achieve the third objective — to identify those characteristics that differentiate the truly loyal patron. The resulting profile found this traveler to be a highly satisfied, symbolically involved consumer drawn to those services that exhibit an empathetic, caring concern for their patrons. These findings generate a much clearer understanding of how service providers can measure and manage their returning patrons.
Within the professional kitchen bullying is reported as widespread, aggressive and related to a significant retention problem. This research explores negative behaviour in professional kitchens and its impact on organisational commitment. A mixed methods approach is used employing a survey among chefs followed by semi-structured interviews. An exploratory factor analysis examines the underlying constructs of bullying and job satisfaction and data are analysed through Partial Least Squares. Our research highlights that bullying behaviour is experienced most by younger, more junior chefs. However verbal bullying, the form most strongly reported, has no effect on either satisfaction or commitment. Emergent themes of communication and inclusion illustrate bullying behaviour to be a cohesive aspect of kitchen culture. Our findings suggest behavioural impacts, rather than bullying characteristics, must be considered within their context in order to establish whether or not they are actually damaging to an industry.
This paper examines tourists' perceptions of the historical authenticity of The Rocks, Australia, a heritage precinct fashioned by the Sydney Cove Redevelopment Authority. It argues that overall tourists perceive this representation of history as authentic. Gender, income, education level, position in lifecycle, place of residence, and previous visitations to The Rocks were also explored to identify how these variables might shape tourism experiences and subsequent negotiations of authenticity. The overall uncritical “consumption” of the commodified version of history as heritage is regarded as a matter for concern. The commodified environment based upon the rhetoric of Australian nationalism has silenced alternative versions of the past which highlight oppression, racism, and conflict.RésuméLa consommation du patrimoine: la perception de l'authenticité historique. Cet article examine les perceptions des touristes de l'authenticité historique des Rocks (Australie), un quartier patrimonial aménagé par la Régie de redéveloppement de l'Anse de Sydney. On soutient que les touristes en général considèrent cette représentation de l'histoire comme authentique. On examine comment le fait d'étre homme ou femme, revenus, diplômes, position dans le cycle de vie, lieu de résidence et visites antérieures aux Rocks peuvent influencer les expériences du tourisme et par la suite les négotiations de l'authenticité. La “consommation” générale et non critique du patrimoine historique comme marchandise se voit comme inquiétante. Un environnement de marchandisage basé sur la rhétorique du nationalisme australien a réduit au silence d'autres versions du passé qui soulignent l'oppression, le racisme et le conflit.
As a dynamic concept, authenticity has ignited many debates regarding its meaning and utility, thus resulting in several theoretical perspectives (objective, constructive, postmodern, existential) with various analytical focuses, from object to experience. In light of its conceptual variability, it should be asked—What does authenticity do? This paper revisits Walter Benjamin’s notions of authenticity and aura; ideas introduced by MacCannell and worthy of further consideration. Similar to its development in tourism studies, Benjamin’s theorizations of the concept are complex and relational—authenticity is established through ritual and tradition and is connected to aura. They are mutually constitutive and simultaneously products of other phenomena. As it bridges analytical perspectives, his work offers a useful addition to the authenticity discourse.
This book explores where leisure and consumption are the same and where they differ
This book explores the relationship between amateurs and professionals within the framework of serious leisure.
Tourists’ shopping behaviors for craft souvenirs were modeled and empirically tested in this study. A self-administered mail questionnaire booklet and a single-page written description of two craft retail stores were mailed to a sample of adults who shop during their travels. A total of 182 surveys was included in data analyses. Path analysis was used to examine the relationships between travel activities, beliefs about authenticity of crafts and about craft product features, attitude toward shopping experiences, and intention to purchase at product-and process-oriented shopping venues. Results provided support for linkages between spectator/recreational and socially engaged approaches to tourism and the shopping venues proposed by the researchers. Travel activities positively influenced tourists’ beliefs about authenticity of crafts and about craft product features. Beliefs about craft product features had a positive effect on attitude toward shopping experiences, which in turn affected purchase intention. Implications for tourism retailers are provided.
This study aims to examine public awareness of heritage properties in Arizona, USA. Data for this study were collected from a random sample of 600 participants from the public in Arizona using a telephone survey. Heritage awareness is conceptualised using a combined measure of heritage awareness and residents’ visits to heritage sites. Based on these two measures, this study proposed a four‐cell matrix that represents: 1) aware/visited, 2) aware/not visited, 3) unaware/visited, and 4) unaware/not visited. When the four types of residents were compared against demographic variables, attitudes toward preservation, preservation criteria, and importance of feature and facilities, most of these variables were significant. The results indicate that the aware/visited group members had more positive attitudes toward heritage preservation than other groups. This paper suggests that visiting heritage sites by residents and tourists can help create heritage awareness. The findings of this study provide important information for heritage site managers and policy makers.
The concept of loyalty is receiving increased attention from recreation and park researchers. Previous investigations have shown that, in general, participants exhibit low levels of loyalty to recreation and park services, but little attention has been given to identifying variables that could be useful in predicting activity loyalty. Three measures of activity loyalty (attitudinal, behavioral, and composite) were used in this study to assess it. It was hypothesized that participants who exhibited higher levels of loyalty would be intrinsically motivated, perceive personal competency and mastery as important, report high levels of involvement, be less price‐sensitive, have accrued a substantial number of side bets, and participate in fewer other recreation activities than those exhibiting lower levels of activity loyalty. Results of the multiple regression analyses suggest that behavioral, attitudinal, and composite measures of activity loyalty capture three different dimensions of the phenomenon.
It is argued that the current state of studies of the relationship between culture and tourism is unsatisfactory. Cultural tourism is considered as an entity, though, in practice, it covers a diverse range of activities. In addition, tourists are not often segmented according to the importance of culture in their decision to visit a destination. The paper develops a four-part classification of cultural tourist according to cultural interest and examines this in the context of one element of culture only: the performing arts. Data from a range of existing audience and tourism studies are examined and it is concluded that the current structure of surveys does yet not enable the identification of the classification developed except in the broadest terms. The implications for tourism studies and for marketing of the performing arts are discussed.
This study examines the relevance and conceptualizations of the authenticity concept in cultural tourism from the managerial standpoint. We propose a consumer-based model in which authenticity is a key mediating construct between cultural motivation and loyalty. The model is empirically examined by means of a survey conducted on 25 Romanesque heritage sites in four European countries. A confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling were performed using LISREL 8.72. The results indicate that cultural motivation is an important antecedent of both object-based and existential authenticity, which in turn influence tourist loyalty. Theoretical, managerial and marketing implications of authenticity are discussed, showing that the consumer-based perspective can transcend some 'irreconcilable tensions' related to this concept.
This note seeks to examine the relationship between existential intangible tourism and personal identity. Due to the impacts of globalization, tourism faces a new paradigm of increasing social complexity and the recent impotence of traditional boundaries. In such an environment, the past liaison between identity and local place vanishes. The discussion indicates that intangible heritage tourism can provide a source of identity separate from local places, becoming in effect an “existential tourism”. In this paper, Japanese flamenco tourism is used to shed light on the theme in general.
The 1994 annual meeting of the American Society for Applied Anthropology entitled ‘Social Science for the Next Generation’ was held at Cancun, Mexico, 13–17 April 1994. The increasing significance of heritage tourism in applied anthropology was emphasized in three major sessions devoted to examining the role of social science in tourism planning for the next generation. Myra Shackley, Professor of Culture Resource Management at Nottingham Trent University, describes some significant questions asked at this meeting.
This article examines the development of souvenirs research in tourism studies. It looks at souvenirs from four broad vantage points, namely historical perspectives on souvenirs research, souvenirs as messengers of meaning, souvenirs as tradable commodities and the commodification of souvenirs and handicrafts. Part of this includes the supply and demand aspects of souvenir production and consumption, including the distribution system and various aspects of producers. The paper also considers the commodification process of native arts and crafts into consumable tourism products and suggests future directions for additional works in this understudied area of tourism research.
The creation of authenticity is important to tourism since touristic consciousness is motivated by a desire for authentic experiences. Aboriginal dance performance opens a window of opportunity for tourists to appreciate its culture and traditions. This paper explores the relationship between authenticity and commodification based upon empirical research on the aboriginal bamboo-beating dance on Hainan Island, China. The findings suggest that the original ritual meaning of the aboriginal dance has been converted into a celebration. The dance acquired a new meaning and has become an important part of aboriginal cultural identity. Tourism development has created 'cultural involution' that turned the commodified dance performance into an 'authentic' aboriginal cultural expression. These changes were influenced by four key players: (1) governments; (2) tourism businesses; (3) aboriginal communities; and (4) tourists.