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Vol. 11. No. 1, 2023
17
.
Investigating the Use of Cloud Computing Services among
Postgraduate Students at the University of Ibadan, Nigeria
Ogunsola K. (Ph.D.) and Fadoju V.O.
Department of Data and Information Science
Faculty of Multidisciplinary Studies
University of Ibadan
Ibadan, Nigeria
E-mails: olukemi11@yahoo.com; vincefadoju@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Cloud computing services (CCS) offer many benefits which have improved their acceptance in the
educational sector, especially, tertiary education. While it is true that the benefits of CCS include less
worries about data loss, ease of accessibility and the ability to interact with data in real-time, there is no
known study on how awareness of cloud computing services, perceived ease of use, computer self-
efficacy, and intention to use CCS influence its actual use among postgraduate students in Nigeria. This
study provides answers to four research questions and tests two research hypotheses. It adopts a
descriptive survey design using a multistage sampling technique for data collection. Convenience
sampling technique was used to select a sample size of 360 postgraduate students from the University of
Ibadan, Nigeria. Descriptive statistics, Friedman mean rank, Spearman rank correlation and Multiple
linear regression were used for analyses. The findings revealed that awareness of cloud computing
services, perceived ease of use, and computer self-efficacy had significant relationships with the intention
to use cloud computing services, and the intention to use cloud computing services had a significant
influence on the actual use of cloud computing services among postgraduate students. The study
recommends that university authorities should encourage courses that train students on the use of CCS,
as well as course curricula to improve students’ computer self-efficacy and their use of cloud computing
services.
Keywords: Awareness, Cloud Computing, Self-Efficacy, Intention to Use, Perceived Ease of Use,
Postgraduate students, Cloud Computing Services, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
1. INTRODUCTION
When traditional computing emerged as a novel technological idea for gathering and storing information
through the use of computer devices, it was considered to be secure and easy to manage in-house
(Kerby, 2020). It enabled the installation of software and hardware programme according to the user's
needs.
Article Progress Time Stamps
Article Type: Research Article
Manuscript Received:17th January, 2023
Review Type: Blind Peer
Final Acceptance: 30th March, 2023
Article Citation Format
Ogunsola K. & Fadoju V.O. (2023):
Investigating the Use of Cloud Computing Services among
Postgraduate Students at the University of Ibadan, Nigeria
.. Journal of Digital Innovations & Contemporary Research in Science,
Engineering & Technology.
Vol. 11, No. 1. Pp 17-38
DOI: dx.doi.org/10.22624/AIMS/DIGITAL/V11N1P2
Vol. 11. No. 1, 2023
18
As a result, computer users were able to produce, store and assess information on their personal
laptops or desktops. Accessibility by others was impossible except permitted with the use of passwords
or passcodes. Whenever there is a need for joint use, multiple-user applications were limited especially
when networking is required. New advancements in computer technology in cloud computing helped to
resolve these limitations. Software programmes and stored documents in single computer devices
became manageable and accessible through computer servers that can be accessed via the Internet
(Fomin, 2021).
The evolution of cloud computing has given users more options and frequency of use of technological
devices. The advantage that cloud computing offers includes creating more convenience for users as
they no longer have to install software and other applications on the storage compartments of their
devices. The users neither have to worry about the rising costs of expensive storage devices, nor
software licenses before accessing or using large information. Cloud computing helped to bridge this gap
by offering new platforms where data can be stored in a network-connected system via the internet, and
where applications and software can be shared across servers. Some of the current cloud computing
services and providers are Google Cloud by Google; Web Server by Amazon; Cloud by IBM; Cloud by
Alibaba; and Azure by Microsoft (Almishal and Yousse, 2014).
The arrival of cloud computing in the 1960s, according to Regalado (2011), created new vestiges of
innovations in service delivery and improvement in all sectors of the economy for businesses and
educational institutions. For educational institutions, the introduction of cloud computing technology
created alternative solutions to storage and cost control challenges in the educational system (Kaur,
Kuliya, Sarki, Sharma and Suleiman (2021) and ensured competitive and strategic advantage for all
stakeholders (Gülbahar, 2007). Okai, Uddin, Arshad, Alsaqour, and Shah (2014), Velev and Zlateva
(2011) affirm that cloud computing provides backup and recovery services such that customers can
easily recover their data anytime in case of disaster or failure. This suggests that the users understand
the benefits of cloud computing services and will take the necessary steps by conducting regular storage
and backup of their files in case of emergencies.
The importance of cloud computing services in Nigeria's education sector is seen in the government's
vision for ICT education through the establishment of specific support instruments such as The National
Vision; The National Policy on Education, The National Information and Communication Technology
Policy, The National Information Technology Education Framework and The Ministerial Strategy Plan or
the Educational Sector (2016-2019). These instruments led to the promulgation of the National Policy
on Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in Education in Nigeria by the Federal Ministry
of Education, Nigeria (2019). Its mission intent was to address the human capital needs for sustainable
social and economic development using ICT within global educational and environmental challenges such
as was seen during the Covid-19 pandemic.
The impact of Covid-19 changed the face and circle of several activities that were normally conducted
physically. Alternative solutions such as virtual services became the order of the day to prevent the
existential spread of the infection. To keep pupils and students safe, schools and universities had to
change their mode of study from physical to online learning where teachers teach from internet-
compatible devices from home. The use of online applications such as Google Classroom,
OpenLearning.com, Teachable and other learning management systems (LMS) became essential.
Vol. 11. No. 1, 2023
19
These online applications operate the cloud computing system with the capacity to store elaborate and
key information resources and applications which can be shared. For instance, Google Cloud provides
several educational packages such as Google Classroom, Google Drive, Google Form, Google Docs, and
Google Sheets to assist teaching and learning. In most universities, students had to adjust to the new
challenges of reliance on online resources for study and storage of large information in alternative
resources (Imahasees, Mohsen and Amin (2021). This study, therefore, examines how awareness of
cloud computing services, perceived ease of use, and computer self-efficacy influence the intention to
use CCS, and the actual usage by postgraduate students of the University of Ibadan, Nigeria.
In this study, awareness of cloud computing services refers to the degree to which the postgraduate
students in the University take cognizance of cloud computing services. Perceived ease of use refers to
the degree to which the postgraduate students in the university believe that using cloud computing
would be free of effort while computer self-efficacy refers to the judgement students make about their
ability to use cloud computing.
Intention to use CCS refers to the level at which a person has developed a conscious plan to perform
or not perform some specified tasks with the aid of cloud computing services in the near future. The use
of CCS in this study refers to the actual activities that are being performed with the aid of cloud
computing services. The study is in two parts. Part A reports the relationship between perceived
security and the use of cloud computing services among postgraduate students of the University of
Ibadan, Nigeria (Ogunsola and Fadoju, 2022) while Part B investigates the use of cloud computing
services based on awareness of cloud computing services, perceived ease of use, computer self-efficacy
and the intent to use CCS among postgraduate students at the University of Ibadan, Nigeria.
1.1 Statement of the Problem
Cloud computing presents many advantages that are key to the educational system, especially in terms
of storing data for communication and collaboration. These advantages effectively help to improve e-
learning capabilities as study materials and contents are easily shared among tutors and students without
worrying about data loss, and access to text, audio or video information in real-time from an internet-
compatible computer device. Previous studies among students and allied adoptees of cloud computing
have always focused on data theft or loss, data leakage, insecure interface (Kuznetsov, 2022),
mismanagement and mishandling of sensitive data, and reliability issues (Shakeel, 2020), and inadequate
network responsiveness (Rao, 2011).
Oyeleye, Fagbola and Daramola (2014), studied the challenges of adopting cloud computing among
public university students in south-western Nigeria, while Sogbeye, Ekpu and Udoh (2019), reviewed
literature based on the benefits, prospects, and challenges of cloud computing services in Nigerian
universities. None of these studies examined the influence of awareness of cloud computing services,
perceived ease of use, and computer self-efficacy, on the intent to and actual use of cloud computing
services by postgraduate students of the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. This study fills the knowledge gap.
This study is important because the data safety and security concerns in Nigeria have impacted the
wholesome acceptance of cloud computing and its popularity among students in Nigerian educational
institutions (Dogo, Salami and Salman, 2013; Saidu and Kwadan, 2020).
Vol. 11. No. 1, 2023
20
1.2 Objectives of the Study
The objectives of this study are to determine if awareness of CCS, perceived ease of use, and computer
self-efficacy influence the intention to use cloud computing services as well as the actual use of CCS
among postgraduate students of the University of Ibadan.
1.3 Research Questions
1. What is the level of awareness of cloud computing services of the postgraduate students of the
University of Ibadan?
2. Is there a significant relationship between perceived ease of use and the intention to use cloud
computing services by postgraduate students?
3. Is there a significant relationship between computer self-efficacy and the intention to use cloud
computing services by postgraduate students?
4. Is there a significant relationship between awareness of CCS and the intention to use cloud
computing services by postgraduate students?
1.4 Research Hypotheses
1. There is no significant joint influence of the independent variables (awareness of CCS, perceived
ease of use, and computer self-efficacy) on intention to use cloud computing services among
postgraduate students of the University of Ibadan.
2. There is no significant influence of the intention to use cloud computing services on the actual
use of cloud computing services.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 A Brief Overview of the Origin and Development of Cloud Computing
The development of cloud computing is impossible without the benefits offered by mainframe computing
since the 1960s. The mainframes are data servers that can process billions of calculations and data
operations with a maximum level of reliability and digital security (Bhardwaj, 2022). Its relevance for
several small and big corporations in managing huge amounts of data is affirmed by Hammond (2022).
The high cost of purchasing the mainframe computer may have made it unaffordable for individuals, small
and medium-scale businesses and created the need to develop economical IT solutions that culminated
in cloud computing. Aside from the inability of every computer user to own a mainframe, the sheer size
of mainframe installation in homes made it impracticable. As a result, the idea of having shared access to
the same mainframe computers began to evolve with time (Almishal and Youssef, 2014).
Another idea which contributed to the development of cloud computing was the Intergalactic Computer
Network (ICN) which was proposed by Joseph Carl Robnett Licklider in the early 1960s (Srivastava and
Habib, 2020). ICN initiated a networking platform where computer users in different locations globally
were interconnected to programme and data from any location without physical presence where the
information is broadcast. This idea later transformed into ARPANET in the late 1960s, and finally, in the
1970s, it became known as the Internet (McKelvey and Driscoll, 2019). The era of cloud computing
began in earnest as individuals, researchers, and organisations gained access to information with ease.
Srivastava and Habib (2020) found it useful as an on-demand service for companies to have online data
storage despite the apparent security challenges to the online storage of information.
Vol. 11. No. 1, 2023
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Widyastuti and Irwansyah (2017) considered cloud computing not only for providing support through
data availability and associated services but for its flexibility and cost-effectiveness to small and medium-
scale businesses. Jamal and Khan (2020) referred to cloud computing as an important model for an ever-
present, easy-to-use capacity to provide on-demand network access that can share information across
networks of configurable computer devices.
Though it is still an evolving technological model, its readiness and availability help as a model virtual
service for large-capacity users in terms of usage of the application and shared network strength (Mell
and Grance, 2011). According to Peterson (2022), the essential characteristics of cloud computing are
fifteen: on-demand self-service, multi-tenancy, resource pooling, broad network access, rapid elasticity
and scalability, measured and reporting service, automation, resilience, large network access, work from
any location, comfortable payment format, service excellence, easy maintenance, flexibility, economic
and security, and availability.
Apart from the characteristics of cloud computing, there is a need to identify the service models upon
which cloud computing operates. Service models from the viewpoint of Bokhari, Shallal and Tamandani
(2016) give the benefits of rentals and usages to clients to enjoy the services professionally from the
provider. There are three common service models in cloud computing. They are Software as a Service
(SaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), and Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS). The SaaS provides users with a
piece of software over a network (Gangwar, Date, and Ramaswamy, 2015), while the PaaS layer gives
online access to all the resources that are required to build an application. The IaaS are the basic level of
cloud services which providers utilise to deliver infrastructure services to customers over designated
networks.
2.2 Benefits of Adopting Cloud Computing
Cloud computing provides efficient services without the need to acquire the required IT infrastructure
(Gonzalez-Martinez, Bote-Lorenzo, Gomez-Sanchez and Cano-Parra, 2015; Bogdanovic, Milic, and Labus,
2014). Although the choice of deployment model may determine the benefits which can be realised from
cloud computing, the technology has become popular in many organisations and educational institutions.
The following are some of the benefits of cloud computing:
a. Availability and accessibility: Cloud computing gives easy access and availability to data
infrastructure, internet services, online applications, and online computer tools and resources
anytime from everywhere on different devices as long as internet compatibility is in the location
(Almazroi, 2017). Generally, cloud-based resources and services can be accessed through the
internet by students on or off campus for saved resources such as documents, files, assignments,
and lecture notes (Mansuri, Verma and Laxkar (2014)).
b. Cost-effectiveness: According to Castillo (2020), cost-effectiveness is one of the operational
benefits of cloud computing because of its affordability to low-profile users such as small and home
office owners, small and medium-scale enterprises. The cost-saving benefits result from not having
to establish any IT infrastructural investments and becoming free from potential expenses
associated with system maintenance. Another cost-saving benefit is the possibility of optimising the
hardware facilities by sharing the economies of scale to reduce the cost to both the service
providers and their clients. The third cost-saving benefit of cloud computing is the daily-saved
energy costs which makes power usage efficient as cloud providers are likely to charge lower prices
Vol. 11. No. 1, 2023
22
for storage. The fourth is the lack of in-house IT service personnel and the attendant office rentals,
wages and allowances of IT staff. Another benefit is the elimination of redundancies which are
regular challenges for most in-house IT management teams. There is no need to purchase additional
hardware as it is inexpensive to move data and other business information to the cloud.
c. Level of efficiency: Amanpreet, Singh and Gill (2019) noted that energy efficiency was guaranteed
when the data centre's computation power is shared between service providers and clients. Aside
from energy efficiency, cloud computing allows efficiency in the management of business resources
while improving conventional business procedures.
d. Sharing of benefits: this includes the capacity to avoid the replication of resources by several
organisations since it reduces the need for new infrastructure for data storage and accessibility. A
single resource will be sufficient to reduce the costs of accessing educational content by students
and other users of learning materials (Ramadhan, 2018).
e. Flexibility (elasticity): Effective cloud computing employs a variety of technologies such as
virtualisation and modularity of parts to promote flexibility. Almjlae, Mohamad and Suryani (2019)
affirm that the effectiveness of IT service in that regard relies on modularity, connectivity and
compatibility. The authors noted that the connectivity factor poses a higher influence than the
other two for effectiveness and that the factors are likely to offer efficient ways of managing,
implementing and deploying financial resources in organisations.
f. Security: Zeng and Germanos (2019) claimed that the benefits and costs of the security of data or
information are two major considerations when choosing cloud computing services. According to
the authors, there must be benefits that securing company information can bring to the
organisation and these must be treated as key assets. The cost of securing an organisation’s
information could highlight the implications of information leakage and suggest. What level of
security service to invest in? However, the risk of losing or duplicating information in the IT
industry is not new. In terms of the cost of security, the measurement metrics are tangible and
intangible. The tangible costs are estimated in financial terms and other factors of available security
technology like the cost of the technology, data transfer, and cost of system upgrade. Intangible
costs would consist of costs of administration, employee training and non-productive losses (Zeng
and Germanos, 2019).
g. Backup and recovery: A major benefit of cloud computing is its capacity to back up and retrieve
data for customers in the event of system collapse or another form of disaster (Okai, Uddin,
Arshad, Alsaqour, and Shah, 2014). Challagidad and Birje (2019) acknowledged that data could be
lost due to crashes, system failures, power outages and security threats. The authors highlighted
some techniques that are used in recovering data in India such as NoBackup, WARBackup or
LocalRecovery. For the recovery of huge volumes of data, it was suggested that a new recovery
mechanism that can accommodate high-volume data be put into use. The mechanism was adopted
because of the characteristics of cloud infrastructures. It proposes a hierarchical system that was
designed to replicate information across a data centre.
h. Large storage capacity: The amount of storage that the cloud service accommodate is larger
than traditional modes of information storage such as flash disks or external hard drives. Its
unlimited capacity makes it economical and it can be accessed in real-time, and virtually. Akingbade
Vol. 11. No. 1, 2023
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(2016) stated that cloud storage reduces the need for costly software and hardware solutions for
storage. The apparent risks associated with cloud storage also come with the need for
improvements through the data de-duplication solution for space management. The technique is a
specialised data compression designed to eliminate duplication or repeated data. It initiates a system
of compressing related and synonymous terms. It is used to improve storage space as data transfers
can also reduce the number of bytes in an ongoing process of analysis. Obrutsky (2016) stated that
the structure of cloud computing is defined by layers. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) is the layer
that incorporates cloud storage where physical and virtual layers are used as part of the
construction. Users are required to pay only rent instead of buying expensive computer systems
for storage. The rental service could be negotiated. Its key benefits are found in its economy,
accessibility to data, and solution for backup, replication and recovery.
2.3 Use of Cloud Computing During Crises
Velev and Zlateva (2011) considered cloud computing as the key response tool for governments and
organisations in emergency circumstances. Their location in remote geographical spaces allows
communication between those in need and emergency workers assisting victims. For example, at the
height of the Covid-19 pandemic in 2020, Alhomdy, Thabit, Abdulrazzak, Haldorai, and Jagtap (2020)
stated that the impact of the pandemic which affected about 98 million individuals worldwide made
people adopt social distancing as a new norm. The challenges of that time affected workplace schedules
and activities and made access to critical applications and infrastructure impracticable. Cloud computing
was a ready technological solution that helped governments, and organisations in different sectors of life
such as communication, health, education, remote surveillance and the military. It was crucial to the
survival of many countries' databases and organisations during the pandemic.
Gokama (2021) observed that the pandemic created new strategic planning methods for organisations
and the government to utilise cloud computing as a reliable means of information storage. While it
became a catalyst for organisations requiring digital transformation, remote working became a common
work arrangement among all IT service providers. According to Gokama (2021), the adoption of cloud
computing for remote working elicited benefits for users who were no longer scared of contracting the
Covid-19 virus by working remotely away from people in computer-networked offices.
Cloud computing has become essential to the needs of individuals and organisations in the post-Covid-
19 era. This is because people are used to its advantages. Kostanica, Youssef and Zeqiri (2017) recalled
that cloud computing became acceptable for its benefits of low costs, easy access and other free
services.
2.4 Theoretical Models and Hypotheses
Different theoretical models were developed to explain users' readiness for technology adoption
(Venkatesh, Morris, Davis and Davis, 2003). Some of these models include the Technology Acceptance
Model (TAM), Technology-Organisation-Environment (TOE), Diffusions on Innovation (DOI), and
Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT). This study adapts Davis's (1989)
original Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) by using perceived ease of use and intention to use CCS,
while awareness and computer self-efficacy were added to the study. Therefore, the study comprises
awareness about cloud computing services, perceived ease of use, computer self-efficacy, intention to
use cloud computing services and actual use. Understanding these factors will enable researchers as well
as cloud computing professionals to determine how much the use of cloud computing will be influenced
by variables discussed in the paragraphs that follow.
Vol. 11. No. 1, 2023
24
2.4.1 Awareness of Cloud Computing Services
According to Rogers and Shoemaker (1971), the adoption or refusal of innovation begins when
consumers become aware of a product. Low awareness is the main factor that indicates the adoption or
non-adoption of cloud computing (Sathye, 1999). According to Irshad and Johar (2017), the adoption of
cloud computing is still at a very low level. Awosan (2014), Kostanica, Youssef and Zeqiri (2017) are of
the opinion that awareness of CCS would influence its use. One of the focal points of this study is to
determine the amount of influence awareness has on the intention to use CCS.
2.4.2 Perceived Ease of Use
Perceived ease of use has been created from the foregoing studies to be a significant factor impacting
user acceptance and usage action of Information Technology (IT) (Igbaria and Iivari, 1995). According to
Venkatesh (2000), perceived ease of use is defined as how simple it is to learn and use the technology.
Rogers (1995) argued that perceived ease of use is a term that indicates the difficulty an innovation
encountered. Studies by Pinheiro, Aparicio and Costa (2014); Rababah, Khasawneh and Yaseen (2017)
show that ease of use has a significant relationship with the intention to use CCS. In this study,
perceived ease of use refers to the degree to which the postgraduate students at the University of
Ibadan find it easy to employ cloud computing.
2.4.3 Computer Self-Efficacy
Computer self-efficacy refers to a judgement that users make about their ability to commit to a specific
task in the future (Bandura, 1986). Computer self-efficacy impacts people's motivation and actions
(Bandura, 1986). According to Kostanica, Youssef and Zeqiri (2017) and Anderson and Rainie (2010),
users will find cloud computing easy to use if they believe that they can use it and they are confident in
using it. In this study, computer self-efficacy refers to the degree to which the postgraduate students in
the university believe in their capability to utilise cloud computing.
2.4.4 Intention to Use Cloud Computing
Intention to use cloud computing services in this study is based on awareness of cloud computing
services, perceived ease of use, and computer self-efficacy. Although it is believed that the intention to
use cloud computing should lead to the actual use of services, this may not apply in all cases. However, a
user may intend to use cloud computing services but technical know-how and awareness about the
technology could be barriers. This study investigates the relationships between awareness of cloud
computing services, perceived ease of use, computer self-efficacy and intention to use CCS, and
consequently use of CCS. The influences of each of the independent variables on the use of CCS were
also determined. The intention to adopt and use cloud computing services is primarily taken from the
diffusion of the innovation theory (Rogers, 1995). Rastogi, Verma and Sushil (2018), Ramadhan (2018)
are of the opinion that intention to use CCS has a significant relationship with the actual use of CCS. In
this study, the intention to use cloud computing services is based on the conscious plan of a user to
perform some tasks via cloud computing services.
3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This study adopts the descriptive survey design to investigate factors influencing the use of cloud
computing services by postgraduate students of the University of Ibadan. Data were collected using a
questionnaire. This study used content and face validity which was established by the researchers before
testing the research instrument in the field. A reliability test which ensures the consistency of the
research instrument for data collection was also conducted.
Vol. 11. No. 1, 2023
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The reliability test was carried out with 30 students of the Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta.
The result of the reliability test shows that the research instrument is reliable as the Cronbach alpha
result are as follow: Awareness of CCS (0.894), Perceived ease of use (0.841), Computer self-efficacy
(0.705), Intention to use CCS (0.700) and Actual Use of CCS (0.875).
Friedman's mean rank was used to rank the mean of awareness of CCS while Spearman rank correlation
was employed to check the relationship among the variables. Multiple linear regression analysis was used
to determine the influence of each independent variable (Awareness of CCS, Perceived ease of use,
Computer self-efficacy, Intention to use CCS) on the dependent variable (use of CCS).
The population of the study were registered postgraduate students of the University of Ibadan
numbering seven thousand, nine hundred and twenty-four thousand (7,924), (University of Ibadan
Planning Unit - 2017 Pocket Statistics). The respondents were 18 years and above from different
departments at the Master’s level. Multistage sampling technique was adopted for this study. The
purposive sampling method was used for the selection of departments and faculties, while the selection
of respondents across faculties, and institutes was done using the convenience sampling method.
The sample size of respondents for this study was determined using the sample size formula (Yamane,
1967):
n = N
(1 + N (e) 2)
n = required sample size
N = estimate population (7,924)
e = degree of error tolerance (5%)
n = 7,924
(1 + 7,924 (0.05)2)
n = 400
The final sample size is shown in Table 1:
Vol. 11. No. 1, 2023
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Table 1: Sample Population of
Postgraduate Students
Location
Population
Proportional
allocation to each
Faculty
Population selected
Faculty of Agriculture
1,357
1357 x 400
7,924
69
Faculty of Arts
1,451
1451 x 400
7,924
73
Faculty of Multidisciplinary
Studies
482
482 x 400
7,924
24
Faculty of Science
1,872
1872 x 400
7,924
94
Faculty of Technology
1,154
1154 x 400
7,924
58
Faculty of The Social Sciences
1,278
1278 x 400
7,924
65
Institute of African Studies
163
163 x 400
7,924
8
Institute of Child Health
80
80 x 400
7,924
4
Institute of Education
87
87 x 400
7,924
5
Total
7,924
400
Table 1 shows that the estimated sample population (n) for this study was 400. However, only 360
copies of the questionnaire were returned and found fit for the analysis. This shows a 90% return rate.
Vol. 11. No. 1, 2023
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4. RESEARCH FINDINGS
The following results were obtained after the data were coded and analysed using SPSS version 23.
4.1 Demographic Profile of Respondents
Fig 1: Gender of Respondents
There were 224 (62.2%) males and 136 (37.8%) females participating in the study.
Fig 2: Age Range of Respondents
Vol. 11. No. 1, 2023
28
Respondents within the age range of 18-22 years were 6 (1.7%). Two hundred and eighty-seven (79.7%)
of the respondents were within 23-27 years. The remaining 67 (18.6%) respondents had ages between
28-32 years.
Fig 3: Years of Experience in Using the Computer
Respondents with 1 year or less experience of using the computer were 9 (2.5%) while those with 11 or
more years had the highest frequency of 237 (65.8%) respondents. A total of 45 (12.5%) respondents
were in the 5-7 years’ category, while 51(41.2%) respondents were in the 8-10 years’ category.
4.2 Answers to Research Questions
This section provided answers to four research questions raised in this study. They are as follow:
Research Question One: What is the level of awareness of cloud computing services among the
postgraduate students of the University of Ibadan?
The different responses concerning the level of awareness about cloud computing services are
presented in Table 2:
Vol. 11. No. 1, 2023
29
Table 2: Level of Awareness about Cloud Computing Services
S/N
Statement
Extremely
aware
Moderately
aware
Slightly
aware
Not
aware
St.D
Mean
1.
Apple Web Services
such as iCloud
65
(18.1%)
163
(45.3%)
73
(20.3%)
59
(16.4%)
.96
2.65
2.
G
oogle Apps such as
Google Docs, Gmail,
Google Drive
85
(23.6%)
142
(39.4%)
49
(13.6%)
84
(23.3%)
1.08
2.63
3.
Slide Rocket
64
(17.6%)
133
(36.9%)
130
(36.1%)
33
(9.2%)
.87
2.63
4.
Oracle Cloud
50
(13.9%)
180
(50.0%)
61
(16.9%)
69
(19.2%)
.95
2.59
5.
Others
such as
Facebook,
WhatsApp, Yahoo
31
(8.6%)
178
(49.4%)
95
(26.4%)
56
(15.6%)
.86
2.51
6.
IBM Cloud
100
(27.8%)
83
(23.1%)
75
(20.8%)
102
(28.3%)
1.17
2.50
7.
Amazon Web
Services
87
(24.2%)
89
(24.7%)
93
(25.8%)
91
(25.3%)
1.11
2.48
8.
Adobe such as
Photoshop, Indesign,
and Creative
Software
66
(18.3%)
129
(35.8%)
72
(20.0%)
93
(25.8%)
1.07
2.47
9.
Dropbox
19
(5.3%)
166
(46.1%)
83
(23.1%)
92
(25.6%)
.91
2.31
10.
Microsoft Web
Services such as MS
Azure, One Drive
40
(11.1%)
133
(36.9%)
83
(23.1%)
104
(28.9%)
1.01
2.30
Table 2 shows the level of awareness of the respondents about cloud computing services. The table
shows that there is a moderate level of awareness of cloud computing services among postgraduate
students of the University of Ibadan as the majority of the respondents are moderately aware of some
cloud computing services.
The different cloud computing services were ranked using Friedman's mean rank. The mean score
showed that 6 out of the 10 cloud computing services listed had a scale mean above 2.50. They are:
Apple web services = 2.65, Slide Rocket = 2.63, Google Apps = 2.63, Oracle cloud = 2.59, and IBM
cloud= 2.50. This suggests a moderate level of awareness of cloud computing services among
postgraduate students of the University of Ibadan.
Vol. 11. No. 1, 2023
30
Research Question Two: Is there a significant relationship between awareness of CCS and the
intention to use cloud computing services by postgraduate students?
To answer this research question, Spearman rank correlation analysis was performed to determine if
there is a significant relationship between awareness of CCS and intention to use cloud computing
services by postgraduate students. Table 3 presents the result:
Table 3: Relationship between Awareness of Cloud Computing Services and Intention to
Use Cloud Computing Services
Variables
Intention to Use Cloud Computing Services
Awareness of Cloud
Computing Services
Correlation Coefficient
.641
Sig. (2
-
tailed)
.000
N
360
Table 3 shows that awareness of CCS has a significant positive and moderate relationship with the
intention to use cloud computing (r=.641, p<.05). This result indicates that an increase in awareness of
CCS will increase the intention to use cloud computing services by postgraduate students.
Research Question Three: Is there a significant relationship between perceived ease of use and the
intention to use cloud computing services by postgraduate students?
Spearman rank correlation analysis was performed to determine if there is a significant relationship
between perceived ease of use and the intention to use cloud computing services by postgraduate
students. Table 4 presents the test result:
Table 4: Relationship between Perceived Ease of Use and Intention to Use Cloud
Computing Services
Variables
Intention to
Use Cloud Computing Services
Perceived Ease of Use
Correlation Coefficient
.150
Sig. (2
-
tailed)
.004
N
360
Table 4 shows that perceived ease of use has a significant positive relationship with the intention to use
cloud computing (r=.150, p<.05) by the postgraduate students. This shows that an increase in perceived
ease of use will increase the respondents’ intention to use cloud computing services.
Research Question Four: Is there a significant relationship between computer self-efficacy and the
intention to use cloud computing by postgraduate students?
To determine if there is a significant relationship between computer self-efficacy and intention to use
cloud computing services by postgraduate students, Spearman rank correlation analysis was performed
and the result is presented in Table 5.
Vol. 11. No. 1, 2023
31
Table 5: Relationship between Computer Self-Efficacy and Intention to Use Cloud
Computing Services
Variables
Intention to Use Cloud Computing Services
Computer self-efficacy
Correlation Coeffici
ent
.674
Sig. (2
-
tailed)
.000
N
360
Table 5 shows that computer self-efficacy has a significant positive and moderate relationship with the
intention to use cloud computing (r=.674, p<.05). This result indicates that an increase in computer self-
efficacy will increase the postgraduate students’ intention to use cloud computing services.
4.3 Test of Research Hypotheses
Two hypotheses were tested at 0.05 level of significance. The results of the two hypotheses tested are
as follow:
Hypothesis One: There is no significant joint influence of the independent variables (awareness of
CCS, perceived ease of use, and computer self-efficacy) on intention to use
cloud computing services among postgraduate students of the University of
Ibadan.
Table 6: Influence of the Independent Variables on Intention to Use Cloud Computing
Services
Model Summary
Model
R
R Squared
Adjusted R
Square
Std. Error of the
Estimate
1
.605
a
.366
.361
.09715
ANOVA
Model
Sum of
Square
df
Mean
Square
F
Sig
Regression
1.9
39
3
.646
68.460 .000b
Residual
3.360
356
.009
Total
5.299
359
Coefficients
Model
Unstandardized
Coefficients
Standardized
Coefficients
T
Sig
B
Std. Error
Beta
(Constant)
.361
.114
3.178
.002
Awareness of Cloud
Computing Services .126 .052 .138 2.429 .016
Perceived Ease of Use
-
.320
.115
-
.125
-
2.776
.006
Computer Self
-
efficacy
.739
.077
.526
9.656
.000
*Dependent variable is the Intention to use cloud computing services.
Vol. 11. No. 1, 2023
32
Table 6 revealed the predictive influence of the independent variables (awareness of CCS, perceived
ease of use, and computer self-efficacy) on intention to use cloud computing services among
postgraduate students of the University of Ibadan. Table 6 shows F (3, 356) =68.460, R = .605, R2 = .366,
p<.05. This suggests a relationship among the variables. Therefore, the null hypothesis is rejected. Thus,
there is a predictive significant influence of the independent variables (perceived ease of use, computer
self-efficacy and awareness of CCS) on the intention to use cloud computing among postgraduate
students.
Table 6 also shows the individual contributions of each of the independent variables: awareness of CCS
(β=0.138, p<0.05), perceived ease of use (β=-0.125, p<0.05), and computer self-efficacy (β=0.526,
p<0.05). This result confirms that computer self-efficacy has the highest influence on the intention to use
cloud computing.
Hypothesis Two: There is no significant influence of the intention to use cloud computing services
on the actual use of cloud computing services
Table 7: Influence of Intention to Use Cloud Computing on the Actual Use of Cloud
Computing among Postgraduate Students of the University of Ibadan
Model Summary
Model
R
R Squared
Adjusted R
Square
Std. Error of the
Estimate
1
.590
a
.348
.346
5.604
ANOVA
Model
Sum of
Square
D
f
Mean
Square
F
Sig
Regression
6009.006
1
6009.006
191.316 .000b
Residual
11244.325
358
31.409
Total
17253.331
359
Coefficients
Model
Unstandardized
Coefficients
Standardized
Coefficients
T
Sig
B
Std. Error
Beta
(Constant)
26.320
1.253
21.004
.000
Intention to use cloud computing
2.002
.145
.590
13.832
.000
Table 7 revealed the predictive influence of the intention to use CCS on the actual use of cloud
computing services among postgraduate students of the University of Ibadan. Table 7 shows that F (1, 358)
=191.316, R = .590, R2 = .348, p<.05. This is significant. Therefore, the null hypothesis is rejected. This
result also indicates that the intention to use cloud computing services influences the actual use of cloud
computing services (β=0.59, p<0.05) among postgraduate students.
Vol. 11. No. 1, 2023
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4. DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS
The results of this study show that there is a moderate level of awareness of cloud computing services
among postgraduate students of the University of Ibadan. This, therefore, means that most of the
respondents had heard about cloud computing services. Although there are few cloud computing
services that the participants of this study are not aware of, this does not justify low awareness of cloud
computing services among postgraduate students. According to Rogers and Shoemaker (1971), adoption
or refusal of innovation begins when the consumer becomes aware of the product. This, therefore,
means that the postgraduate students of the University of Ibadan can fully maximize the potential of
cloud computing services if there can be more awareness about these services. This corroborates the
submission of Almazroi (2017) who observed that training courses on how to use cloud computing
applications ought to be provided to all students as part of their study. This will make them not only
more aware of cloud computing benefits but also provide them with effective ways of utilizing cloud
computing services in the conduct of their academic activities.
This study shows that there is a significant but moderate positive relationship between awareness and
intention to use cloud computing services by postgraduate students of the University of Ibadan. The
higher the awareness, the stronger the intention to use cloud computing services. This is supported by
Kostanica, Youssef and Zeqiri (2017) who affirmed that awareness of CCS directly impacted its
adoption. A study by Ogunsola and Olojo (2020) shows that awareness significantly increases citizens'
continual usage intention of web-enabled services.
This finding also aligns with the stance of Awosan (2014) that proper awareness of CCS would influence
its use and therefore suggested that cloud service providers should provide enough awareness to users
on its risks and benefits. Awosan (2014) encourages that along with this awareness creation, cloud
computing service providers should provide more free trials to clients for a stipulated period that will
encourage the use of cloud computing services.
Results from this study show that the majority of the postgraduate students of the University of Ibadan
perceived cloud computing to be easy to use. The results also revealed that postgraduate students can
learn to use cloud computing quickly. These findings align with the findings of Abdullah and Seng (2015)
that 53.8% of participants in their study in Klang Valley's healthcare industry in Malaysia believed cloud
computing was easy to use. In addition, studies by Tan and Kim (2011), Sukumaran (2011) and Mansuri,
Verma and Laxkar (2014), suggested that since cloud-based resources and services are accessed via the
Internet, they can be readily accessed on- and off-campus. Mansuri, Verma and Laxkar (2014) affirmed
that students who use cloud computing services can easily access files, assignments, and lecture notes
stored in the cloud.
Amron and Noh (2021) revealed that the positive perception of the ease of using cloud computing
strongly predicts the intention to use cloud computing. This implies that the intention to use cloud
computing is largely influenced by the perception that it is easy to use more for the benefits it offered.
This corroborates the findings of Pinheiro, Aparicio and Costa (2014), Rababah, Khasawneh and Yaseen
(2017) that perceived ease of use has a significant relationship with the use of CCS. Also, Almazroi
(2017) asserted that there is high use of cloud computing when students find cloud computing easy to
use, but in situations where the technology is difficult, they may not be sufficiently motivated to use it.
Vol. 11. No. 1, 2023
34
Findings in this study show that computer self-efficacy highly influences the intention to use cloud
computing services. This agrees with Anderson and Rainie (2010), Kostanica, Youssef and Zeqiri (2017),
Wang, Lew, Lau, and Leow (2019) whose studies established the existence of a significant positive
influence of self-efficacy on the use of cloud computing technology. The study findings as supported by
Rababah, Khasawneh and Yaseen (2017), Rastogi, Verma and Sushil (2018), Ramadhan (2018) also show
that intention to use CCS has a significant relationship with the actual use of CCS.
5. CONCLUSION
Cloud computing services have become important in the post-covid-19 era, therefore, investing in it
makes life better and easier for people, especially in developing countries. To reach this goal,
understanding the level of awareness, perceived ease of use and computer self-efficacy of users is
important. This study showed that computer self-efficacy has the largest influence on the intention to
use cloud computing services, and intention to use also significantly influences the actual use of cloud
computing services.
6. RECOMMENDATIONS
This study recommends the following:
1. Universities should encourage courses that train students on the use of cloud computing
services as this will increase students’ confidence in their ability to handle cloud computing tasks.
2. Courses that can improve students’ computer self-efficacy should be a regular part of the
curriculum as they will increase the use of cloud computing services and technologies.
Vol. 11. No. 1, 2023
35
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