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Evolution of IoT in Smart Vehicles: An Overview
Keertikumar M.1, Shubham M.2, R.M. Banakar3
kbmalagund@gmail.com, shubhammahalank@gmail.com, banakar@bvb.edu
1, 2: Research Students 3: Professor, Member IEEE
School of Electronics and Communication Engineering
BVB Campus, KLE Technological University
Hubli, India
Abstract--The journey of IoT from Arpanet to state of art wireless
communication in vehicles is presented. The history of the wireless
standards used in IoT is described which gives the path followed by
the community of IoT using different communication modes. It is
observed that Wi-Fi is the speediest of all the wireless standards used
for IoT. A special observation here, which is design constraint, is that
internet connectivity is mandatory for information communication.
Extensive usage of IoT in Vehicle communication has impacted the
research work to develop new routing and data gathering protocols.
The growth of internet of things in vehicular communication is
discussed. Surveys of the routing protocols are presented. It is
interesting to note that present smart vehicles have data sensing and
gathering (DSG) modules and data fusing models to improve the
services provided to user community. The survey depicts the
advancement in the IoT trends up to date till the year 2015. A brief
overview of the IoT system design is presented with some typical
issues that have to be seen during deployment phase.
Keywords— IoT, Wireless Standards, Smart Vehicles, Wi-Fi.
HISTORY OF IOT
In the year 1969, Arpanet came into existence which is
older version of internet. In 1990, John Romkey created the
first Internet ‘device’, a toaster that could be turned on and off
over the Internet. At the October '89 INTEROP conference,
Dan Lynch, President of Interop promised Romkey that, if
Romkey was able to "bring up his toaster on the Net," the
appliance would be given star placement in the floor-wide
exhibitors at the conference. The toaster was connected to a
computer with TCP/IP networking. It then used an information
base (SNMP MIB) to turn the power on.
In 1991, Tim Berners-Lee created first web page. In the year
1999, was a big year for IoT, when the term IoT was coined by
Kevin Ashton. The research-oriented successor to the MIT Auto-
ID Center was originally founded by Kevin Ashton, David Brock
and Sanjay Sharma. They helped develop the Electronic Product
Code or EPC, a global RFID based item identification system
intended to replace the UPC bar code.
INTRODUCTION
IoT is now the state of art technology used for many
multimedia applications, smart transport systems and smart
city design and deployment issues. The smart transport system
can be a part of the smart city projection for days to come.
This may be because of the nature of the contents involved in
applying and developing IoT applications.
The popularity of IoT application in the 21st century is due
to the dominance of internet users, development of smart
phone technology and mobile communication standards.
Clearly the internet users across the world has become a
design factor decision to apply IoT in e-Governance, e-Billing
for domestic applications like water and electricity facilities,
e-reservation systems for bus, trains and flights. However a
survey can also be done on infrastructure for IoT, Cloud
computing and the services offered.
In the year 2005, The IoT hit another level when the UNS
International Telecommunications Union ITU published its
first report on the topic. In the year 2008, a group of
companies launched the IPSO Alliance to promote the use of
Internet Protocol (IP) in networks of "smart objects" and to
enable the Internet of Things. The IPSO alliance now boasts
over 50 member companies, including Bosch, Cisco, Ericsson,
Intel, SAP, Sun, Google and Fujitsu. Between the years, 2008-
09, Internet of Things was born, as this was time where more
number of “things or objects” were connected to the internet
than people. Citing the growth of smartphones, tablet PCs, etc.
the number of devices connected to the Internet was brought
to 12.5 billion in 2010, while the world’s human population
increased to 6.8 billion, making the number of connected
devices per person more than 1 (1.84 to be exact) for the first
time in history.
805
Fig. 1. World Population vs Devices connected to Internet.
[Ref. 25]
Fig. 1 shows the number of objects or devices connected to
the internet is more than the users. It is predicted that by year
2050 the number of devices connected will be 5x times more
than the users. In year 2011 the world has witnessed 2 billion
users of internet technology [10].
Year
Description
1969
ARPANET concept
1974
TCP/IP protocols
1977
APRANET implemented with TCP/IP
1990
Internet
1991
Tim Berners- Lee invented www.
1997
Wi-Fi
1999
IoT was coined.
1999
First device designed with RFID used in IoT
2020
‘Prediction’ 50 Billion Devices in IoT
2020
‘Prediction’ 7.6 Billion people
Table 1: Journey of IoT with Projection in 2020
Table 1 illustrate the growth and progress the world has
seen in the sector of IoT. Although the concept of Arpanet
was evolved in 1969, it took around 8 years to implement the
concept commercially. The TCP/IP protocol which was
developed in 1974, saw its first commercial usage in 1977 in
ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network).
Robert E. Kahn and Vint Cerf developed Arpanet packet
switching protocols in 1974. Tim Berners-Lee in the year 1991
introduced World Wide Web (www) which is regarded as a
breakthrough in Internet services. Once Wi-Fi was introduced in
1997 many applications started emerging using internet. In 1999,
when the word IoT was coined, the same year the first
device was designed using RFID communication mode, which
had a range of 10cm-200m.
It is predicted that by year 2020, 50 billion devices will be
connected to internet and 7.6 billion people connected to
internet.
Year
Description
1972
RFID
1978
GPRS
1987
GSM
1990
Concept of Wi-Fi
1997
Wi-Fi
1998
Bluetooth
1999
Zigbee
Table 2. IoT Communication Modes
Table 2 illustrates the IoT communication media has
evolved from 1972 with the invent of Radio Frequency
Identification (RFID) for around 200m as short range wireless
communication media. The concept of GPRS was evolved in
1978, which indicated good amount of research and
development on wireless communication. GSM was designed
and developed in 1987. It was the development of World Wide
Web (WWW) in 1991 clubbed with Wi-Fi standards IEEE
802.11 in 1997 that saw huge potential application scenario of
Wi-Fi applications. Later with the advent of IoT in 1999 and
developmental work till 2007 academicians, researchers and
industry started seeing a new paradigm of IoT applications.
WIRELESS STANDARDS USED IN IOT
RFID: In this section wireless standards used in IoT are
described [1][2][17]. In the years 1972-75, RFID device were
developed by Kriofsky and Kaplan. Later in the years 1979-
82, Beigel minimized the size of that device. Radio Frequency
Identification System uses tags or labels attached to the
objects to be identified. It has transmitter-receiver, which
sends it signal to the tag and read its response and then this
signal is sent to the computer running RFID software on it.
Frequency is 120-150 kHz (LF), 13.56 MHz (HF) and 433
MHz (UFH). Range is 10cm to 200m.
ZIGBEE: [3][4][5] In the year 1998, Zigbee was invented
which revolutionized the connectivity. The term Zigbee was
evolved from the concept buzzing of bees in Zigzag pattern. In
the year 2000, it became an IEEE standard 802.15.4 for
WPANS. In the year 2004, Zigbee device was released. The
ZigBee standard allows for low-powered devices to send data
along a network, with each device capable of relaying the data
toward its intended destination. This lets to set up a really
806 2015 IEEE International Conference on Green Computing and Internet of Things (ICGCIoT)
effective network. Range of this standard is 1 to 75 m and
bandwidth comes around 20 to 250kbps.
GPRS: [6][7][8] Amateur radio operators invented GPRS in
the year 1978. In the year 1980, AX.25 was the first GPRS
device developed. In the year 1984, V2.0 standard for GPRS,
which was the first Packet switching Network. The migration
of 2G to 3G was possible because of GPRS.
GSM: [9][10][11] In the year 1975, GSM concept has
emerged. In the year 1987, GSM was developed and the year
is considered as Birth of GSM. In the year 1990, Alain
Molabert successfully embedded the GSM technology onto
the phones on move. In the year 1991, SMS concept was
described by Kevin Holey. In 1992, Fred Hillebrand and
Bernard M. who made SMS as service as possible.
BLUETOOTH: [3] Bluetooth is a wireless technology
standard for exchanging data over short range, Jim Kardach
coined the term Bluetooth (Bluetooth 1.0) in 1999. In 2004,
Bluetooth enhanced data rate. Frequency of this
communication media is 2.4GHz and range is about 1 to
100m. Bluetooth was standardized as IEEE 802.15.1, which
was mainly developed to for replacing cable communication.
It has a bandwidth of 720 kbps.
WI-FI: [12][13][14][15] In the year 1988, IEEE standard
802.11 was released. Developed in the year 1997, Wi-Fi was
using IEEE standard 802.11 by Vic Hayes who was
responsible for this. Wi-Fi was developed especially for Web,
Video and for mailing purpose. The bandwidth of Wi-Fi is
more than 11,000 kbps and the range is around 1 to 100m.
Wi-Fi is famous for speed and flexible communication.
GROWTH OF SMART TRANSPORT SYSTEM USING IOT
Mobile Ad-hoc Networks, in short MANETs is an
infrastructure less network, where each node is free to move
around in any direction. Hence it will be disconnecting from one
device and getting connected to another device or node nearby in
the range. In this technology each node has to be routed, so as to
send the information from source to destination. The main
challenge in forming this network is that, nodes created should be
self-updated to latest information flowing in the network.
MANETs network is highly dynamic network topology, as nodes
are not fixed to a point, which may lead to disconnection.
MANETs are used for collections of data read by sensors and
hence they are very useful in variety of applications like
monitoring of air pollution, but problem with this technology is
that nearby sensor node will be collecting similar data which may
lead to data redundancy, which is the main disadvantage of
MANETs. So many algorithms have been developed to rectify
this fault. If there are many nodes in a network between source
and destination nodes, destination node may receive data with
some delay. In MANETs the source node will be simultaneously
and continuously transmitting data packets to the nearby nodes,
which may result in data
redundancy or garbage data, hence resulting into packet loss.
To prevent this flooding of data, many protocols have been
introduced where they are implemented using their own
algorithms to find the shortest path to send the data from
source node to destination node.
In the paper [18], the authors have focused on Mobile adhoc
networks and Vehicle Ad hoc networks. They described the
differences between MANETs and VANETs. They have
discussed architectures and various characteristics of MANETs
and VANETs. Various Routing protocols used in MANETs are
Proactive, Reactive, and Hybrid. In Reactive protocols, there are
again different protocols DSDV and AODV. They have again
brought up differences between DSDV and AODV. Similarly,
they have listed various protocols used in VANETs. Performance
analysis of both MANETs and VANETs are presented.
Performance variable: “Dynamic change of nodes”, is a major
change in these two. Pattern of Result are analyzed and
performance matrix is designed using various Protocols.
VANETS are further used for smart transport system. In
[20], the typical issues identified are car accident, road safety,
and pollution and congestion reduction in city. Evaluation
Approach is placing ITL (intelligent traffic lights) in every
intersection of 4 roads and with the help of VANETs,
communication between vehicles and infrastructures solves
the problems identified.
One more feature e-notify, automated accident detection is
discussed. In this paper, they have come up saying that AODV
protocol is better than GPRS and GOPS in traffic
management. Proposed claim in this paper is Distribution of
ITL is possible in every corner of city. This is useful to update
traffic and weather related information to the vehicles coming
by and also taking info from them as well. This is their smart
city framework that is presented. The authors have written
their own algorithms to manage Traffic management.
The algorithms to manage Warning messages using routing
tables are efficient. In this they have restricted speed of the
vehicles based on weather condition as well as density of traffic.
Data analysis, driver reaction time and distance travelled are
analyzed. Time factor analysis for the traffic and weather, with
and without the proposed claim i.e. ITL, is also discussed.
In [19], typical issues are identified based on quality of
service. Authors are highlighting that centralized, server based
traffic have many drawbacks 1. Lack of privacy 2. Questionable
scalability 3. Inhibited innovation and service quality. Regarding
the evaluation Approach, they have come with overlay-based geo-
cast systems. They have defined an attacker model. It is shown
that without additional protection mechanism, the difficulty for
placing surveillance on individual node is low. They have
discussed possible improvements like Overdrive and Overlay
representative for geo-cast overlays. They have discussed
functionality and privacy concepts of overdrive. For requester to
request about the information of
2015 International Conference on Green Computing and Internet of Things (ICGCIoT)
807
traffic, message is transferred to nearest neighborhood
vehicles based on the algorithms they have developed. Firstly,
as soon as the message enters the geographically portioned
concentric ring, node in the target area answers the query
requested by directly sending a response (via IP) to the
requester. Secondly, as a privacy concept in this
communication, they have formulated and developed
algorithms for data to be transferred in particular direction
using IP protocol. Attacker model, developed with many
assumptions initially assist in surveillance of individual
targets, which helps in deciding nearest neighbor for passing
data. For proofs, they have done simulation, on their proposed
work. And proved their algorithms have better grip on privacy
issues than centralized traffic server.
In [21], typical issues identified are traffic light delay
traffic density and controlling of traffic congestion. Providing
first priority to the emergency vehicles by clearing the road
traffic is also explained. Setup for solution of system contains
IR proximity sensor, embedded processor and Xbee pro are
mounted on either side of roads and on emergency vehicles. In
the evaluation approach IR system is activated whenever any
vehicle passes on road between IR sensor and Xbee.
Embedded processor control node counts the number of
vehicles passing on road. Based on different vehicle counts, it
updates the traffic lights delay, according to the algorithm
mentioned in the paper. Smart traffic congestion is used with
an antenna signal updated from nearest traffic base station, to
follow shortest path route with less traffic jam.
Regarding system implementation, they have used
embedded duemilanove and Ethernet shield, Xbee, IR
proximity sensor, GSM modem, which is used for sending and
receiving SMS and is used for internet connection.
In [22], discusses the functioning of various elements used
in the scenarios. They have simulated the results as proofs of
their work. Typical issues identified are, traffic congestion in
urban areas, high traffic produces air pollution, driving in
traffic congestion, frequent idling and acceleration. Braking
increases energy consumption and wear and tear on vehicles.
Proposed solution is the smart vehicle using model called
Model Predictive Control (MPC). Main point of this paper is
to regulate the host vehicle with MPC by adjusting its safe
headway without aggressive control action. The host vehicle
is called as smart vehicle. Smart vehicle system includes
dynamic behavior of the FV (front vehicle) in the host vehicle
control model such inclusion avoids sudden braking and
collision. It also predicts the future trajectory of the immediate
PV (Previous Vehicle). Using this prediction, each time
system computes the control input for host vehicle & regulates
safe headway. The evaluation approach used is algorithmic
numerical simulation in dense traffic. In this paper, they have
propose smart traffic system, additionally they consider, how
to make vehicles smart for the traffic congestion.
In [23], typical issues are, growing size of city, increasing
population mobility and increased number of vehicles on the
roads, which has resulted in many challenges for road traffic
management. Reducing congestion, accidents and air
pollution. Evaluation approach is this paper has surveyed
various existing Traffic Management System (TMS) and then
it has given its own solution. The TMS has 4 phases: Data
sensing and gathering (DSG), Data fusion, Processing and
aggregation (DFGA), Data exploitation (DE), Service
Delivery (SD). DSG collects data from various heterogeneous
sources and feeds periodically. DFGA fuses and aggregates
the data, DE uses processed data to compute the optimal
routes, various traffic statistics. SD delivers this data to end
users. Later in paper they have discussed various DSGs
techniques and DFGA techniques. They have made a
comparison table of various existing Traffic Prediction
Approaches. Dynamic route planning algorithms to predict
best route for nearby short distance to reach destination during
traffic congestion, are designed.
The performance index in this paper is, time of data sensing to
data delivery to end user. Apart from this, paper has Parking
Management System They have even surveyed characteristics of
Vehicular Routing Protocols using comparisons. Remedies to
improvise the protocols are developed.
EVOLUTION OF IOT
The evolution of IoT in this paper is restricted only to the
historical development of the concept of IoT. It is observed
that the concept is speedily picked up by the user community
and industries to make the concept a reality. Since the
conception of IoT in 1999, years 2005 and 2006 saw
academician and industries conducting conferences dedicated
to IoT deployment techniques. Wireless communication is the
main pivot of the wide usage of IoT in recent days.
The journey of wireless communication standards from RFID
(1972) to Wi-Fi (1997) to IoT in smart transport vehicles is
interesting. The range of RFID and Zigbee is 10 to 200m and 1 to
75meters respectively. Bluetooth became a standard in all mobile
and electronic gadgets for smart range communication within 10
meters with a bandwidth of 720kbps.
The mass usage of smart phones in 2012 market had a
great impact on IoT applications [26]. The reason for this is
mainly the ease of app development on smart phones for
applications specific designs. Wi-Fi is the speediest
communication media available as on year 2015 with
bandwidth of around 11000 kbps.
IoT is also witnessing new and innovative application
design in multimedia communication. IoT is penetrating in
green computing, data mining and business data analytics,
scientific data analytics because of cloud computing platform
available as a design entity [30].
808 2015 IEEE International Conference on Green Computing and Internet of Things (ICGCIoT)
IoT has created revolution in smart vehicle technology by
introducing wireless standard communication devices. In smart
transport system if the vehicle is moving at a speed greater than
20km/hr. The GPS communication will not be a right solution
because the bandwidth of GPRS/GSM is in the range of 64 to 128
kilobytes per second. A good solution strategy to be used is a Wi-
Fi communication mode. The key attributes of Wi-Fi namely the
speed and flexibility play an important role.
Characteristics of IoT are as follows:
Effective perception: Any object which wants to be a
“thing” in the “Internet of Things” should have effective
and efficient sensors network which should be able to
comprehensively sense the data where is it placed to do the
required task.
Reliable Transmission: There are variety of available
networks like Radio networks, telecommunication
networks and internet. The selected network should be so
efficient that data sensed by sensor network will be
available anytime so this data has be transmitted when it is
available. Communication here may be wired or wireless.
Smart processing: When the data has been collected into
the cloud by using appropriate transmission medium, data
has to compute in the cloud. So that the system can take
further actions for which the whole system is designed for.
ROYALITY ISSUES IN IoT DESIGN
When a team is working on system design of IoT
applications few issues need careful attention. If the IoT
application designer is using all the open sources platforms,
there will not be any problem. IoT as a system design unit
requires:
• infrastructure for device interface
• cloud platform for data storage and data transfer
mobile or display unit as a front end unit network
service for internet connectivity if Wi-Fi is used as a
communication media
As a system designer to have a proof of concept of the
design unit a developer normally uses third party boards,
platform and services. For example, in an IoT application at
present Raspberry-pi and Intel Galileo boards or other boards
are available for development of IoT systems.
During the research stage it is perfectly fine to use a third
party development. During the phase of product development
as a pilot piece also, it is Ok, if the third party development
boards are used. Once the designers plan to commercialize the
product then the permission from the third party is mandatory.
The permission from the vendors will not be granted just
based on wish list. The vendors will give a list of rules which
the developers has to use. One clause in the set of rules will
be, the royalty to be paid to the vendors company per product
released.
For cloud platform for the data storage for prototype design
free open source cloud service can be used. Once the design is
deployed for commercial use the storage space of cloud will
not be sufficient, so the designer as a solution strategy contacts
the cloud service platform. The cloud platforms have their
own tariffs. It may be yearly or on monthly basis.
These points need due attention to avoid copyright issues.
If the copyright issues are violated huge fine has to be given.
The evolution of the IoT has seen tremendous progress in last
8 years. To describe as interesting point that happened in IoT
revolution seems to be appropriate here. In 1990, Dr. Sulivan
and team CSRIO Australia were working on radio astronomy.
They filed a patent on the concept of wireless communication
in 1990. The patent was accorded and the claim of the patent
accepted by the patent scrutiny committee. IEEE committee
USA standardized the 802.11 IEEE standards. In 1985
wireless LANs were implemented by US Federal
Commission. There was some confusion of the origin of Wi-
Fi. By then, US designed a number of internet devices and
started marketing. Subsequently CSRIO Australia with their
patent in radio astronomy for wireless communication filed a
court case against US federal. It was decided in court that an
initial token amount of $230 be paid as a compensation to
CSRIO Australia. The court hearing also fixed certain royalty
per internet devices, Henceforth the royalty has to be paid to
CSRIO. These issues of copyright, royalty should be taken are
of during the design commercialization.
CONCLUSION
The evolution of Internet of Things (IoT) is presented in the
paper. The progress in wireless communication and different
communication Medias are presented with technical
specifications. The recent trends of IoT applications to develop
smart transport system are discussed. The improvements in the
service protocols in V2V communication are presented. It can be
inferred that the best route to the destination can be obtained by
optimizing the protocols. Royalty and Copyright issues are
important during product commercialization using IoT.
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810 2015 IEEE International Conference on Green Computing and Internet of Things (ICGCIoT)
