Kathryn Rough

Google Inc. | Google · Google Brain

Background In a previous trial of antiretroviral therapy (ART) involving pregnant women with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, those randomly assigned to receive tenofovir, emtricitabine, and ritonavir-boosted lopinavir (TDF–FTC–LPV/r) had infants at greater risk for very premature birth and death within 14 days after delivery than thos...

OBJECTIVE: There is inconsistent evidence that zidovudine use during pregnancy increases overall, cardiac, and male genital malformations. DESIGN: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of zidovudine use and malformations and, using Bayesian methods, combined it with data from a cohort study of mother-infant pairs in the nationwide Medi...

This study examines the association between implementation of a Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services policy mandating suppression of substance abuse–related claims in Medicare and Medicaid Research Identifiable Files and rates of diagnoses for non–substance abuse conditions in those data.In a change from longstanding practice, the Centers for M...

Objective Compare and validate 5 algorithms to detect aberrant behavior with opioids: Opioid Misuse Score, Controlled Substance‐Patterns of Utilization Requiring Evaluation (CS‐PURE), Overutilization Monitoring System, Katz, and Cepeda algorithms. Study Design and Setting We identified new prescription opioid users from 2 insurance databases: Medi...

Introduction With increasing rates of opioid overdoses in the US, a surveillance tool to identify high-risk patients may help facilitate early intervention. Objective To develop an algorithm to predict overdose using routinely-collected healthcare databases. Methods Within a US commercial claims database (2011–2015), patients with ≥1 opioid presc...

(Abstracted from N Engl J Med 2018;378:1593–1603) Three-drug antiretroviral therapy (ART) during pregnancy has reduced the risk of perinatal transmission of HIV to less than 1% and has become the global standard of care. The Promoting Maternal and Infant Survival Everywhere (PROMISE) trial recently found that pregnant women in multiple sites of sub...

( BMJ . 2017;358:j3326) Neonatal abstinence syndrome is a recognized complication of intrauterine exposure to opioids. Neonatal abstinence syndrome can manifest in a number of different ways, from difficulty feeding and sleeping to more severe complications such as impaired thermoregulation, seizures, failure to thrive, and respiratory distress. Be...

Among human immunodeficiency virus-positive women in Botswana on the recommended first-line antiretroviral therapy regimen, tenofovir-emtricitabine-efavirenz, initiated within the first or early second trimester, we found no increased risk of stillbirth, neonatal death, preterm/very preterm delivery, or the infant being born small or very small for...

Postnatal antiretroviral (ARV) prophylaxis for infants born to women with HIV is a critical component of perinatal HIV transmission prevention. However, variability in prophylaxis regimens remains and consistency with guidelines has not been evaluated in the United States. We evaluated trends over time in prophylaxis regimens among 6386 HIV-exposed...

Purpose: The primary objective of this study was to characterize variation in patterns of opioid prescribing within primary care settings at first visits for pain, and to describe variation by condition, geography, and patient characteristics. Methods: 2014 healthcare utilization data from Optum's Clinformatics™ DataMart were used to evaluate in...

Objectives To assess the impact of in utero co-exposure to psychotropic medications and opioids on the incidence and severity of neonatal drug withdrawal. Design Observational cohort study. Setting Nationwide sample of pregnancies in publicly insured women in the US, nested in the Medicaid Analytic eXtract (2000-10). Participants 201 275 pregnan...

HIV treatment initiatives have focused on increasing access to antiretroviral therapy (ART). There is growing evidence, however, that treatment availability alone is insufficient to stop the epidemic. In South Africa, only one third of individuals living with HIV are actually on treatment. Treatment refusal has been identified as a phenomenon among...

Objective: We aimed to describe temporal changes in substance use among HIV-infected pregnant women in the United States from 1990 to 2012. Design: Data came from two prospective cohort studies (Women and Infants Transmission Study and Surveillance Monitoring for Antiretroviral Therapy Toxicities Study). Methods: Women were classified as using a...

Media reports have described recreational use of HIV antiretroviral medication in South Africa, but little has been written about this phenomenon in the scientific literature. We present original, qualitative data from eight semi-structured interviews that characterize recreational antiretroviral use in Soweto, South Africa. Participants reported t...

Individual-based modeling is a growing technique in the HIV transmission and prevention literature, but insufficient attention has been paid to formally evaluate the quality of reporting in this field. We present reporting recommendations for individual-based models for HIV treatment and prevention, assess the quality of reporting in the existing l...

We examined the prevalence of three domains of sexual behaviors among young Asian-American women: sexual experiences, safer sex practices, and potential HIV risk behaviors. We also investigated the impact of gender power control on these domains. Among sexually experienced women, 51% reported using condoms during their most recent sex act, 63% repo...