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Outdoor transmitter localization using the multiscale algorithm

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Current demand for wireless communications is increasing continuously, especially on localization services in determining optimal transmitter location through intelligent wireless communications. Using Received Signal Strength (RSS), the determination of the optimal transmitter location is realized. In this paper, we simulate a model for a case study, where the Wireless InSite program has been used to investigate the wave propagation with the reasonable RSS. Different locations of directional antenna transmitters have been selected to get a better coverage area in the selected case study using multiomnidirectional antenna receivers. An algorithm was formulated using the MATLAB program to determine Average Signal Quality (ASQ), Average Received Power (ARP) and the probability of the best receiver points. We find significant effects of the changing of the location of the transmitter which affected by environment including the presence of barriers and its related material properties.
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Authors Name:
Authors Name: Oras A.Shareef Al-Ani, Karrar S. Muttair, Mahmood F. Mosleh
Oras A.Shareef Al-Ani, Karrar S. Muttair, Mahmood F. Mosleh
Title of the Paper:
Title of the Paper: Outdoor Transmitter Localization using Multiscale Algorithm
Outdoor Transmitter Localization using Multiscale Algorithm
Title of the Journal:
Title of the Journal: International Journal of Simulation: Systems, Science and Technology(IJSSST)
International Journal of Simulation: Systems, Science and Technology(IJSSST)
Volume, Issue, Year, Page No.:
Volume, Issue, Year, Page No.: 20,1, 2019, 1-7
20,1, 2019, 1-7
DOI:
DOI: 10.5013/IJSSST.a.20.S1.03
10.5013/IJSSST.a.20.S1.03
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Publisher Article Link: https://ijssst.info/Vol-20/No-S1/paper3.pdf
https://ijssst.info/Vol-20/No-S1/paper3.pdf
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... It is a necessary measure in order to determine the extent of the losses that accompany paths when transmitted through space from the transmitting antennas to the receiving points antennas. It can be calculated based on the power strength that reaches for each receiving point, and as shown in Eq. (4) [18]. ...
... All materials used in building any simulated environment in the WIP have an electrical analog characteristic which is represented by conductivity and permittivity, and according to ITU's organization which is responsible for the effect of frequencies and materials on the direction of the signal path, it was assumed that the conductivity changes with the change of frequency and also changes with the change of materials used in building the simulation environment for some materials such as (concrete, wood, and glass), while the permittivity value is not changed when the frequency changes and the material changes [18]. The conductivity (σ) and permittivity (ε) are calculated on the basis of ITU for all frequencies according to Eq. (6) and Eq. ...
... The values of Wi-Fi power strength that reaching users subscribed to the wireless network[18]. ...
Antennas Performance Comparison of Multi-Bands for Optimal Outdoor and Indoor Environments Wireless Coverage
Article
Full-text available
  • Nov 2021
This paper aims to implement a wireless Wi-Fi network (Indoor and Outdoor) in order to cover the environment of the Oxford Institute (to learn languages and computer skills) in the best methods and lowest cost in order to provide Wi-Fi service for faculty members and all members of the administrative board and students. The realistic three-floor indoor and outdoor environments of the Institute were designed with Wireless InSite Package (WIP). In addition, emphasis was focused on the use of two types of transmitting devices (Directional and Omni-Directional). The aim of using these two devices is to determine which device is better to cover the Institute's environment well. In this work, a different frequency bands scenario was used to determine which band is suitable for coverage and stability of the wireless network. These bands are S-Band (2.4GHz), C-Band (5GHz), C-Band (10GHz), Ku-Band (15GHz), Ka-Band (28GHz), and MmWave (39GHz). Moreover, the focus has been on the most important basic parameters to determine the performance level of the two devices (Directional and Omni-Directional) as well as to determine the performance level of the wireless network. The most important of these parameters are Path Losses (LPath), Path Gain (GPath), Received Signal Strength (RSS), Strongest Received Power, Coverage Ratio (CR), and Received Signal Quality Ratio (RSQR). According to the results that emerged, it was observed that Omni-Directional antennas are much better than Directional antennas, especially in NLOS (None-Line-of-Sight) regions. It was also noted that CR, LPath, and RSS at S-Band (2.4GHz) are much better than the rest of the bands, so that the CR and the RSQR at this band reach 83.2184% and 95.7383%, respectively. While at the MmWave-Band (39GHz), it reaches 31.0345% and 70.7937% respectively.
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... It is a necessary measure in order to determine the extent of the losses that accompany paths when transmitted through space from the transmitting antennas to the receiving points antennas. It can be calculated based on the power strength that reaches for each receiving point, and as shown in Eq. (4) [18]. ...
... All materials used in building any simulated environment in the WIP have an electrical analog characteristic which is represented by conductivity and permittivity, and according to ITU's organization which is responsible for the effect of frequencies and materials on the direction of the signal path, it was assumed that the conductivity changes with the change of frequency and also changes with the change of materials used in building the simulation environment for some materials such as (concrete, wood, and glass), while the permittivity value is not changed when the frequency changes and the material changes [18]. The conductivity (σ) and permittivity (ε) are calculated on the basis of ITU for all frequencies according to Eq. (6) and Eq. ...
... The values of Wi-Fi power strength that reaching users subscribed to the wireless network[18]. ...
Antennas Performance Comparison of Multi-Bands for Optimal Outdoor and Indoor Environments Wireless Coverage
Article
Full-text available
  • Dec 2021
This paper aims to implement a wireless Wi-Fi network (Indoor and Outdoor) in order to cover the environment of the Oxford Institute (to learn languages and computer skills) in the best methods and lowest cost in order to provide Wi-Fi service for faculty members and all members of the administrative board and students. The realistic three-floor indoor and outdoor environments of the Institute were designed with Wireless InSite Package (WIP). In addition, emphasis was focused on the use of two types of transmitting devices (Directional and Omni-Directional). The aim of using these two devices is to determine which device is better to cover the Institute's environment well. In this work, a different frequency bands scenario was used to determine which band is suitable for coverage and stability of the wireless network. These bands are S-Band (2.4GHz), C-Band (5GHz), C-Band (10GHz), Ku-Band (15GHz), Ka-Band (28GHz), and MmWave (39GHz). Moreover, the focus has been on the most important basic parameters to determine the performance level of the two devices (Directional and Omni-Directional) as well as to determine the performance level of the wireless network. The most important of these parameters are Path Losses (LPath), Path Gain (GPath), Received Signal Strength (RSS), Strongest Received Power, Coverage Ratio (CR), and Received Signal Quality Ratio (RSQR). According to the results that emerged, it was observed that Omni-Directional antennas are much better than Directional antennas, especially in NLOS (None-Line-of-Sight) regions. It was also noted that CR, LPath, and RSS at S-Band (2.4GHz) are much better than the rest of the bands, so that the CR and the RSQR at this band reach 83.2184% and 95.7383%, respectively. While at the MmWave-Band (39GHz), it reaches 31.0345% and 70.7937% respectively.
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... The most widely used building materials in Iraq the concrete and bricks. The electrical properties of these materials including conductivity ( ) and permittivity ( ) have been previously reported elsewhere [14] [19] and listed in Table I [20] as a function of frequency. ...
... where is the time average power in watts, is the number of the paths, is the time of arrival during each ℎ propagation path and ̅ is the mean time of arrival [19] [20]. ...
Outdoor Millimeter-Wave Propagation Simulation Model for 5G Band Frequencies
Conference Paper
Full-text available
  • Apr 2020
This paper analyses the signals propagation characteristics and the most important obstacles that encountered these signals when transmitted from outdoor to indoor (O2I) antennas for the college buildings. These buildings consists of several floors and built in the 3D form according to the real dimensions. In this study, we used measurement analysis and a ray-tracing simulation model approach based on the use of the Wireless InSite (WI) software. The use of different frequencies related to the fifth generation (5G) which are 10, 17, 30 and 60 GHz. According to the results that appeared, it is observed the increase in frequency will lead to an increase in path loss, decrease the received signal strength (RSS). There is an inverse relationship between frequency increase and delay spread and an inverse relationship between frequency increase and received power. In addition, we noticed that there is a direct correlation between frequency increase and path loss, where increasing frequency will increase the path loss, decrease delay spread and received power. Finally, the building's barriers work on obstructing the direction of the signals path and dispersion of the received signal strength (RSS).
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... The most widely used building materials in Iraq the concrete and bricks. The electrical properties of these materials including conductivity ( ) and permittivity ( ) have been previously reported elsewhere [14] [19] and listed in Table I [20] as a function of frequency. ...
... where is the time average power in watts, is the number of the paths, is the time of arrival during each ℎ propagation path and ̅ is the mean time of arrival [19] [20]. ...
Outdoor Millimeter-Wave Propagation Simulation Model for 5G Band Frequencies
Experiment Findings
Full-text available
  • Apr 2020
— Design and implementation of wireless local area network for specific region with fifth generation (5G) networks being one possibility to reach high speed, low power and low latency. 5G technology is expected to officially available across the world in the near future. Therefore, this paper studies the propagation of the millimeter wave (mm-wave) at four frequencies 28, 39, 60 and 73 GHz. Designed the buildings according to the real geometric dimensions by using Wireless InSite program to investigate a deterministic model for outdoor propagation in the campus cells. Appropriate location has been identified for the transmitter that has a directional antenna. The receivers are divided into two groups, the first located in a place without any barriers between them and the transmitter which called LOS (Line-of-Sight). The second group is located in a place contains on barriers between them and the transmitter that cause a lot of reflections which called NLOS (Non-Line-of-Sight). With selection the best combination of the transmitter and the receivers antenna pointing angles at any location depending on the propagation conditions whether NLOS or LOS. The results waves propagation simulation have been analyzed in area taken and measuring parameters that included of path loss, delay spread and received power. Overall, the obtained results show that LOS has a high receiving capacity but less delay spread. In addition to that, we find that high frequencies as such 73 GHz have greater effects than low frequencies in the propagation of waves.
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... In the past decades, various communications whether via satellite or wireless communication networks have witnessed a wide and significant expansion in many parts and advanced standards [1]. Therefore, the backbone, as well as the driving force behind the most prominent and latest developments in various fields of wireless communication technology, appeared, and all this is due to antennas [2]. For this, antennas can be defined as a piece of metal that serves the function of sending or receiving different waves between more than one user. ...
A dual-element quad-port MIMO antenna modern design with ideal isolation correlation for 5G systems
Conference Paper
Full-text available
  • Sep 2023
Wideband Multi-Input & Multi-Output (MIMO) antenna is receiving increasing demand in the market which owns small size, low profile, and inexpensive for wireless applications all over the world. In this paper, we proposed a new design for the quad-port MIMO antenna that simulates the development in various wireless systems. This antenna has several features that distinguish it from antennas designed in other recent literature. The most important of these features is that it is very size small as it contains two antenna elements and outputs quad-ports, and this scenario is expected to be followed in the manufacture of fifth-generation (5G) and future sixth-generation (6G) antennas. In addition, it operates in Millimeter-Waves (MmWaves) bands that are wide, and multiple at a range from 30 to 70 GHz. The structure scenario for the proposed antenna is a sliced rectangle with herringbone strips and its dimensions (12×14×3.35 mm^3). In this work, we focused on the important standard parameters to determine the proposed MIMO antenna performance efficiency which are Reflection Coefficient (CC), Transmission Coefficient, Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR), Envelope Correlation Coefficient (ECC), and Diversity Gain (ÐƓ). According to the measurement results, it was shown that the antenna gives its best output at six resonant frequencies: 34.16, 39.68, 40.96, 46.4, 55.92, and 65.08 GHz. We noticed that the CC for these frequencies is -19.375, -33.796, -35.415, -47.801, -33.277, and -35.535 dB, respectively. In addition, we noticed that the isolation ratio between the ports is good as the maximum isolation is -63.583 dB at 44.2 GHz. Whereas, the VSWR value is approximately 1. Moreover, the ECC value is <0.012, and the ÐƓ value is up to 10 dB. With all these good results compared to the results of antennas presented in recent work by other researchers, our antenna will be an ideal candidate for various modern wireless systems in the 5G and future 6G.
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... The new 5G infrastructure companion is implemented within the WBAN network, which will open wide horizons in terms of higher bandwidth for communication, through which the largest amount of data is transmitted, as well as increase the speed of response and access to receiving systems, and also improve complex processing solutions and security for systems that carry this type of generation. In addition, health systems carrying this generation will be able to use the internet of things (loT) and use high-speed machine-to-machine (M2M) communications [13], [14]. ...
Wireless body-area network monitoring with ZigBee, 5G and 5G with MIMO for outdoor environments
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Full-text available
  • Apr 2022
Wireless body area network (WBAN) works near or inside the human body and is characterized by its accuracy in sending and receiving data. It works for long hours and must be low in energy consumption. One of its problems is that the transmission and reception distance is few and does not exceed a few meters. We worked on simulations based on a network consisting of ZigBee or fifth-generation (5G) and 5G with multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) nodes to deliver information to the center (hospital) at a 2.4 to 2.8 or 5 GHz frequency to solve this problem. Suppose the sensors are connected to the Arduino, which in turn is connected to the transmitter connection. The proposed method transmits data obtained from the sensor that touched the patient by multi-node to the hospital. The suggested method shows the best scenario to reduce energy consumption based on the number of active nodes. Based on the results obtained, we have noticed that ZigBee devices reduce energy use, perform better, and significantly extend the life of the nodes. While 5G devices increased the response speed in transferring data. In addition, MIMO antennas have the advantage of adding more stability in the connection between nodes.
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... One of the most important technologies that have been adopted in 5G networks that transmit radio signals to a high frequencies range (30-300 GHz). This range of bands is called the mm-Wave, which has attracted many researchers as an attempt to design efficient high-speed wireless networks for various applications of advanced telecommunications [9]. The mm-Wave has been used in various applications such as radar, satellites, and various military systems. ...
A New Design of mm-Wave MIMO Antenna with High Isolation for 5G Applications
Article
Full-text available
  • Jul 2021
In this paper, we propose a new design for a four-ports Multiple-Inputs Multiple-Outputs (MIMO) antenna. The main aim behind this work in this paper is to present an antenna with a smaller size compared to the designs presented by researchers in previous works, and it operates in the wide and multi-bands required by most advanced communication systems. The structural scenario of this antenna is square-shaped designed using the CST Studio Suite with real dimensions of 36 mm × 36 mm and a thickness of 1.6 mm. This antenna carries both wide and multi bands and operates in the Millimeter-Wave (mm-Wave) spectrum. This antenna has been designed to be suitable for all the fifth-generation (5G) communication applications. Based on the results obtained from the CST, it is observed that the impedance bandwidth of the MIMO antenna system is from 39 to 75 GHz. In addition, the antenna gave excellent results as each antenna in the MIMO configuration works independently because the isolation ratio among all ports is greater than 24.539 dB, and it reaches 43 dB at a frequency of 71 GHz. Moreover, a set of key performance measures of the MIMO antenna were analyzed, the most important which is the Envelope Correlation Coefficient (ECC) and found that the ECC value is less than 0.00075. So, this value is very small compared to the ECC values that were presented in previous researches. Index Terms-Diversity gain, ECC, high isolation, 5G MIMO antenna, 5G mm-Wave, single 5G antenna.
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... Many researchers investigate this subject as in [8] where two different localization algorithms are used: Trilateration and Multilateration techniques based on available anchor nodes and found that accuracy can be enhanced by increasing the number of anchor nodes. In [9], outdoor localization is studied through simulation study via Wireless InSite (WI) tool looking for optimal transmitter (TX) location with reasonable RSS to provide better coverage, there was a significant effect of obstacles presence and its related material properties on a location determination. Also, in [10] the researcher used the trilateration technique with a single uncertain reference point and two certain reference points, this method required costly calculations. ...
Position Estimation Using Trilateration based on ToA/RSS and AoA Measurement
Article
Full-text available
  • Feb 2021
With the increasing demand for recent lifestyle new achievements have been developed in various fields of science and technology, target localization is considered one of the most important subjects especially in indoor conditions since most of the social activities done in the indoor environment. The presence of large buildings such as hospitals, malls, schools and other facilities of modern life increases the need for accurate target positioning. In this paper, a proposed system included simple equipment on three transmitters and some computer packages are used to apply our experiment. The case study chosen in this work is simulated using Wireless InSite (WI) software to model the campus with its all building. Three transmitters (TXs) are installed in selected position while twenty receivers (RXs) are deployed randomly as a target to estimate their position utilizing Time of Arrival (ToA) and Received Signal Strength (RSS) to estimate distance then trilateration is applied to determine target position with Angle of Arrival (AoA). The achieved result is addressed using specific equations to estimate the target positions.
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... Furthermore, in indoor environments, millimeter-wave also has been used to deal with the Fifth Generation (5G) as a future of communication [10][11][12][13]. In addition, Time of Arrival (ToA) [14], Angle of Arrival (AoA) [15], Direction of Arrival (DoA) [1], and Received Signal Strength (RSS) [16,17], are also used as a prefer techniques individually or as a combination for position localization. All these methods estimate the distance between known Reference Points (RPs) and unknown targets, where the RPs could be Access Points (APs) or anchor point. ...
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Indoor Corridor Wideband Radio Propagation Measurements and Channel Models for 5G Millimeter Wave Wireless Communications at 19 GHz, 28 GHz, and 38 GHz Bands
Article
Full-text available
  • Mar 2018
  • WIREL COMMUN MOB COM
This paper presents millimeter wave (mmWave) measurements in an indoor environment. The high demands for the future applications in the 5G system require more capacity. In the microwave band below 6 GHz, most of the available bands are occupied; hence, the microwave band above 6 GHz and mmWave band can be used for the 5G system to cover the bandwidth required for all 5G applications. In this paper, the propagation characteristics at three different bands above 6 GHz (19, 28, and 38 GHz) are investigated in an indoor corridor environment for line of sight (LOS) and non-LOS (NLOS) scenarios. Five different path loss models are studied for this environment, namely, close-in (CI) free space path loss, floating-intercept (FI), frequency attenuation (FA) path loss, alpha-beta-gamma (ABG), and close-in free space reference distance with frequency weighting (CIF) models. Important statistical properties, such as power delay profile (PDP), root mean square (RMS) delay spread, and azimuth angle spread, are obtained and compared for different bands. The results for the path loss model found that the path loss exponent (PLE) and line slope values for all models are less than the free space path loss exponent of 2. The RMS delay spread for all bands is low for the LOS scenario, and only the directed path is contributed in some spatial locations. For the NLOS scenario, the angle of arrival (AOA) is extensively investigated, and the results indicated that the channel propagation for 5G using high directional antenna should be used in the beamforming technique to receive the signal and collect all multipath components from different angles in a particular mobile location.
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Indoor Millimetre-Wave Propagation Channel Simulations at 28, 39, 60 and 73 GHz for 5G Wireless Networks
Conference Paper
Full-text available
  • Sep 2017
Millimeter-wave indoor propagation characteristics including path loss models and multipath delay spread values for systems using directional and omnidirectional antennas are presented. The performance of four 5G candidate frequencies, 28 GHz, 39 GHz, 60 GHz and 73 GHz, are investigated in line-of-sight (LOS) and non-line-of-sight (NLOS) scenarios using published real time frequency measurements conducted in indoor environments. Comparisons are made against simulation data obtained from the 3D Ray Tracing Wireless InSite software over Tx-Rx separations of 1.5 m to 62 m. In addition, frequency-dependent electrical properties, such as conductivity-σ and permittivity-ε, of common building materials are incorporated in the simulation. Results show material type influences propagation behavior of mm-waves due to reflections, diffractions and penetrations of walls and objects (obstacles). It is also shown that while both, the received power and delay spread decrease with increasing frequency, the number of ray paths increases.
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A Survey on Wireless Transmitter Localization Using Signal Strength Measurements
Article
Full-text available
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Knowledge of deployed transmitters’ (Tx) locations in a wireless network improves many aspects of network management. Operators and building administrators are interested in locating unknown Txs for optimizing new Tx placement, detecting and removing unauthorized Txs, selecting the nearest Tx to offload traffic onto it, and constructing radio maps for indoor and outdoor navigation. This survey provides a comprehensive review of existing algorithms that estimate the location of a wireless Tx given a set of observations with the received signal strength indication. Algorithms that require the observations to be location-tagged are suitable for outdoor mapping or small-scale indoor mapping, while algorithms that allow most observations to be unlocated trade off some accuracy to enable large-scale crowdsourcing. This article presents empirical evaluation of the algorithms using numerical simulations and real-world Bluetooth Low Energy data.
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Optimization of the Overall Success Probability of the Energy Harvesting Cognitive Wireless Sensor Networks
Article
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  • Dec 2016
Wireless energy harvesting can improve the performance of cognitive wireless sensor networks (WSNs). This article considers radio frequency (RF) energy harvesting from transmissions in the primary spectrum for cognitive WSNs. The overall success probability of the energy harvesting cognitive WSN depends on the transmission success probability and energy success probability. Using the tools from stochastic geometry, we show that the overall success probability can be optimized with respect to (i) transmit power of the sensors, (ii) transmit power of the primary transmitters and (iii) spatial density of the primary transmitters. In this context, an optimization algorithm is proposed to maximize the overall success probability of the WSNs. Simulation results show that the overall success probability and the throughput of the WSN can be significantly improved by optimizing the aforementioned three parameters. As RF energy harvesting can also be performed indoors hence our solution can be directly applied to the cognitive WSNs that are installed in smart buildings.
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Outdoor Location Estimation Using Received Signal Strength-Based Fingerprinting
Article
Full-text available
  • Jul 2016
  • WIRELESS PERS COMMUN
A cluster-based intersection fingerprinting technique for outdoor location estimation using received signal strength (RSS) is proposed. The performance of the proposed scheme is demonstrated by making comparisons using RSS data from a simulated grid-based urban propagation model, RSS data generated by a network planning tool applied to a rural environment, and RSS data from real city environment. The proposed scheme first uses an optimal clustering scheme to portion the large outside area into different small regions based on the use of RSS deviations from the path loss model. For each region, a fine RSS distribution model is built to provide a good support for further positioning. An improved intersection method is then presented to find the most likely geographical area to further estimate a mobile user’s location. A comparison between cluster-based and grid-based environment partitioning is made. The experimental results show that the proposed clustering scheme gives good support for location estimation and the positioning accuracy is significantly improved.
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A Survey of Millimeter Wave (mmWave) Communications for 5G: Opportunities and Challenges
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  • Feb 2015
With the explosive growth of mobile data demand, the fifth generation (5G) mobile network would exploit the enormous amount of spectrum in the millimeter wave (mmWave) bands to greatly increase communication capacity. There are fundamental differences between mmWave communications and existing other communication systems, in terms of high propagation loss, directivity, and sensitivity to blockage. These characteristics of mmWave communications pose several challenges to fully exploit the potential of mmWave communications, including integrated circuits and system design, interference management, spatial reuse, anti-blockage, and dynamics control. To address these challenges, we carry out a survey of existing solutions and standards, and propose design guidelines in architectures and protocols for mmWave communications. We also discuss the potential applications of mmWave communications in the 5G network, including the small cell access, the cellular access, and the wireless backhaul. Finally, we discuss relevant open research issues including the new physical layer technology, software-defined network architecture, measurements of network state information, efficient control mechanisms, and heterogeneous networking, which should be further investigated to facilitate the deployment of mmWave communication systems in the future 5G networks.
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Enhancing Vehicular Communication Using 5G-Enabled Smart Collaborative Networking
Article
  • Dec 2017
5G is increasingly becoming a prominent technology promoting the development of mobile networks. Meanwhile, the ever increasing demands for vehicular networks are driven by a variety of vehicular services and application scenarios. Therefore, a new architectural design, which can harness the benefits of 5G for vehicular networks, can take a solid step toward increasing bandwidth and improving reliability for vehicular communications. In this article, we focus on the innovations of a novel and practical 5G-enabled smart collaborative vehicular network (SCVN) architecture, based on our long-term research and practice in this field. SCVN not only considers the various technical features of a 5G network, but also includes different mobile scenarios of vehicular networks. We have performed extensive experiments in various scenarios, including high-density vehicles moving at low or high speed across dense cells, to evaluate the performance of the proposed architecture. The real-world experimental results demonstrate that SCVN achieves better performance in throughput, reliability, and handover latency compared to its counterparts.
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Coverage and capacity in mmWave cellular systems
Conference Paper
  • Nov 2012
Millimeter wave (mmWave) communication has recently been proposed for use in commercial cellular systems as a solution to the microwave spectrum gridlock. MmWave spectrum is (potentially) available around the globe and recent hardware advances make mass market deployments feasible. In this paper, we study the coverage and capacity of mmWave cellular systems with a special focus on their key differentiating factors such as the limited scattering nature of mmWave channels, and the use of RF beamforming strategies such as beam steering to provide highly directional transmission with limited hardware complexity.We show that, in general, coverage in mmWave systems can rival or even exceed coverage in microwave systems assuming that the link budgets promised by existing mmWave system designs are in fact achieved. This comparable coverage translates into a superior average rate performance for mmWave systems as a result of the larger bandwidth available for transmission.
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Outdoor Location Estimation Using Received Signal Strength Feedback
Article
  • Jul 2012
An improvement to outdoor fingerprint location estimation based on clustering received signal strength (RSS) from base stations (BSs) is presented. The novel features that contribute to the greater accuracy are the use of deviations from the path loss model for each RSS component rather than the raw RSS for clustering; the accurate estimation of the cluster membership probability; the optimized trade-off between cluster size and accuracy of cluster modeling; and clusters are invariant to the BS or relay station (RS) power.
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