Biosynthesis, Spectroscopic, and Antibacterial Investigations of Silver Nanoparticles

Abstract

Silver nanoparticles can be produced by an array of procedures, such as chemical, physical, and biological processes. The process of biosynthesis is more economical and significantly more environmentally friendly. We describe an environmentally compatible method (biosynthesis) of producing silver nanoparticles (Ag: NPs) with the capping component Artocarpus heterophyllus in this research work. Powder-X-ray crystallography (P-XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR), UV–visible (UV–Vis), Photoluminescence (PL), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and an antimicrobial test were all used to examine the synthesized samples. The P-XRD analysis revealed that the produced NPs have an FCC form with a typical particle size of 23 nm. FT-IR spectra further demonstrate the availability of the functional groups in the synthesized nanoparticles. The absorbance and transmittance spectra of the UV–Vis study have shown substantial transparency and less absorbance of the Ag: NPs in the entire visible region. The bandgap of the Ag: NPs was found to be 3.25 eV using the Tauc relation. In the PL study, an emission peak at 472 nm was found, suggesting the fluorescence emission of Ag: NPs. The FE-SEM micrographs provide confirmation of the surface-wide aggregate of nanostructural homogeneities. The FE-SEM micrographs illustrate that Ag: NPs are homogeneous aggregates of very small spheres. Variations in particle size and surface area-to-volume ratios of synthesized NPs have been proven to be responsible for the antibacterial activities. According to the antibacterial study, Ag: NPs restrain the development of both normal and harmful bacteria and so have the potential to be utilized for coating surgical equipment for aseptic operators in the healthcare industry.

Full text

Vol.:(0123456789)
1 3
Journal of Fluorescence
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10895-023-03398-7
RESEARCH
Biosynthesis, Spectroscopic, andAntibacterial Investigations
ofSilver Nanoparticles
HelenMerinaAlbert1· KishoreMendam2· PrafullaGendajiBansod3· M.S.SrinivasaRao4· ArchanaAsatkar5·
M.KalyanChakravarthi6· M.P.Mallesh7
Received: 7 August 2023 / Accepted: 16 August 2023
© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2023
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles can be produced by an array of procedures, such as chemical, physical, and biological processes. The
process of biosynthesis is more economical and significantly more environmentally friendly. We describe an environmentally
compatible method (biosynthesis) of producing silver nanoparticles (Ag: NPs) with the capping component Artocarpus het-
erophyllus in this research work. Powder-X-ray crystallography (P-XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR), UV–visible
(UV–Vis), Photoluminescence (PL), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and an antimicrobial test were
all used to examine the synthesized samples. The P-XRD analysis revealed that the produced NPs have an FCC form with a
typical particle size of 23nm. FT-IR spectra further demonstrate the availability of the functional groups in the synthesized
nanoparticles. The absorbance and transmittance spectra of the UV–Vis study have shown substantial transparency and
less absorbance of the Ag: NPs in the entire visible region. The bandgap of the Ag: NPs was found tobe 3.25eV using the
Tauc relation. In the PL study, an emission peak at 472nm was found, suggesting the fluorescence emission of Ag: NPs. The
FE-SEM micrographs provide confirmation of the surface-wide aggregate of nanostructural homogeneities. The FE-SEM
micrographs illustrate that Ag: NPs are homogeneous aggregates of very small spheres. Variations in particle size and surface
area-to-volume ratios of synthesized NPs have been proven to be responsible for the antibacterial activities. According to
the antibacterial study, Ag: NPs restrain the development of both normal and harmful bacteria and so have the potential to
be utilized for coating surgical equipment for aseptic operators in the healthcare industry.
Keywords Biosynthesis· XRD· FTIR· UV–vis· Photoluminescence· HR-SEM· Antibacterial effect
* Helen Merina Albert
drhelenphy@gmail.com
Kishore Mendam
mkishoremkr@gmail.com
Prafulla Gendaji Bansod
prafullabansod@rediffmail.com
M. S. Srinivasa Rao
subbusoft2004@gmail.com
Archana Asatkar
asatkar@gmail.com
M. Kalyan Chakravarthi
kalyanchakravarthi.m@vitap.ac.in
M. P. Mallesh
malleshmardanpally@gmail.com
1 Department ofPhysics, Sathyabama Institute ofScience
andTechnology, Chennai, India
2 Department ofZoology, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, Open
University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
3 Department ofBotany, Vidya Bharati Mahavidyalaya,
Amravati, Maharashtra, India
4 Department ofMechanical Engineering, Vallurupalli
Nageswara Rao Vignana Jyothi Institute ofEngineering &
Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
5 Department ofChemistry, Govt. Nagarjuna P.G. College
ofScience, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
6 School ofElectronics Engineering, VIT-AP University,
Amaravathi, AndhraPradesh, India
7 Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Hyderabad,
Telangana, India
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Journal of Fluorescence
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Introduction
Nanotechnology is involved in the development of com-
pounds, electronics, and structures on a nanometer level
(1‒100nm) by the manipulation of matter at this level and
the utilization of unique nanoscale properties. Because of
the relevance of quantum and surface boundary effects,
nanomaterials typically have quite different properties than
their bulk counterparts. The form, size, surface properties,
and interior structure of nanoparticles are the most impor-
tant parameters. Nanoparticles have a variety of physical
or chemical properties due to their small size, such as col-
loidal capabilities, optical properties, or electric properties
[1–3]. Nanoparticles (NPs) have grown in importance in
research and development, with numerous potential appli-
cations in the fabrication of electronic, optoelectronic,
LEDs, storage devices, bio-sensors, and optical and optical
fiber systems [4, 5]. Recent studies highlight the signifi-
cance of ecologically friendly technologies for producing
metal oxide nanoparticles, where oxides of metals such as
zinc, gold, copper, silver, and nickel are becoming more
important [6, 7]. Ag: NPs, on the other hand, stand out
among metal oxides because of their significant electron
transportation, exciton binding energy, wider bandgap, and
good optical transmittance [8].
Silver nanoparticles have remarkable physical, chemical,
and organic traits amongst different metal nanoparticles.
Extensive studies are being carried out on Ag: NPs owing
to their potential applications in clinical devices, pharmaceu-
ticals, biomedical, water purification, optical, and household
items [9, 10]. Ag: NPs have different natural applications
significantly antimicrobial, antimalarial, anti-inflammatory,
wound recuperating, chemo-preventive agent, and so on. Ag:
NPs and silver-based materials are exceptionally harmful to
microorganisms. Silver is known for inhibiting a wide range
of bacterial strains and pathogens commonly seen in clini-
cal and mechanical settings [11, 12]. Antibacterial efficacy
refers to the process of eliminating or suppressing disease-
causing microbes. A range of antibacterial agents is utilized
for this. The fundamental reason for considering NPs as
an option for antibiotics is that NPs can effectively reduce
microbial drug resistance in specific circumstances [13, 14].
Many public health risks have risen as a result of the misuse
of antibiotics such as superbugs that do not respond to any
known drug and epidemics against which medicine has no
resistance. The hunt for new, effective bactericidal materials
is crucial in the fight against resistant bacteria, and nano-
particles (NPs) have emerged as a promising way to address
this issue. Biosynthesized Ag: NPs limit the growth of both
normal and pathogenic bacteria, and hence could be utilized
to coat surgical tools for aseptic operators in the medical
industry [15].
For the synthesis of NPs, a variety of approaches are
available, including chemical, physical, and bioreduction
procedures [16, 17]. Physical and chemical techniques are
rather hazardous and expensive, while biological techniques
are eco-friendly, secure, and less difficult for nanoparticle
synthesis [18]. The concern with chemically producing sil-
ver nanoparticles is that they have a short lifespan owing to
clustering. The silver nanoparticles generated in the majority
of cases are highly unstable, necessitating the inclusion of
an additional capping agent to ensure stability. Hence, due
to the abrasiveness of traditional chemical procedures, bio-
logical organisms have been used to convert silver ions in
solution into colloidal nanostructures. Also, with the bio-
synthesis technique, the size characterization and toxicity of
a compound can be adjusted. It could be accomplished by
employing appropriate solvents and herbal resources, such as
organic products. Presently, diverse biological entities such
as bacteria, fungi, yeast, and plant products are extensively
used in green approaches to generate nanoparticles [19, 20].
Among the green synthesis methods, exploitation of plant
extracts is an easy and clean method to synthesize metal NPs
at a large scale compared with the microorganism or fungi-
mediated methods. Furthermore, the leaf extracts themselves
serve as capping & reducing agents, lowering the overall cost
of the method. Plant-via nanoparticle synthesis is fairly quick
because, unlike microbial synthesis, it does not require the
use of particular media or growth conditions [21]. Ag: NPs
synthesized through this approach are quite stable because
of plant peptides and proteins. The biological aspect of the
biosynthesized NPs relies on different elemental features like
size, shape, morphology, cell agglomeration, and reducing
agent utilized in the amalgamation of nanoparticles.
Several research groups have reported biological meth-
ods for synthesizing Ag: NPs using plant extracts. Accord-
ing to prior reports, Ag: NPs were synthesized by means
of leaf extracts such as Calliandra Haematocephala [22],
Carica papaya [23], Carissa Carandas [24], Carya illinoin-
ensis [25], Clerodendrum inerme [26], Ixora coccinea [27],
Origanum Vulgare [28], Pedalium murex [29], Petroselinum
crispum [30], Prosopis Juliflora [31], and Phlomis [32]. In
the present work, we have used an extract of fresh Artocar-
pus heterophyllus (Jack fruit) leaves as a reductant & cap-
ping substance to produce Ag: NPs. The jackfruit tree is a
member of the mulberry family. The tropical and subtropical
parts of the world, particularly Southeast Asia, are home to
this tree. The Artocarpus heterophyllus leaf offers an array
of therapeutic properties, plus diabetes prevention, antioxi-
dant protection, and anti-aging. It's also high in potassium,
which helps to keep blood pressure and heart rate in check.
In the present investigation, Ag: NPs are synthesized using
the leaves of the Artocarpus heterophyllus plant in the bio-
synthesis procedure. Several authors have documented the
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Journal of Fluorescence
1 3
natural synthesis, spectral description, surface morphology,
and antibacterial properties of Ag: NPs in their backyards
[33, 34]. In this study, we used P-XRD testing to identify the
form and dimension of synthesized Ag-NPs. the structures
and size of synthesized Ag: NPs, UV analysis to explore the
optical nature of the compound, PL spectroscopy to iden-
tify the photoemission, FT-IR analysis to evaluate the exist-
ence of vibrational modes, FE-SEM analysis to analyze the
surface texture of the compound, and antibacterial assay to
analyze the antibacterial effects.
Materials andMethods
Leaf Extract
Fresh Artocarpus heterophyllus (Jack fruit) plant leaves
were harvested from the central region of Kalpakkam, Tamil
Nadu, India. To eliminate the dust, the leaves were cleansed
repeatedly with distilled water. In a glass container, 50g
of cleaned, dried leaves were added with 150mlof puri-
fied water to make the extract. The resulting solution was
cooled to room temperature and then filtered once boiled for
20min, until the color changed from watery to dark brown.
Synthesis ofAg: NPs
To produce Ag: NPs, a beaker containing 100ml solution of
Artocarpus heterophyllus leaves extract was heated gradu-
ally using a stirrer and heating setup. A suitable quantity
(10g) of AgNO3 was introduced into the prepared solu-
tion once the temperature attained 60°C. The combination
was then heated until its colour changed from dark brown
to brownish-black; revealing the growth of Ag: NPs. Arto-
carpus heterophyllus leaves, its extract, and observed colour
change with the addition of AgNO3 are shown in Fig.1. The
synthesized nanoparticles were agitated for about 10min
at 10,000rpm. Ag: NPs were collected after draining the
supernatant. The obtained nanoparticles were allowed to dry
after being mixed with a little amount of ethanol and heated
in Mantle Heaters. The prepared NPs were used for further
characterizations.
Results andDiscussion
X‑ray Crystallography
X-ray diffraction analysis is a simple technique for deter-
mining the chemical structure of crystalline samples and
providing information on the particle size [35, 36]. Any
crystal could reflect X-ray radiation, resulting in an array of
diffraction patterns. These patterns will indicate the phys-
icochemical features of the crystalline materials. Diffrac-
tion patterns usually originate from the test samples which
represent their structural physiochemical characteristics.
Diffraction patterns are crucial for the structural analysis of
these materials. By comparing the diffracted patterns with
the JCPDS reference database any material may be identi-
fied and recognized since it has its own diffraction pattern.
The substance under test is finely powdered and blended for
the diffraction study. The diffraction patterns were created
using CuKα radiation with a wavelength of 1.541Å. For dif-
fraction analysis, a small portion of the material was placed
on a glass plate. Scanning was performed on the samples at
0.02 min‒1 rate over the range 20‒80°.
Both the crystallinity and the generation of Ag-NPs are
confirmed by the appearance of several sharp peaks as in
Fig.2. In this plot, prominent peaks were indexed based on
the FCC structural reports (JCPDS file no 04–0783). Spe-
cifically, Ag-NPs show six prominent diffraction peaks at
the 2θ values 27.95°, 32.20°, 38.12°, 46.29°, 54.66°, and
64.48°, which correspond to the (121), (101), (111), (-112),
(020), and (220), respectively. The XRD pattern shows a
number of extra peaks that were not assigned. These extra
peaks are assumed to be the result of the coagulation of the
bioorganic layers on the face of the synthesized samples. The
typical particle size of the biosynthesized Ag: NPs was cal-
culated with Debye–Scherrer's formula [37] from the most
intense peaks:
Fig. 1 a Artocarpus heterophyllus leaves, b Leaves extracts, and c
AgNO3‒induced colour shift
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Journal of Fluorescence
1 3
where D represents the average crystalline size (nm), λ rep-
resents the wavelength (Å), β represents the full-width at
half-maximum (radian), and θ represents the scattering angle
(degree). The mean size of produced Ag: NPs was deter-
mined to be 23nm using the above relation.
FT‑IR Analysis
FT-IR spectroscopy is frequently used in the investiga-
tion of pharmaceutical raw materials, with both mid and
near-IR spectroscopy acting as standard procedures for
assessing both active chemicals and active medical com-
ponents. Unquestionably, the most popular spectroscopic
technique for examining inbound raw materials is near-
IR spectroscopy. The mid-IR spectroscopy is particularly
helpful for identifying and analyzing active ingredients
in pharmaceutical samples as it typically offers the most
information about the chemical composition of a sample
[38, 39]. The non-intrusive FTIR analysis was applied to
classify the functional groups present in the synthesized
Ag: NPs. The specimens were made by evenly dispersing
Ag: NPs in a matrix of dry KBr. The measurements were
taken between 4000‒400 cm‒1 and the recorded FT-IR pat-
tern of Ag: NPs are shown in Fig.3. FT-IR curve displays
D
=
0.89𝜆
𝛽
Cos
𝜃
nm
some considerable absorbance bands at 3272, 2051, 1631,
1380, 949, and 549 cm–1 in the biosynthesized Ag: NPs.
The absorbance band at 3272 cm–1 is assigned to the intra-
molecular OH bonding of water molecules. The absorbance
band at 2051 cm–1 might be attributed to the C = C alkynes.
The prominent absorbance band at 1631 cm–1 is designated
to theC = O stretch of carboxylic group. The band at 1380
cm–1 might be attributed to the symmetrical stretch of the
carboxyl groups in protein amino acid traces and the absorb-
ance at 949 cm–1 is assigned to the C = C alkenes’ bend.
Fig. 2 XRD diffraction patterns
of biosynthesized Ag: NPs
Fig. 3 FT-IR spectrum of biosynthesized Ag: NPs
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Journal of Fluorescence
1 3
The absorbance band at 549 cm−1 indicates the creation of
Ag-NPs. According to the FTIR analysis, the carboxylic
acid (-OH), Aromatic (C-H), and Amides (C = O) groups
of Artocarpus heterophyllus leaves extract are primarily
engaged in the transformation of Ag+ to Ag: NPs.
UV–Vis Analysis
UV–Vis spectroscopy is a low-cost, adaptable, and non-inva-
sive analytical method that can detect a wide range of the
transmission or absorption of light related to the wavelength
of organic and inorganic molecules. This spectroscopy is
applicable to a wide range of sample kinds, comprising sol-
ids, liquids, glasses, thin films, and nanoparticles. The optical
nature of the prepared Ag: NPs sample has been evaluated by
UV–Vis analysis [40, 41]. The UV–Vis spectra were derived
from the “Jasco UV–Vis-NIR (Model: V-670) spectropho-
tometer” over the range of 800–300nm in a data interval of
2nm at a scan speed of 200nm/min. Figure4 depicts the
optical absorbance spectrum of biosynthesized Ag: NPs. The
absorbance is high at 300nm and decreases abruptly from 300
to 400nm. From 400nm, the absorbance slightly decreases
and becomes very little at higher wavelengths. Similarly, the
optical transmittance of the sample steeply increased from
300 to 400nm and then gradually increased upto 800nm.
The absorption edge found at 300nm could be attributed to
electronic transitions in the sample. The high optical trans-
mittance or low absorption in the entire visible implies its
usefulness for optical applications [41].
The spectral analysis of optical transmittance is also essen-
tial in finding the bandgap of the produced samples. The band-
gap is one of the significant characteristics of the NPs because
it substantially influences both the electrical and optical char-
acteristics. The bandgap of the Ag: NPs is calculated using
the Tauc relationship by means of UV absorbance spectra.
According to theTauc relationship [35], the absorption coef-
ficient (α)is defined by
where, A is a constant that changes in transition process,Eg
represents the bandgap of the substance, hν represents pho-
ton energy, and n is an integer that may have values such as
1/2, 3/2, 2, or 3 based on the kind oftransitions. For a per-
mitted transition, n value is set to 1/2. A plot between hν and
(αhν)2 can be obtained from the UV curve and is shown in
Fig.5. The bandgap of the Ag: NPs is calculated by tracing
a straight line in the graph's linear section at (αhν)2 = 0. The
bandgap of the Ag: NPs is determined as 3.25eV.
Photoluminescence Study
The Photoluminescence (PL) study is a versatile method for
analyzing a compound's electronic structure and optical prop-
erties [42,43]. PL analysis can be subjectively and statistically
applied to investigate compounds depending on the properties
and intensity of light emitted by the substance. It is now fre-
quently used to describe the physical and chemical aspects of a
system and its evolution [44]. The homogeneous Ag-NPs were
disseminated equally in a solution of water and the PL spec-
trum was taken out for Ag: NPs in the 400‒750nm region, by
a 270nm excitation wavelength source. The recorded PL spec-
trum of the biosynthesized Ag-NPs from Artocarpus hetero-
phyllus leaves extract is illustrated in Fig.6. From the curve, a
highly intensive emission peak has been observed at 472nm.
After that, the intensity of emission gradually decreases and
reaches a minimum at 600nm. Jiang etal. have reported that
the emission peak in the water phase was formed at 465nm
in the PL spectra of Ag: NPs [45]. Hence, in the present case,
the emission peak formed at 472nm in the PL spectrum is
slightly higher-shifted.
𝛼h𝜐=A(h𝜐−Eg)n
Fig. 4 UV–Vis absorbance and transmittance spectra of Ag: NPs Fig. 5 Plot of hν versus (αhν)2 for Ag: NPs
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Journal of Fluorescence
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FE‑SEM Investigation
TheFE-SEM technique is used to capture incredibly fine
topographic details on the surface of entire or fragmented
materials [46]. The FE-SEM can be used, for instance, to
investigate polymeric materials, coatings on microchips,
and the organelles and DNA material found in living things.
For this purpose, prepared samples were coated with an
extremely thin layer (2nm) of gold palladium. The coating
on the sample forms a conductive layer which improves the
secondary electron signals and also protects the sample from
overheating. The morphology of the sample is replicated
by the appearance of a real-time image on the monitor. The
FESEM images of the biosynthesized Ag: NPs are provided
in Fig.7. Figure7a represents the observation of the Ag:
NPs at 30.0K X focuses, whereas Fig.7b represents the
view at 80.0K X resolution across the 5.8mm width of
the Ag: NPs sample. The FESEM images confirm that the
Ag: NPs made from leaf extract of Artocarpus heterophyllus
are well-dispersed, versatile, and spherical. The nanoparti-
cles are of a comparatively open, quasi-linear substructure
instead of a closely packed assembly. A closer examina-
tion indicates that Ag-NPs are poly-disperse groups of tiny
spheres with high uniformity.
Antibacterial Efficacy
Due to the large surface-to-volume proportion and unique
physiochemical characteristics, Ag: NPs have proven to be
an effective antibacterial against multidrug-resistant bacte-
ria [47]. Moreover, Ag: NPs can pass through bacterial cell
walls, altering the structure of cellular membranes and even
perhaps resulting in cell death [48]. The antibacterial activity
of biosynthesized Ag: NPs towards pathogenic bacteria such
as Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi, was tested with
Mueller–Hinton agar plates. The zone of inhibition encir-
cling the well was observed shortly after the incubation time
(30min). The antibacterial efficacy of the biosynthesized
Ag: NPs was observed by measuring the inhibition zone.
The antibacterial efficiency of as-synthesized Ag: NPs was
examined at three distinct concentrations: 20, 40, and 60µl.
At all concentrations (20, 40, and 60µl), a clear inhibition
zone was found in E. coli and S. typhi plates. Particularly, E.
coli is more responsive to Ag: NPs than S. typhi. According
to the experimental data, E. coli had inhibitions of 6, 10,
and 12mm while S. typhi had inhibition of 4, 7, and 9mm
respectively, for 20, 40, and 60µl concentrations. Figure8
depicts the inhibition zones and Fig.9 displays the compari-
son of inhibition zones of biosynthesized Ag: NPs by E. coli
and S. typhi species. The experimental findings show that
the Ag: NPs might control the growth of both normal and
harmful bacterium species. It has also been discovered that
increasing the concentration boosts antibacterial efficacy.
Following is an explanation of how the antibacterial
mechanism originated from the Ag: NPs. When Ag: NPs
Fig. 6 Photoluminescence spectra of Ag-NPs
Fig. 7 FE-SEM micrographs of
Ag: NPs with a 30.0K X, and b
80.0K X magnification
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Journal of Fluorescence
1 3
come into contact with bacteria, they permeate the cell
membrane after reacting with functional groups in the cell
membrane that include ‒COOH, ‒OH, and –SH [49]. Bac-
terial death is triggered by the deactivation of its genetic
material and cell protein. Following the presence of reac-
tive oxygen species (ROS) & the dispersal of Ag ions, Ag:
NPs have an efficient antibacterial assay. Enhanced surface
area, smaller particles, oxygen voids, and reactive molecular
mobility are all related to greater ROS. The hydroxyl (‒OH)
& superoxide
(O−
2)
radicals present in ROS have the ability
to damage DNA and membranes of cells. The Ag: NPs and
bacteria link together due to electrostatic attraction. Bacteria
cannot grow in such a setting, and the resulting ROS kills
the organism's cells [50].
Conclusions
The biosynthesis method of nanoparticles is substantially
safer and more environmentally friendly than chemical
procedures. In this study, we presented a bio-compatible
method of synthesizing Ag: NPs by employing leaf extract
of Artocarpus heterophyllus. Experimental analyses such as
P-XRD, FT-IR, UV–Vis, photoluminescence, FE-SEM, and
antibacterial efficacy were conducted for the characteriza-
tion of Ag: NPs. The XRD diffraction study confirms the
FCC formation of Ag: NPs. The typical particle size of the
biosynthesized Ag: NPs was found to be 23nm. FT-IR spec-
troscopy was applied to study the availability of functional
groups in the Ag: NPs. The absorbance and transmittance
spectra of the UV–Vis study have shown substantial trans-
parency and less absorbance for the Ag: NPs in the entire
visible region. The bandgap of the Ag: NPs was found tobe
3.25eV using the Tauc relation. In PL investigation, the
samples were found to be photoluminescent with an emis-
sion peak at 472nm. Confirmation of the surface-wide
aggregate of nanostructural homogeneities was provided
by the FE-SEM micrographs. The micrographs indicate
that Ag: NPs are poly-disperse clusters of smaller spheres
with high uniformity. Antibacterial activity was reported in
the plate treated with Ag: NPs. Clear inhibition zones were
observed in E. coli and S. typhi plates at the concentrations
of 20ul, 40ul, and 60ul, respectively. In particular, E. coli is
more responsive to Ag: NPs than S. typhi. According to the
experimental findings, the biosynthesized silver nanoparti-
cles limit the growth of both normal and harmful bacteria
and hence could be utilized to coat surgical tools for per-
forming aseptic procedures in the healthcare industry.
Fig. 8 The Antibacterial effi-
cacy of Ag: NPs againstE. coli
and S. typhi
Fig. 9 Inhibition zone of Ag: NPsagainst E. coli and S. typhi
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Journal of Fluorescence
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Author Contributions Helen Merina Albert: Conception and design,
Material preparation, Data collection and analysis Writing- original
draft preparation, Formal analysis and Investigation, Figures, Writing-
review and Editing. Kishore Mendam: Conception and design, Mate-
rial preparation, Data collection and analysis, Figures, Formal analy-
sis and Investigation, Writing- review and Editing. Prafulla Gendaji
Bansod: Conception and design, Writing- original draft preparation,
Formal analysis and Investigation, Writing- review and Editing. M. S.
Srinivasa Rao: Conception and design, Writing- original draft prepa-
ration, Formal analysis and Investigation, Writing- review and Edit-
ing. Archana Asatkar: Conception and design, Writing- original draft
preparation, Formal analysis and Investigation, Writing- review and
Editing. M. Kalyan Chakravarthi: Conception and design, Figures,
Formal analysis and Investigation, Writing- review and Editing.M. P.
Mallesh: Conception and design, Material preparation, Data collection
and analysis, Formal analysis and Investigation, Software, Writing-
review and Editing.
Data Availability The datasets generated during and/or analyzed dur-
ing the current study are available from the corresponding author on
reasonable request.
Declarations
Ethical Approval This article does not contain any studies with human
participants or animals performed by any of the authors.
Competing Interests The authors declare that no funds, grants, or other
support were received during the preparation of this manuscript.
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