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Evaluation of Suspended Veneer Façade Criteria at the Construction Stage
Abstract
Construction uses different innovative solutions and advanced technologies to increase effectiveness, safety assessment, site preparation, logistic, save resources, reduce waste and reworks. One of the ways to find the best solution is introducing specific problem-based evaluation criteria and applying complex multi-criteria evaluation systems. The aim of the current research is to develop a multifaceted criteria system for evaluation of suspended veneer façade installation solutions by increasing effectiveness according to sustainability at the construction stage, including expert survey and determining relative significance (weights) of criteria. The authors suggested three groups of criteria, evaluating preparation for construction, installation and the result, each group consisting of eight criteria. Some criteria were analyzed together with the future application of decision system tools and building information modelling (BIM) for information management and data analysis. The determined criteria weights will be applied in ranking of alternative suspended veneer façade solutions by using multiple criteria decision-making methods.
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The main aim of this research is to offer a new modern method of masonry façade installation, but before practical implementation, it is necessary to compare it with traditional methods of installation and make detailed analysis. The authors present the detailed analysis of three alternative methods of masonry façade installation: installation of suspend brackets for masonry and brick lintel hook system, installation of suspend brackets for masonry and brick slip lintels, installation of prefabricated tension masonry panels of 51 mm thickness. The aim is to select the most reasonable method of masonry façade installation at the design stage according to three groups of criteria: architectural, structural and technological-economic, each group consisting of eight criteria. Expert survey is made to estimate the weights of criteria and WASPAS (Weighted Aggregated Sum Product Assessment) method is applied to select the most suitable method for masonry facade installation at the design stage. It is observed that the analysed alternatives were ranked differently according to particular groups of criteria.
Despite the impact of water penetration on the performance of building envelopes, no general agreement is available on implementing water penetration due to wind-driven rain (WDR) in hygrothermal and moisture safety analyses. This study proposes a novel criterion for water penetration in clay brick masonry that depends on the water content level of masonry. An experimental campaign investigating water penetration in clay brick masonry exposed to uniform water spray is conducted on masonry triplets prepared from bricks with different water absorption properties and three mortar joint profiles. During each test, water absorption and water penetration are registered continuously. The results show that no water penetration occurs unless the water content of the specimens is above 90% of their saturation capacity. The saturation level at which penetration starts is consistent across all joint profiles and brick types. Accordingly, exposure to driving rain at levels below the threshold may not lead to water penetration. The utility and implications of the proposed criterion are briefly demonstrated by analyzing water content and water penetration in a clay brick masonry façade. The resulting water penetration is compared with the results obtained using a commonly accepted reference model that assumes one percent of all wind-driven rain deposited on the façade to penetrate the clay brick cladding. By linking water penetration in clay brick masonry to the water content, the proposed criterion is an attempt to logically explain a phenomenon of high scientific and practical relevance for moisture analyses of a frequently used type of building envelope.
This article provides a picture of the latest developments in providing BIM-based tools for construction and demolition waste (CDW) management. The coverage and breadth of the literature on offering BIM-based tools and technologies for dealing with CDW throughout the whole life cycle of construction are investigated, and gaps are identified. Findings reveal that, although various BIM-based technologies are closely associated with CDW, much of the existing research on this area has focused on the design and construction phase; indeed, the problem of CDW in post-construction stages has received scant attention. Besides, the now available tools and technologies are lacking in cross-phase insights into project waste aspects and are weak in theoretical rigor. This article contributes to the field by identifying the intellectual deficiencies in offering BIM-based tools and technologies when dealing with CDW. So, too, it points to major priorities for future research on the topic. For practitioners, the study provides a point of reference and raises awareness in the field about the most advanced available BIM-based technologies for dealing with CDW problems.
Integrating building information to support decision-making has been a key challenge in the Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) industry. The synergy of Building Information Modelling (BIM) and Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) is expected to improve information integration and decision-making. The aim of this paper is to identify strategies to improve the synergy between MCDM and BIM. From the earliest literature (2009) to the present, this study examines 45 articles combining MCDM with BIM. We find that the five major application domains are sustainability, retrofit, supplier selection, safety, and constructability. Five established strategies for improving the synergy between MCDM and BIM were discussed and can be used as a benchmark for evaluating the application of decision techniques in practice. This study points out gaps of combining MCDM and BIM in the current literature. It also sheds new light into combining MCDM with BIM for practitioners, as to promote integrated decision-making.
One of the major issues of the construction industry has been the "reworks" that affect the time, quality, and cost of projects. Therefore, reworks and the ineffective use of site resources and materials will always result in significant losses on projects. The development of information technology has led to the widespread use of Building Information Modelling (BIM) to enhance the delivery of more sustainable building construction projects. The purpose of this study is to combine the Step-wise Weight Assessment Ratio Analysis (SWARA) method and BIM technologies to identify and reduce time delays caused by reworks in construction projects. Firstly, 49 rework causes in residential buildings were identified and ranked. Then, BIM was generated and compared to the initial model. It was observed that working hours were reduced by 4.6%. Moreover, using an Earned Value Management (EVM) system, a 0.06 increase in Schedule Performance Index (SPI) factor was illustrated. Results obtained by this study provide an effective step in reducing a project's time in the construction industry.
With the rapid development of the construction industry, buildings have become the single largest consumer of energy in the world. The retrofitting of existing buildings offers an excellent opportunity to reduce global energy consumption and promote sustainable development. As the retrofit strategy determines the success of the retrofitting process, this paper proposes a decision support framework for retrofitting that integrates the building information modelling (BIM) with large-scale group decision-making, which is a new application of digital technology to the retrofitting of existing buildings. Within this framework, BIM provides massive geometric and non-geometric data for the multi-criteria large-scale group decision-making process. Taking into account the needs of various stakeholder groups and sustainable principle, we establish a comprehensive and innovative evaluation index system for community retrofitting, and use the group best-worst method to determine the criteria weights. The stakeholers evaluate alternative retrofit strategies through distribution linguistic preferences, with a consistency-driven optimization model used to personalize the stakeholers' numerical evaluation scales. Through k-means clustering and the consensus-reaching process, combined with objective data from BIM, we obtain the ranking of the alternative strategies. Finally, we apply the abovementioned decision support framework to the retrofitting of the Suifeng Garden community in China to demonstrate the rationality and superiority of the proposed approach.
Governments internationally encourage and support the development of modular buildings as they can improve efficiency in the construction industry. Meanwhile, judging from the numerous reports published by public agencies responsible for the regulation and enforcement of workplace safety (e.g., HSE UK), occupational health and safety is an important aspect that the construction industry has been concerned with as there is still much room for improvement. Therefore, practitioners and scholars have begun to study the safety risks of modular construction. In a similar manner, this paper summarises the existing literature on the application of Building Information Modelling (BIM) technology in the safety management of the construction industry in general and the main safety hazards of modular construction. The authors then analyse the application of BIM technology in the safety risk management of modular construction as a joint topic. This is the main contribution of this paper as there is very little research being done that links all three subjects together. The findings show that BIM technology has a great application potential in modular construction, and specifically in the training of staff, safety inspection, and crane management. By adopting BIM-based solutions it is likely to improve worker safety awareness, detect hazardous factors and scenarios and optimise site layout.
Extracting two-dimensional (2D) views and drawings from a three-dimensional model is essential for building information modeling (BIM). However, in practice, generating 2D deliverables from BIM results in additional work (>41%) and reduced consistency between drawings and BIM model data. This study aims to determine the information essential for acceptable drawing outcomes. Based on the drawing requirements at the construction documentation stage, information requirements for the BIM dataset were determined using the Delphi method. Moreover, a BIM data requirement framework for 2D deliverables was developed, and its effectiveness was verified via application to a pilot project. Consequently, the additional work reduced from 41% to 7.1%, and approximately 92.9% BIM-data consistency was secured. The data requirements for drawing creation in the current standards are insufficiently defined. This study can increase the productivity of the BIM-based drawing creation and determine additional information required in the existing standards to maximize the value of BIM.
Construction site layout planning (CSLP) refers to the facilities' placement in the site boundaries by optimizing layout objectives and considering constraints. This study aims to provide a framework for optimizing the construction site layout dynamically, utilizing information from Building Information Modeling (BIM) and Geospatial Information System (GIS). The framework arranges temporary facilities within the site boundaries by considering a multi-objective optimization problem for minimizing the total on-site travel distance of personnel and equipment between facilities and enhancing the safety level of the construction site. Since a good site layout would increase the safety level of the construction site, facilities are placed based on the proximity relationships among them, which represent the planner preference in locating the facilities near or far from one another due to safety concerns. Then, the Guided Population Archive Whale Optimization Algorithm (GPAWOA) is applied for solving the problem. The contribution of this study includes developing a more realistic model using BIM and GIS together for acquiring the spatial data, navigating dynamically, and considering available indoor and outdoor space continuously. Accordingly, a plugin is developed to find the optimum construction site layout using the ArcGIS APIs and Microsoft C#. Finally, an illustrative case is considered to validate the practicality and functionality of the suggested framework. The results depict that employing the proposed method decreases about 20% of the total on-site traveling distance. Additionally, it results in a safer facilities arrangement regarding the proximity preference, compared with conventional methods.
This paper presents the study of the most common types of construction flaws in facing brick facades. It is intended to study the intervening parameters and know the interrelations between them, developing a risk evaluation framework through a process of categorisation. The 274 cases analysed correspond to the totality of the period of the study and cover the entirety of the Spanish territory. The adaptation of the weighted factor method allows to establish and quantify risk categories according to the number of variants of interrelations and according to the number of cases, subsequently determining the risk of lawsuit for each construction flaw. The results include a dual study according to the two above-mentioned concepts, providing a standardised codification of each case, as well as its individual risk factor. As for the evaluation, five risk categories are established (very high, high, moderate, low and very low), allowing to demonstrate that, by intervening on certain interrelations (whether in the design stage or in the execution stage) it is possible to clearly reduce the probability of litigation, as well as the number of associated construction flaws. Consequently, the establishment of the aforementioned categories constitutes a very useful tool for risk managers – requiring first their identification and, secondly, their control and reduction.