Junaid Ahmed

Manipal Academy of Higher Education | MAHE · Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology

Objectives This study aimed to evaluate linear measurements of the frontal sinus (FS) and sphenoid sinus (SS) for sex identification on cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images. Methods A comparative CBCT analysis was conducted on 200 full field of view (FOV) scans taken as part of routine dental investigations. Dimensions of the bilateral fron...

The mandibular nerve and the mental foramen have occasionally shown variations in its anatomy. This report aims to present a case of lingual mental foramen recognised on three-dimensional cone beam computed tomographic imaging (CBCT). Routine Orthopantomogram (OPG) and CBCT images were evaluated to assess the status of impact third molars in a 31-y...

Introduction The primary aim of the study is to evaluate the morphological form of the maxillary first premolar using 2D geomorphometry and evaluate the sexually dimorphic characteristics. Methods The present study was carried out on standardized photographs of right Maxillary first premolar from 120 dental casts (60 male and 60 females). Twenty l...

Introduction: The aim of the study was to evaluate and compare the precision of dimensional measurements in digital panoramic radiographs (PRs) and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT)-generated panoramic images. Materials and Methods: Ten dry human mandibles were subjected to direct anthropometric measurements, digital panoramic radiography, and C...

Background: Genetic and epigenetic alterations have significant impacts on the morphology of permanent mandibular premolars and molars. Geometric morphometry is a powerful technique, which can be utilized to identify specific landmarks that exhibit variation and that are associated with ancestry and dimorphism. Methods: The geometric and anatomic l...

Inflammation of the gingiva is one of the most common and routine findings in dental practice. These routine appearances of inflammatory gingivae can show peculiarity when associated with an underlying systemic condition or because of reactive, benign, or malignant pathologies. This case highlights minute clinical signs of the gingiva that deviate...

Introduction The primary aim of the study is to evaluate the morphological form of the maxillary first premolar using 2D geomorphometry and evaluate the sexually dimorphic characteristics. Methods The present study was carried out on standardized photographs of right Maxillary first premolar from 55 dental casts (33 male and 22 females). Nineteen l...

CBCT significantly impacts dental procedures and has brought significant reforms to our approach to diagnosis and treatment planning despite its limitations in differentiating soft tissues. It is an excellent imaging modality and quickly identifies sinus opacification and provides valuable insight into paranasal sinus pathologies, with considerably...

CBCT significantly impacts dental procedures and has brought significant reforms in our approach to diagnosis & treatment planning despite its limitations in differentiating soft tissues. It is an excellent imaging modality and quickly identifies sinus opacification and provides valuable in-sight into paranasal sinus pathologies with considerably l...

Oral cancer is increasing in prevalence and its treatment is associated with high degree of morbidity and mortality. Thus, prevention of oral cancer is of utmost importance. Chemoprevention is the use of natural, synthetic, or biologic compounds to halt, reverse, or prevent the initial phases of carcinogenesis or the progression of neoplastic cells...

Aim: This study aims to detect the prevalence of oral manifestations in patients with psychiatric disorders on psychotropic medications. Materials and methods: A total of 46 patients above the age of 18 years who have been diagnosed with psychiatric illness and under psychotropic medications were included in this study. Thorough case history and...

Purpose This study aimed to correlate the pericoronal width surrounding impacted mandibular third molars with their histopathological findings. Materials and Methods The present study included patients who were advised for extraction of impacted mandibular third molars with the pericoronal radiolucency radiographically. The CBCT scans were compare...

Introduction The primary aim of the study is to evaluate the morphological form of the maxillary first premolar using 2D geomorphometry and evaluate the sexually dimorphic characteristics. Methods The present study was carried out on standardized photographs of right Maxillary first premolar from 55 dental casts (33 male and 22 females). Nineteen l...

Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate the distance from the buccal cortical bone surface to the root apex in the anterior mandibular teeth using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and to correlate it to various associated factors (tooth type, gender, and age). Materials and Methods: CBCT images of mandibular anterior teeth from 120 patient re...

Background: Oral health is considered to be an important factor in respiratory diseases like Pneumonia and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Poor oral health and abusive habits like smoking have been implicated as an independent risk factor for the development of COPD, but few studies have evaluated the association between oral health a...

Background: Numerous cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) studies have been done to analyze the canal anatomy of maxillary molars. However, research on comparison of symmetry in contralateral molars in the Indian population is limited. Aim: The aim of this study is to identify and assess the variations in the internal anatomy based on Vertucci's...

Background: Oral and oropharyngeal cancer is a debilitating disease with high morbidity and mortality. Depending on the site and extent of the involvement of the cancer and the type of treatment modality, these patients can develop pain, trismus, xerostomia, dysphagia, and taste disturbances, compromising them socially and nutritionally. The aim o...

Background The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is included in the category of ginglymoarthrodial synovial joints. The mandibular condyle plays a vital part in the development of the craniofacial complex. Hence, the evaluation and assessment of the condylar volume and its morphology are of utmost importance. Aim The aim of this research was to use con...

Background: Polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma (PLGA) is a slow growing malignant tumor of minor salivary glands and is generally of indolent nature. However, according to the most recent WHO Classification of Salivary Gland Tumors (2017), the cancer is classified as Polymorphous AdenoCarcinoma (PAC). PAC presents as a less aggressive tumor, th...

Aims and Objectives: To study the incidence of distant metastasis to bone and soft tissues from head andneck cancers and to assess the primary site of head and neck cancer, its clinical staging and its correlationwith the site of distant metastasis.Materials and Methods: Medical records of patients admitted for management of head and neck cancersin...

Willems gender-specific and non-specific maturity scores derive the age of the individual with acceptable error margins in the Belgian Population. This needs to be validated in various subpopulations to enable its use in age estimation. Our aim was to test the validity of both Willems’s I & II maturity scores to estimate dental age in children and...

Introduction: Temporomandibular joint disorders (TMDs) involve abnormalities of either the disc or associated muscular structure. Evidence continues to accumulate regarding the untreated diseases of stomatognathic system, in particular, malocclusion and TMDs, which eventually carry a risk of development of postural disorders. The present study was...

Introduction: Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) are abnormalities affecting the temporomandibular joint, jaw muscles, or both. An intrinsic relationship reportedly exists between TMDs and psychosocial factors, including stress. Parafunctional habits such as bruxism and clenching are also known to be responsible for TMDs. Objective: To determine...

Introduction: Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) are abnormalities affecting the temporomandibular joint, jaw muscles, or both. An intrinsic relationship reportedly exists between TMDs and psychosocial factors, including stress. Parafunctional habits such as bruxism and clenching are also known to be responsible for TMDs. Objective: To determine th...

Introduction: Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) are a heterogeneous group of pathologies affecting the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), the jaw muscles, or both. Epidemiological studies of TMD reveal a prevalence of 82% in the general population with 48% of them presenting with clinical features of muscle tenderness and difficulty in mouth opening....

Objective: To study the influence of skeletal malocclusion on the oropharyngeal airway volume and the difference in the airway volume among gender and the different types of skeletal malocclusion. Methods: A retrospective analysis of 180 full-field of view (FOV) CBCT scans (55 in Class 1, 55 in Class II, and 70 in Class III) were assessed to measur...

Background: Epithelial cells typically express E-cadherin where as N-cadherin expressed by mesenchymal cells. The epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a process by which epithelial cells lose their cell polarity and cell-cell adhesion, and gain migratory and invasive properties to become mesenchymal cells. EMT is typical for carcinoma cell...

Oral cancer has an overall survival rate of only 50%. This prognosis is significantly improved when this disease is diagnosed and treated in its early stages. Oral cancer is usually associated with classical clinical features associated with malignancy resulting in accurate diagnosis. However, certain cases of oral cancer, especially in its early s...

Aim: To evaluate the prevalence of Haller cells and the association between their existence and size of these cells with maxillary sinusitis and orbital floor dehiscence on cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans. Materials and methods: This was a retrospective study conducted on 300 CBCT scans with 200 ×170 cm field of view (FOV) taken for vari...

Background: It is acknowledged that the most effective means to contain the tobacco epidemic is to involve healthcare providers across various disciplines. The present study was undertaken to gain a comprehensive insight into various factors that determine the efficacy of multidisciplinary approaches in tobacco control. Methods: A cross sectional s...

Aim The aim of our study was to measure the frontal sinus morphology that could aid us in gender determination and also to assess the difference in measurements between the right and left frontal sinus. Materials and methods A retrospective study was done using 100 cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images (50 males and 50 females) matched with...

Aim: To assess the micronuclei assay based on age and gender variability from the buccal mucosal cells in patients using various forms of smokeless tobacco. Materials and Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among sixty eight individuals who had a history of chewing various forms of smokeless tobacco. The study subjects were divided accor...

Background: Oral lichen Planus (OLP) is a chronic inflammatory mucocutaneous disease with an uncertain etiology. OLP is predominantly seen in middle aged women. The symmetric lesions of OLP are often accompanied by burning sensation. The lesions have a low risk of malignant transformation. This study aims to describe the clinical characteristics am...

Aim This study was designed to compare the efficiency of conebeam computed tomography (CBCT) with panoramic radiography to discern external root resorption (ERR) in second molars. Materials and methods This was a retrospective study with a sample size of 50 participants who had a total of 120 impacted third molars visible on panoramic radiographs...

Oral manifestations in HIV infections are numerous and some of these are acknowledged as being of great importance in the early diagnosis of the disease. Many HIV-associated oral infections occur early in HIV disease, not infrequently as the presenting sign or symptom. Thus, early detection of the associated oral opportunistic infections should, in...

Background: The pattern of tobacco consumption survey among the students in a private dental college in Mangalore helps us to assess the awareness and pattern of tobacco consumption among the dental students and also to assess the preparedness for tobacco control among the future health care professionals in India. Aim: To study the awareness and p...

Verrucous proliferation arising from odontogenic cysts is a rare entity. We report an unusual case of an infected odontogenic cyst with verrucous proliferation and melanin pigmentation in a 13-year-old male patient who presented with an intraoral swelling in relation to impacted teeth 26 and 27. The enucleated lesion was diagnosed as an odontogenic...

Introduction Radiation exposure encountered in dentistry is minimal; however, their harmful effects cannot be ruled out. Though there are several guidelines established to minimize exposure to X-rays in dentistry, earlier studies have reported that practitioners are not entirely compliant with the same. There is, therefore, a definite need to ident...

A 17 year old girl reported with a complaint of white flakes falling off from the mouth since one year and pain along the right side of the face. According to the patient, the frequency of white flakes exfoliating was 150-200 per day which had reduced to 15-20 per day when the patient reported to us. The unusual feature of the present case was the...

Background Lingual foramen is usually located in the midline, leveled with or superior to the genial tubercles. The success of implant placements is dependent on the radiological examination, which helps the clinician to determine the parameters of implant placement by revealing the structures like the course of the nerves, location of foramens, he...

Introduction: Global Smokeless Tobacco (SLT) consumption is on the rise and constitutes a major Public Health problem. Controlling SLT intake is central to containing the increasing tobacco menace. Aim: The present study was undertaken to comprehensively explore various factors involved in SLT consumption and its cessation among current SLT user...

Background Squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck is the 6th most frequently occurring cancer worldwide, with over 400,000 cases projected annually. Multiple factors such as tobacco, alcohol, irradiation, virus, and chronic irritants are involved in the development of oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs). The most important risk factors are...

Aims and objectives The present study is an attempt to investigate prevalence of xerostomia and hyposalivation in type 2 diabetes mellitus using a modified Schirmer test (MST) and finding any association between xerostomia, hyposalivation, and oral microflora, namely, Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus spp., and Candida spp. with the glycemic cont...

Background: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), the most common malignancy of the oral cavity, shows geographical variation with respect to the age, sex, site and habits of the population. The histolopathologic grade of the tumor is closely related to its tissue of origin. This study was conducted to establish the prevalence of OSCC in relation t...

Immunology plays a very important role in homeostasis but it possesses two edge sword actions. Either decrease or increase can cause systemic diseases which will manifest in the oral cavity. Immunomodulatory drugs are the agents which modulate the body immunity according to the need. There are natural and synthetic immunomodulatory agents, this art...

Epithelial cells typically express E-cadherin, mesenchy-mal cells express various cadherins, including N-cadherin, R-cadherin and cadherin-11. N-cadherin is also known as neural-cadherin, non-epthelial cadherin or cadherin-2 and CD325. The term cadherin switching usually refers to a switch from expression of E-cadherin to expression of N-cadherin....

The spread of infection in the dental hard tissue begin as a carious lesion and spreads to the apical tissues and bone which are difficult to analyse clinically. Hence to assess the extent and type of destruction, to help reach a diagnosis and decide on the treatment modality radiographs become mandatory. Aim: To assess the pattern of radiographic...

Lesions of the oral cavity could be unilateral / bilateral and could be the initial manifestation of certain underlying pathology. Oral diagnosticians’ may be the ones who diagnose them in their initial stages. Unilateral lesions have been well documented whereas bilateral soft tissue lesions have been rarely documented in the literature. Hence we...

Objectives In order to facilitate and optimize learning process, there is need to evaluate preferred choice of teaching methods among dental students, especially in Indian scenario wherein lecturing remains the most commonly employed method of teaching. The aim of the present study was to assess and compare learning approaches among the male and fe...

To compare the efficacy of oral lycopene and injection betamethasone with control group in the management of oral submucous fibrosis. A hospital based longitudinal study, conducted on 270 patients over a period of 2 years (September 2010-September 2012). Out of 270 cases 223 (82.59%) were males and 47 (17.40%) were females which showed a male predo...

Background: Tobacco abuse is one of the most harmful habits practiced by the population worldwide. Aims: To assess various factors leading to initiation and discontinuation of tobacco and to understand different psychological aspects behind its initiation. Method: A cross sectional study was conducted among 300 past and current tobacco users visiti...

Soft tissue calcifications in the orofacial region are uncommon and are usually asymptomatic in nature. Some of the common calcifications found are Carotid artery calcifications (CAC), Triticeous cartilage, and Superior cornu of the thyroid cartilage, Tonsilloliths and lymph nodes calcifications. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence o...

Low CD4 counts is currently considered to be one of the main indicators of the progression of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-induced immune depression, but few studies have analyzed its relationship to the presence of oral cytological changes. The aim of this cross sectional study was to analyze the relationship between total CD4 lymphocyte cou...

Saliva has an important role in maintaining the structural and functional integrity of the oral structures. Sialorrhea is a condition wherein there is spillage of saliva beyond the margins of lip. Depending on the severity, sialorrhea might negatively affect the physical, functional psychological and social wellbeing of the patient as well as of th...

Aim We report a case of calcifying cystic odontogenic tumor affecting maxilla in a 48 year old male patient presented with painless extensive intraoral swelling with unilocular radiolucency and marked resorption of roots on radiographs. Summary Calcifying cystic odontogenic tumor (CCOT) is rare developmental odontogenic pathology. The first descri...

Neurofibroma is a benign peripheral nerve sheath tumor, usually found in association with Von Recklinghausen's disease of the skin. The solitary variant commonly occurs in the head and neck region, mostly affecting young adults. They are characteristically slow-growing masses, often asymptomatic and have been found most commonly in the tongue and b...

Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic performance of X (Barr body [BB]) and Y (F body [FB]) chromosomes observed in dental pulp tissue for gender determination of an individual. Materials and Methods: The study was carried out on 100 teeth (50 male and 50 female), which were indicated for extraction. The teeth were sectioned at various intervals (...

Aim: We report a case of calcifying cystic odontogenic tumor affecting maxilla in a 48 year old male patient presented with painless extensive intraoral swelling with unilocular radiolucency and marked resorption of roots on radiographs. Summary: Calcifying cystic odontogenic tumor (CCOT) is rare developmental odontogenic pathology. The first descr...

Context: A validated discipline-specific questionnaire has been developed recently to assess the quality of life (QOL) in patients with chronic oral mucosal diseases. Objective: Use the Chronic Oral Mucosal Diseases Questionnaire for evaluating a diverse group of patients with chronic oral mucosal disease after therapy. Design: Prospective con...

Introduction: Personal identification by various means is an important aspect of forensic science. Apart from teeth, which holds valuable potential for human identification, the role of orofacial structures cannot be ignored. One of the areas to be considered is the study of lip prints (cheiloscopy). Aim: The present study was carried out to invest...

Background: Odontogenic cysts and tumors are most common benign destructive lesions in the oral cavity. These cystic lesions with its central fl uid, reservoir of non-physiological composition, is in itself likely to provoke an infl ammatory response in the surrounding host tissues, which may result in its formation and enlargement.

Radiographs is an integral part of patient management in dentistry, despite their detrimental effects. As the literature pertaining to radiation protection among Indian dental practitioners is sparse, exploring such protection is needed. All private dental practitioners in Mangalore, India were included in the study. A structured, pre-tested, self-...

The lifestyle of an individual has varied implications in his/her overall health. Lifestyle diseases caused bysmoking and use of smokeless tobacco, alcohol consumption, poor nutrition, and obesity and stress contribute to the leading causes of preventable death. Of the lifestyle factors certain behaviors and practices such as poor eating habits, in...

Changes related to chronological age are seen in both hard and soft tissue. A number of methods for age determination have been proposed which can be classified in four categories, namely, clinical, radiological, histological and chemical analysis. In forensic odontology, Age estimation based on tooth development is universally accepted method. The...

Dermatoglyphics deals with the study of fine patterned dermal ridges on volar surfaces of soles, palms and ridges. The volar pads are mound shaped elevations on each finger above the proximal end on the distal metacarpal bone. It is unique for each person, and is not same even in monozygotic twins, studying them can be helpful in diagnosing certain...

Medical emergencies in a dental clinic can be alarming to any clinicianbut these situations become relatively less alarming with adequate precautions and necessary training. Serious medicalemergencies in dental practice are not common buta dentist must be equipped to handle such events. A detailed case history can give us a clue towards potential m...

Acupuncture, an alternative therapy which originated in China is now practised in various countries of the world It is a technique that involves the use of needles placed transcutaneously at specific points to cure the diseases. Its applications and popularity has grown over the years and is practised by various healthcare professionals for lower b...

Intraosseous vascular lesions are rare conditions, comprising only 0.5% to 1% of all intraosseous tumors. They mainly occur in the second decade of life especially in women. The most common location is vertebral column and skull, although rare instances of its occurrence in the mandible have also been reported. Central hemangioma of the mandible an...

Pain and discomfort are the frequent side-effects of the orthodontic therapy with fixed appliances. The people who experience orthodontic pain are likely to self-medicate with nonprescription pain relievers before seeing the dentist. It is imperative for an orthodontist to address questions that might arise in a clinical setting from the viewpoint...

Ozone therapy has been successfully used in the medical field for treatment of various diseases, for more than 100 years. Researches have shown the efficacy of both gaseous and dissolved ozone in eradicating a wide range of bacteria, bacterial spores and viruses. Ozone could also help in healing wounds, treatment of radiation-induced mucositis a...

Introduction: Students, like anybody else differ from each other. As students they differ in their preferred mode of learning, i.e. their preferred modes in gathering, organizing and thinking about information. A recent classification proposed by Neil Fleming and associates state that students learning styles can be divided into Visual/graphic, Aur...

Dental hard tissue during its developmental stages can undergo various changes leading to malformations either in the coronal or radicular aspect. These changes even though not very evident clinically if overlooked can be detrimental. In this article we aim to highlight various radicular malformations along with a report of a case. INTRODUCTION An...

Background: Initiation, perpetuation and cessation of smoking are all multifactorial. It is essential to explore interactions among various parameters influencing smoking and its cessation for effective smoking cessation interventions. Objectives: To obtain insights into smoking and its cessation among current smokers in India. Materials and me...

To curb the ever growing menace of tobacco and its ill effects, it is essential to prevent its usage. Dental professionals' contributions can be invaluable in this venture. To assess Indian dental graduates' knowledge, attitude and practices towards tobacco cessation; perceived effectiveness in pursuing tobacco cessation activities; perception of f...

This article describes a series of case reports involving peripheral ossifying fibroma in three patients to demonstrate the varying forms. The differential diagnosis, treatment options and possible etiology are presented and discussed.

Extraneous materials of varied nature are often introduced into maxillofacial region by diverse mechanisms. Retrieval of these foreign bodies may be quite challenging due to their size, location and the adjacent vital structures. Imaging techniques like CT and MRI are very helpful in localizing and deciding the surgical removal of these objects. Un...

Persistent inflammation has long been considered as an etiologic factor in the development of neoplasm. This report is an attempt to shed light on the likelihood of chronic periapical inflammation inciting ameloblastomatous transformation of odontogenic epithelial rests in the region of the mandibular molars. Introduction Ameloblastoma of the oral...

Background: Oral submucous fi brosis (OSMF) is a precancerous condition associated with the use of betel/areca nut in various forms. It is characterized by restricted mouth opening, tongue protrusion and cheek rigidity. Purpose: To correlate the clinical staging with histopathological grading in OSMF patients. Materials and Methods: A hospital-base...

Persistent inflammation has long been considered as an etiologic factor in the development of neoplasm. This report is an attempt to shed light on the likelihood of chronic periapical inflammation inciting ameloblastomatous transformation of odontogenic epithelial rests in the region of the mandibular molars. Introduction Ameloblastoma of the oral...

Intraosseous vascular lesions are rare conditions, comprising only 0.5% to 1% of all intraosseous tumors. They mainly occur in the second decade of life especially in women. The most common location is vertebral column and skull, although rare instances of its occurrence in the mandible have also been reported. Central hemangioma of the mandible an...

Granulomatous lesions of the Oral and Orophrayngeal submucosal tissues frequently affecting buccal and labial tissues are uncommon and present a diagnostic dilemma because of the wide variety of possible etiologic factors. The lesion affecting lips initially described by the German dermatologist Miesher as Cheilitis Granulomatosa is a rare disorder...

Background: Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma (MFH)is one of the most common soft tissue sarcoma in adultsand typically arises in the soft tissues of the extremitiesand retroperitoneum. The head and neck region are seldominvolved accounting for 3 – 8.5% of the cases. In thesuperficial sites such as skin, MFH may behave in a benignfashion despite the h...

Granulomatous lesions of the Oral and Orophrayngeal submucosal tissues frequently affecting buccal and labialtissues are uncommon and present a diagnostic dilemma because of the wide variety of possible etiologic factors.The lesion affecting lips initially described by the German dermatologist Miesher as Cheilitis Granulomatosa is a raredisorder ch...

Osteosarcoma is a bone tumor and can occur in any bone, usually in the extremities of long bones near metaphysealgrowth plates. The most common sites are the femur (42%), tibia (19%), and humerus (10%). Other signifi cant locationsare the skull and jaw (8%), pelvis (8%), other bones (13%). Osteosarcoma of the jaw differs from osteosarcoma of thelon...

Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) accounts for approximately 10% of all salivary gland tumors. It is the most common malignant tumor of submandibular and minor salivary glands. The most common location is the palate, generally in the area of the greater foramen. ACC is generally characterized by a slow growth rate, & it is often present for several ye...

Objective: To develop a reliable method of diagnosing the position of a displaced maxillary canine on the basis of a single radiograph.Study design: Based on the criteria of selection, 50 subjects [19 males and 31 females] with a total of 67 impactedcanines were evaluated. The ratio of the width of the displaced canine to the width of the homo-late...

The aim of this study was to investigate whether there was a correlation between the presence or absence of nutrient canals in intraoral periapical radiographs (IOPAR) and the two most common systemic diseases, hypertension and diabetes mellitus. The study included 150 patients selected due to the inclusion criteria detailed in the methods section....