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Nonlinear Dynamics of Resonant Tunneling Optoelectronic Circuits for Wireless/Optical Interfaces
Abstract and Figures
We report on experimental and modeling results on the nonlinear dynamics of a resonant-tunneling-diode-based (RTD) optoelectronic circuits that can be used as the basis of a wireless/optical interface for wireless access networks. The RTD-based circuits are optoelectronic integrated circuits that have negative differential resistance and act as optoelectronic voltage-controlled oscillators. These circuits display many of the features of classic nonlinear dynamics, including chaos and synchronization. These highly nonlinear oscillators behaves as injection-locked oscillators that can be synchronized by a small injection signal of either wireless or optical origin, and thus, can transfer phase encoded information from wireless to the optical domain or the optical to the wireless domain.
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... In this chapter, the investigated OEO system has a simple configuration whose nonlinearities and gain arise from the differential negative conductance (NDC) of a resonant tunneling diode (RTD) [17]. The RTD-based OEO comprises an RTD with a photoconductive region and a laser diode [18,19], forming an optoelectronic voltage controlled oscillator (OVCO) with both electrical and optical input and output ports [20,21,22]. As discussed throughout this chapter, the complex dynamics of RTD-OEOs is modeled input by a Liénard OEO system consisting by two sets of coupled differential equations, one describing the electrical properties of the oscillator circuit, which corresponds to a classical Liénard oscillator, and the other modeling the laser diode dynamics using the single mode laser rate equations. ...
... Resonant tunneling diode OEOs combine the electrical non-linearities of RTD oscillators with photo-detectors and laser diode light sources [17,18,21]. An RTD consists of a nano-electronic structure that uses a vertical stacking of epitaxial layers of semiconductor alloys with the active region consisting of a double barrier quantum well (DBQW), in total, about 10 nm thick, that act as a Fabry-Pérot interferometer for the electron wavefunctions. ...
... The Liénard oscillator described by the differential equations (13) and (14) is a system with at least two dimensions, which means that it is possible to have cyclic or periodic behavior represented by closed loop trajectories in the state space: the limit cycle solution. The motion on a limit cycle in state space represents oscillatory, repeating motion of the Liénard system, which in our case represents the formation of self-sustained oscillations in both electrical and optical domains as observed in the experimental circuit [20,21]. ...
In this chapter we present a comprehensive study on the dynamics of novel nonlinear optoelectronic oscillators (OEO) modeled by Liénard OEO systems. The OEO dynamical systems are based on negative differential resistance resonant tunneling diode oscillators incorporating a photoconductive region and laser diodes. The modeling results are in a good agreement with the wide variety dynamics that has been observed in recent experimental work spanning from self-sustained relaxation oscillations to injection locking and chaotic behaviors in both electrical and optical domains. Potential applications range from generation of periodic and chaotic signals for chaos-based communication schemes to highly stabilized OEOs for microwave-photonic systems.
... In this chapter, the investigated OEO system has a simple configuration whose nonlinearities and gain arise from the differential negative conductance (NDC) of a resonant tunneling diode (RTD) [17]. The RTD-based OEO comprises an RTD with a photoconductive region and a laser diode [18,19], forming an optoelectronic voltage controlled oscillator (OVCO) with both electrical and optical input and output ports [20,21,22]. As discussed throughout this chapter, the complex dynamics of RTD-OEOs is modeled input by a Liénard OEO system consisting by two sets of coupled differential equations, one describing the electrical properties of the oscillator circuit, which corresponds to a classical Liénard oscillator, and the other modeling the laser diode dynamics using the single mode laser rate equations. ...
... Resonant tunneling diode OEOs combine the electrical non-linearities of RTD oscillators with photo-detectors and laser diode light sources [17,18,21]. An RTD consists of a nano-electronic structure that uses a vertical stacking of epitaxial layers of semiconductor alloys with the active region consisting of a double barrier quantum well (DBQW), in total, about 10 nm thick, that act as a Fabry-Pérot interferometer for the electron wavefunctions. ...
... The Liénard oscillator described by the differential equations (13) and (14) is a system with at least two dimensions, which means that it is possible to have cyclic or periodic behavior represented by closed loop trajectories in the state space: the limit cycle solution. The motion on a limit cycle in state space represents oscillatory, repeating motion of the Liénard system, which in our case represents the formation of self-sustained oscillations in both electrical and optical domains as observed in the experimental circuit [20,21]. ...
In this chapter we present a comprehensive study on the dynamics of novel nonlinear optoelectronic oscillators (OEO) modeled by Liénard OEO systems. The OEO dynamical systems are based on negative differential resistance resonant tunneling diode oscillators incorporating a photoconductive region and laser diodes. The modeling results are in a good agreement with the wide variety dynamics that has been observed in recent experimental work spanning from self-sustained relaxation oscillations to injection locking and chaotic behaviors in both electrical and optical domains. Potential applications range from generation of periodic and chaotic signals for chaos-based communication schemes to highly stabilized OEOs for microwave-photonic systems.
... Optoelectronic integrated circuits (OEICs) based on III-V semiconductor resonant tunnelling diodes (RTDs) achieve enhanced functionality in combination with optoelectronic devices, such as photodetectors [1][2][3], optical modulators [4], and lasers [5,6]. The negative differential resistance (NDR) of RTDs provides the intrinsic power gain, which can reduce the employment of extra complex transceiver building blocks [7,8] and makes the systems both compact and energy-efficient. In addition, RTDs are considered to be the fastest solid-state electronic devices at room temperature [9] thanks to the ultra-fast quantum mechanical resonance tunneling effect. ...
We investigate the dynamic behaviour of resonant tunneling diode-photodetectors (RTD-PDs) in which the excitability can be activated by either electrical noise or optical signals. In both cases, we find the characteristics of the stochastic spiking behavior are not only dependent on the biasing positions but also controlled by the intensity of the input perturbations. Additionally, we explore the ability of RTD-PDs to perform optical signal transmission and neuromorphic spike generation simultaneously. These versatile functions indicate the possibility of making use of RTD-PDs for innovative applications, such as optoelectronic neuromorphic circuits for spike-encoded signaling and data processing.
... Increasing interest is presently focused on optoelectronic oscillator (OEO) dynamical systems subjected to optical injection that can generate simultaneously highly pure signal in both electrical and optical domains [1]. The resonant tunnelling diode (RTD)-OEOs combine the electrical non-linearities of double barrier quantum- well RTD oscillator with laser diode and photo-detector [2]. ...
In this study, the authors present a numerical study of the dynamics of a non-linear optoelectronic oscillator (OEO) based on the resonant tunnelling diode (RTD) oscillator incorporating a photo-detector and coupled to a non-linear electrical circuit. In the first part, it is found that the RTD-OEO oscillator presents periodic and quasiperiodic behaviours depending on the values of the parameters of a pulse-like optical signal. In the second part where the RTD-OEO is coupled to the Van der Pol oscillator, the dynamics present a variety of states including bursting, relaxation and sinusoidal oscillations.
An effective method for frequency division, which uses interacting self-sustained solitary waves propagating in a one-dimensional tunnel-diode oscillator lattice, is discussed. When two pulses are input successively, it is found that there is a threshold separation below which the following pulse is significantly attenuated to disappear on the way, which only slightly influences the leading pulse. This phenomenon results in an efficient frequency divider with a high division ratio, which requires a relatively small number of lattice cells. In this study, we illustrate the fundamental dynamics of the self-sustained pulse interactions and principal operation of frequency division with several experimental validations.
With the recent exponential growth of applications using artificial intelligence (AI), the development of efficient and ultrafast brain-like (neuromorphic) systems is crucial for future information and communication technologies. While the implementation of AI systems using computer algorithms of neural networks is emerging rapidly, scientists are just taking the very first steps in the development of the hardware elements of an artificial brain, specifically neuromorphic microchips. In this review article, we present the current state of neuromorphic photonic circuits based on solid-state optoelectronic oscillators formed by nanoscale double barrier quantum well resonant tunneling diodes. We address, both experimentally and theoretically, the key dynamic properties of recently developed artificial solid-state neuron microchips with delayed perturbations and describe their role in the study of neural activity and regenerative memory. This review covers our recent research work on excitable and delay dynamic characteristics of both single and autaptic (delayed) artificial neurons including all-or-none response, spike-based data encoding, storage, signal regeneration and signal healing. Furthermore, the neural responses of these neuromorphic microchips display all the signatures of extended spatio-temporal localized structures (LSs) of light, which are reviewed here in detail. By taking advantage of the dissipative nature of LSs, we demonstrate potential applications in optical data reconfiguration and clock and timing at high-speeds and with short transients. The results reviewed in this article are a key enabler for the development of high-performance optoelectronic devices in future high-speed brain-inspired optical memories and neuromorphic computing.
Continuous-wave room-temperature laser action has been achieved in GaAs/Al0:85Ga0:15As superlattice active medium. The excitation energy of 1.7018 eV has been calculated using the transfer matrix approach, which is consistent with the lasing wavelength.
We report on a hybrid integrated tunneling diode, with a simple structure, and a quantum well laser diode, lasing at ~1060 nm, on GaAs substrate. The low-frequency operation of the integrated circuit was measured and obvious negative differential resistance regions were shown in the electrical and optical output. The electrical and optical bistability were measured, and the peak and valley voltage were 2.03 and 2.17 V, respectively. A 140-mV-wide hysteresis loop and an optical on/off ratio of 21 dB were obtained. The device has potential applications in biomedicine and optical interconnects.
We report an optically controlled low-power on–off mode oscillator based on a resonant tunneling diode (RTD) that is monolithically integrated with a heterojunction phototransistor (HPT) optical switch. In order to achieve a low-power operation at a wavelength of 1.55 μm an InP-based quantum-effect tunneling diode is used for microwave signal generation based on a unique negative differential conductance (NDC) characteristic of the RTD at a low applied voltage. In addition, the high-gain HPT is used for converting incident optical data to an electrical data signal. The fabricated on–off mode oscillator shows a low-power consumption of 5 mW and a high-data-rate of 1 Gb / s at an oscillation frequency of 4.7 GHz. A good energy efficiency of 5 pJ / bit has been obtained due to the low DC power consumption along with high-data-rate performance of the RTD-based optoelectronic integration scheme.
We experimentally investigate the synchronous response of two
fiber-optic coupled optoelectronic circuit oscillators based on resonant
tunneling diodes (RTDs). The fiber-optic synchronization link employs
injection of a periodic oscillating optical modulated signal generated
by a master RTD-laser diode (LD) oscillator to a slave RTD-photodetector
(PD) oscillator. The synchronous regimes were evaluated as a function of
frequency detuning and optical injection strength. The results show the
slave RTD-PD oscillator follows the frequency and noise characteristics
of the master RTD-LD oscillator resulting in two oscillators with
similar phase noise characteristics exhibiting single side band phase
noise levels below -100 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz offset from the carrier
frequency. Optical synchronization of RTD-based optoelectronic circuit
oscillators have many applications spanning from sensing, to microwave
generation, and data transmission.
Some of the work carried out within the EU Network of Excellence ISIS on radio-over-fiber systems for the support of current and emerging wireless networks is reviewed. Direct laser modulation and externally modulated links have been investigated, and demonstrations of single-mode fiber and multi-mode fiber systems are presented. The wireless networks studied range from personal area networks (such as ZigBee and ultrawideband) through wireless local area networks to wireless metropolitan area networks (WiMAX) and third-generation mobile communications systems. The performance of the radio-over-fiber transmission is referenced to the specifications of the relevant standard, protocol operation is verified, and complete network demonstrations are implemented.
Some of the work carried out within the EU Network of Excellence ISIS on radio-over-fiber systems for the support of current and emerging wireless networks is reviewed. Direct laser modulation and externally modulated links have been investigated, and demonstrations of single-mode fiber and multimode fiber systems are presented. The wireless networks studied range from personal area networks (such as ZigBee and ultrawideband) through wireless local area networks to wireless metropolitan area networks (WiMAX) and third-generation mobile communications systems. The performance of the radio-over-fiber transmission is referenced to the specifications of the relevant standard, protocol operation is verified, and complete network demonstrations are implemented.
A thorough study of an all-optical chaotic communication system,
including experimental realization real-world testing and performance
characterization through bit-error-rate analysis, is presented.
Pseudorandom data that are effectively encrypted in the chaotic emitter
and sent for transmission are recovered at the receiver with
bit-error-rate (BER) values as low as 10-7 for 1 Gb/s data rate.
Different data code lengths and bit-rates at the Gb/s region have been
tested. Optical transmission using 100km fiber spools in an in-situ
experiment and 120km in an installed optical network showed that chaotic
communication systems does not act as a considerably deteriorating
factor in the final performance.
The use of wireless communications is set to increase dramatically during the next decade, driven by voice and data on mobile
and WLAN access networks. However, mobile operators will face many challenges in meeting this demand, both economically and
technically, as WLANs evolve through a bewildering number of different standards during the coming years. Potentially this
will require several upgrades to the WLAN infrastructure. A new approach for addressing these challenges is proposed in this
paper. It is based on an optical radio technique that uses electro-absorption modulators, and it promises to provide solutions
that will be transparent to changes in protocols and frequency of operation as well as reducing radio access infrastructure
costs.
Preface 1. A Nonlinear History of Radio 2. Characteristics of Passive IC Components 3. A review of MOS Device Physics 4. Passive RLC networks 5. Distributed systems 6. The Smith Chart and S-parameters 7. Bandwidth Estimation Techniques 8. High-Frequency Amplifier Design 9. Voltage References and Biasing 10. Noise 11. Low-Noise Amplifier Design 12. Mixers 13. Radio-Frequency Power Amplifiers 14. Feedback systems 15. Phase-Locked Loops 16. Oscillators and synthesizers 17. Phase noise 18. Architectures 19. Radio-Frequency Circuits Through the Ages.
Preface 1. Introduction Part I. Synchronization Without Formulae: 2. Basic notions: the self-sustained oscillator and its phase 3. Synchronization of a periodic oscillator by external force 4. Synchronization of two and many oscillators 5. Synchronization of chaotic systems 6. Detecting synchronization in experiments Part II. Phase Locking and Frequency Entrainment: 7. Synchronization of periodic oscillators by periodic external action 8. Mutual synchronization of two interacting periodic oscillators 9. Synchronization in the presence of noise 10. Phase synchronization of chaotic systems 11. Synchronization in oscillatory media 12. Populations of globally coupled oscillators Part III. Synchronization of Chaotic Systems: 13. Complete synchronization I: basic concepts 14. Complete synchronization II: generalizations and complex systems 15. Synchronization of complex dynamics by external forces Appendix 1. Discovery of synchronization by Christiaan Huygens Appendix 2. Instantaneous phase and frequency of a signal References Index.
The direct observation of the chaos signal patterns in a microwave frequency range was demonstrated on the resonant tunneling chaos generator circuit. It is difficult to observe such high-frequency chaos because one must use a sampling oscilloscope. To overcome this problem, we devised a special circuit controlling the chaos to output identical signals repeatedly. This permits us to observe (seemingly)random patterns. This control scheme may lead to various applications.
Experimental results are presented for the phase noise of a relaxation oscillator consisting of a resonant-tunneling diode in series connection with a transmission line, one end of which is shorted. Unlike constant-wave negative-resistance oscillators, the resonant-tunneling relaxation oscillator (RTRO) emits a sequence of sharp current pulses that are mode locked to the fundamental mode of the cavity formed by the short-circuited transmission line. The phase noise in the RTRO was investigated with and without injection locking by a weak sinusoidal source. Injection-locking gain of 51 dB was measured for fundamental injection locking. Subharmonic injection locking was demonstrated out to the 12th subharmonic. Also, timing jitter as low as 200 fs was measured for an RTRO that emitted ∼ 30 ps pulses at a repetition rate of 1.1 GHz. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
One THz harmonic oscillation was observed in a sub-THz oscillating GaInAs/AlAs resonant tunneling diode integrated with a slot antenna. The fundamental and third-harmonic frequencies were 342 GHz and 1.02 THz, respectively, for a 50 mu m long antenna. The maximum output power of the fundamental mode was around 23 mu W, and that of the third-harmonic component was 2.6% of the fundamental. Theoretical analysis with the van der Pole equation qualitatively explained the measured results. (c) 2005 Americian Institute of Physics.