Jonathan Han Chung Kwik

University of Amsterdam | UVA · Amsterdam Center for International Law

Machine learning techniques lie at the centre of many recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI), including in weapon systems. While powerful, these techniques utilise opaque models whose internal workings are generally quite difficult to explain, which necessitated the development of explainable AI (XAI). In the military domain, both perf...

In this paper we introduce a computational control framework that can keep AI-driven military autonomous devices operating within the boundaries set by applicable rules of International Humanitarian Law (IHL) related to targeting. We discuss the necessary legal tests and variables, and introduce the structure of a hypothetical IHL-compliant targeti...

The paper presents a formal model and an experimental verification of the system controlling the International Humanitarian Law compliance for the autonomous military device.

This position paper presents a discussion on the problem of implementing the rules of International Humanitarian Law in AI-driven military autonomous devices. We introduce a structure of a hybrid data- and knowledge-driven computational framework of a hypothetical targeting system built from the ground up with IHL compliance in mind. We provide a m...

Abstract: Meaningful Human Control (MHC) has been a consistent key term in legal debates concern-ing autonomous weapon systems (AWS), but its usefulness as a policy or lawmaking tool is limited due to a lack of clarity on what the concept encompasses. This study engaged in a thorough literature study of official statements, policy papers and academ...

Under international law, weapon capabilities and their use are regulated by legal requirements set by International Humanitarian Law (IHL). Currently, there are strong military incentives to equip capabilities with increasingly advanced artificial intelligence (AI), which include opaque (less transparent) models. As opaque models sacrifice transpar...

The trial of Dominic Ongwen, an ex-child soldier turned perpetrator, has attracted debate concerning the position of international criminal law (ICL) on perpetrators of war crimes with a complex background of childhood victimization. From some perspectives, such persons are accountable adults responsible for unspeakable crimes, while from others, t...

Control over marine areas is instrumental for a country's economy, resources, and security. This vested interest of States in surrounding oceans leads to maritime boundary disputes, which are common in South East Asia. Maritime boundary disputes can be resolved through many methods, and it is often difficult for individual States to determine which...

Ethnic and religious plurality is inextricably linked with Ambonese history. The conflict of 1999–2003 disrupted this stability and caused great damage, segregation, and radicalization. Reestablishing peace proved difficult because of complex social, economic, political, and religious factors, and parties struggled to address deep-rooted issues suc...

This article demonstrates the strategic position of Lembaga Adat Negeri in the fulfilment of the long-neglected right to reparation of victims in post-conflict Ambon. Lembaga Adat Negeri was chosen as the object of analysis due to their close cultural affiliation with the Ambonese society. Due to the important role of Lembaga Adat Negeri in local A...

Belgian authorities received a request from Spain for the arrest and extradition of the Basque couple Moreno-Garcia, two Spanish nationals who were suspected of illegally housing commandos of the separatist group ETA. 1 This request set in motion an eleven-year long judicial struggle for Moreno and Garcia in their fight against extradition, which h...

Term Paper, Bachelor Program, Universiteit Groningen, The Netherlands

Bachelor Thesis, Rijskuniversiteit Groningen, The Netherlands

Term Paper RIjksunversiteit Groningen, The Netherlands

Research paper, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, Master Program

Research paper at the Universiteit Gent, Belgium

The concept of universal jurisdiction in international law is not a new one, and can be traced back to the ancient offence of piracy.1 Its underlying philosophy is simple: some crimes are so severe, or so universally condemned, that it is the right – and perhaps duty – of every state to contribute in combatting the impunity of its perpetrators. In...