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The Stressful Personality: A Meta-Analytical Review of the Relation Between Personality and Stress

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Abstract

The current study presented the first meta-analytic review on the associations between the Big Five personality traits and stress measured under different conceptualizations (stressor exposure, psychological and physiological stress responses) using a total of 1,575 effect sizes drawn from 298 samples. Overall, neuroticism was found to be positively related to stress, whereas extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness were negatively linked to stress. When stress assessed under different conceptualizations was tested, only neuroticism, agreeableness, and conscientiousness were related to stressor exposure. All of the Big Five personality traits were significantly associated with psychological stress perception, whereas the five personality traits showed weak to null associations with physiological stress response. Further moderation analyses suggested that the associations between personality traits and stress under different conceptualizations were also contingent upon different characteristics of stress, sample, study design, and measures. The results supported the important role of personality traits in individual differences in stress.
 
The Stressful Personality: A Meta-Analytical Review of the Relation Between Personality
and Stress
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Abstract
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Keywords:0/"!&&!-)&!&(.(.&"!&&)!()"&.(.
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1*&)!*""""!.,)!&.""!"&"!*/*.*,,!(&&"!&&
)!!!&!(&)!/**(')!&/!/1*"!","&."!"!&$
(!!"&"*)!/**",!&"'"9."(!/1""'*"&''!=*"!""
&&!"*,*&"(("&%"1"0/)!&.""!"&*&"!&&*"
*",)&&%.&!(&,"!"",*&$
'"9."(!/1,"!."%"1"0/)!&.""!"&*&"!&&
&')!"",!".&",!!&&$0!&"")!&"&"*)!/*&"!"(.%&&,!
5
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*!&"*1*,,!"*'&,"0/)!&.""!"&!&&("*1"&"!&&
*"!%&"&&,"&&&("&$(*(()".="&*'&!'",&"!&&
/!1*.$)*"*,"&*'&!&""!'&"!&&(!,!"*,,!"
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"&&"'"(../&""1"!")!&."9&"!&&.A/!&("")1
&"!&&&(()".=*$'"9."(.!/1((.!,"&&&("&$."*.
&"*&/!*"!'&,*&&*(')"&,"&"!&&)!(&&'&!*!&."
(&*!%./!""-&"."!"!&$&""'*!",,("&,
)!".="**,,!","!&,&"**&&(*)!*!&"*,"
!."&%"1)!&.""!"&*&"!&&$!*"'"**/*!(","
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&"*&1"&'&"*&*'&"!"&%&"".&&("&%"1)!&.""!"&*
&"!&&1!&"!&,.",*"-)("*,,("&*&)"*F"&""&"(.)1!*
"&,!.%.'&!&$&&"&="/.%.&"*&"!'"9.&&
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,*&*"(!"&').&!'&!&&.&"*&?$0..,!')!("(.
)!&)("/-'1)!&.""!"&*&"!&&!"!(("*)!/*&&""
*/*.*,,!(&&"!&&-)!(&1(',!"!.)*",*/*.&1!
"!!&A&,&,,!,!'&"!&&""!&$D/""&"!&&&(.&."*""!
')!""."*"('&*!&"**/*.*,,!(&&"!&&'/
').("&,!%""!."*''"$
")!&"'"9."(!/11-'*:?"!%&"&&,"/!..
!."&%"1*,,!"*'&&,"0/)!&.""!"&*&"!&&B?1"!
4

"&&("&%"1)!&.""!"&*&"!&&*,,!*)*"(()".=",
&"!&&>&"!&&!-)&!/&$)&(.(.&"!&&)!()"/&$)&.(.&"!&&!&)&?B?
1%!A*1%*,,!"(()".="&1"!".A&%"1)!&.""!"&
*&"!&&!-)&!)&(.(.&"!&&)!()"*)&.(.&"!&&!&)&/!
(!&&'*!"!&$
Theoretical Relation between Personality Traits and Stress
,*&)!(&&1"'.").&"&**'&&>".$@@4).".$
+8BE!A&& !+3?""!'&"!&&(%&*"!,!"*,,!"(')"&,
")!(&&$''.!,!!*"&&"!&&!-)&!&"!&&(%(()".=*&-"!.
/!'"./"&!(*"&""!)""..*'*"!"!(..
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Personality Traits and Stress Conceptualizations
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Expected Relationships between the Big Five and Stress
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H&.&$(.",("!&"./*"/-)!(&&(&!."&)(,.("
""'""!1&!&.",!'.1(&("&&&&(&%').&/$!,!
(&("&&&'.&''=&")!()"&,&"!&&"!-)!('!
)&"/.,-)!(&""!&.",!').*.9*!("*%/!&*/*
"/.,-)!(&%.*'!).,..&&("(.,$E1/!"!'&
-).!"!"-'1(&("&&&&!."*")&.(.&"!&&!&)&&$
)&&"-)!(*&(!%&"%!*"*)"!."*(').-",H&
'".*-)!"..,*/./&""*("%(!"/'"/(!&*
"..(".("/"&>".$++8B(! @@?$)&&!(/&.&&
"""""!"!"&,"0/&"!&&!&!($"&%,*&"*""
)&&("..)!*("*-)!(%"'!)&"//"&&1..&'!"/
/"&>*"A".$+?$'.!."&%&&"*"")&&&I*%.9**


&1!*J")!*&)&*/*.&",."**"%*'!*).>/ )!
@@8?$"!&"*&,*/*(,!&&("&%"1)&&*)&.(.
!("&"&"!&&$1)&&1&,*".A"%."*(!"&.!&)&&".%!"!
&"!&&!&>&1.*".$++3?$E1/!)!/&!&!(.&!)!"*""*/*.&
)&&&1*.&&!&')""(("/"&(&(!&&%.*)!&&!*!"!
)!&')""(("/"!&)&"&"!&&1!&*/*.&.1)&&&1*
)!&')""(1"*!1.*!"!&')""(!("/">#..'&".$++@?$
!,!/"'-*,*&"!."&%"1)&&*&"!&&!-)&!
)&(.(.*)&.(.&"!&&!&)&&!'(.!$
Potential Moderators in the Relations between Personality Traits and Stress
(&,"(').-"**/!&""&"**&*'&!&,&"!&&
*)"*%*,,!"&"*&"&.A."""&&("&%"1"0/)!&."
"!"&*&"!&&*,,!(!&&(.&&&,/!&'*!"!&$&)!/&"!"(.*')!(.
/*(&&&"*")&&%.*,,!".!."&%"1)!&.""!"&*&"!&&!
-)&!*)&(.(.*)&.(.&"!&&!&)&&"(!!"'"9.&&
**""&"!&&(()".="1"&"*",,("&,"!'*!"!&,!.A&%"1
)!&.""!"&*&"!&&!-)&!)&(.(.&"!&&)!()"*)&.(.&"!&&
!&)&&)!".&&$
Moderators Related to Stress Definition
Stress domain. "*&,&"!&&/,(&**/!&!,.,*'&$0!
-').((A.&"'&!&,&"!&&!-)&!'(.*/"&!&&.&,!'*,,!"
&)("&,.,>$$;%&"!&&!&"!)!&.&"!&&!&?$0!)&(.(.&"!&&)!()"
&"*&'')./"!&!F&"&"&&&&*/*.&H)!()","*!"
5

1("!.,&("!..%.)!*("%.!/!1.'!.*"!."
"&)(,(&""&$"!&"*&/./*'&!&*/.)*"&&&&&"!&&!-)&!!
)&(.(.!("&"&"!&&'!&)(,(("-"&&(&;%&"!&&&"!&&&(.!
"!)!&.&"!&&$!&.""!"&'-%"*,,!")""!&"!&&("&1"
&"!&&!-)&!G)&(.(.&"!&&)!()"*,,!"*'&$0!-').&
(&("&&&&%,*"%!."*",("!&(')!&&(('(&""&&(
&*(".""'">%!"& ++5?"'*'&"!"&"!!&&("&1"
&"!&&-)!(&1!A*&(.&""&$(-"!/!&*!%.&&!!."*
"&(.!."&)&*,("!&&(&&(.&))!">1.".++4?"!.A."
%'!&"!.&&("*1""-)&!"&"!&&!&"!)!&.("-"&$
Stress timescale. "!&&!&/%&&"*"*,,!!!*"""'&(."
!'&!*&!!*.("',!'*&(!""("&>#" "=!
++?$/"&"!&&!&&..*,*&/!'".(&1"*,%.%*
*)"&"'*""!-)("*"%&&("*1"&'*!&,)&(.(.
"!"!*&(!""!$("!&"(!(&"!&&!&!*&"(",!'/"&"!&&!&
%(&,"!**!"!>E!A&& !+3?$.&&.&,!'
,&"!&&!&""()"!&"("&"/&)("&,/!*.,/%&&"*
".(""'**.)""&"!&&*&(!"&&("'>#" "=!++?$"
&%&&"*&(&&""'&!)&(.(.!&)&&"&"!&&!&&&&&*
*,,!""'&(.&")&(.(.)!()"&"&"!&&!&(!""'&(.&'%
'!)!*("/,')!"".,"('&""!&>).".$+8?$"(!!"&"*
1"&"*""'&(.,&"!&&!&'*!"!".A&%"1)!&.""!"&*
&"!&&!-)&!$0!)&(.(.&"!&&)!()"&"!&&"'&(.""("*&&!(&,
4

)&(.(.!("&1&(**1,!'"1&/.%."'A"
;*'"$
Moderators Related to Sample, Study Design and Methodology
Culture. (",*&&&"**,,!".(("&%"1)!&."*
."9!."*"('&(!&&&').&1"*,,!"(."!.%(A!*&$0!-').
!"(&'1&,*"%!."*".1!%.(.."!&A)&&').%""
!)'!(&').>C"'".$+8?1!&(&("&&&1&
&&("*1".1!%.(.."!&A''!(&%"")&&').
>C"' !A+?$"(!!"&"*1"&"*1"!(."!>1&"!/&$&"!
(."!?*'&"!"*'*!",,("&"!."&%"1)!&.""!"&*&"!&&$
Observation timeframe.#.'&"*&&&&&*)!&.""!"&*&"!&&
&'."&.(!&&9&(".*&"!&"*&!)!"*"!."&%"1
)!&.""!"&*&"!&&-)!(&&."*.*&$."*.*&"&
(&!,!&"&"*&""&&&&*)!&."*&"!&&"*,,!""')"&$(&"!"
'&!&()"!%""!"*&""(')"&>%!"&+8?&"",,("&!.A."
-).**"./!(/!"!",,("&"((!!"&&("&%"1)!&."
"!"&*&"!&&$.&('''"*/!('%)!&"(!&&9&(".&"*&&
)!&.""!"&*&"!&&!%"&.,9!)!"*'&"&"*&$&"'"*,
!."&%"1)!&.""!"&*&"!&&1&-)("*"%.!!(!&&9&(".&"*&
"."*.)!&)("/*&&$
Personality measure. "*&').**,,!"'&!&"&&&&"0/
)!&.""!"&$"&%&&"*""*,,!"/"!&*,,!"-"""1(
"()"!%/!.("/*,,("/(')"&,"0/)!&.""!"&
3

>..".$++?$"(!!"&"*1"&"*1"!"&&("&%"1)!&."
"!"&*&"!&&/!(!&&*,,!")!&."'&!&$
Stress assessment method.K!&'"*&,&&&&'"1!').*!&!(
"&&&&&"!&&-)!(&$.,9!)!"&"'&"1*.&*'"*"'&!%"
-)&!"&"!&&!&*)&(.(.&"!&&!("&$-)&!"&"!&&!&&&..
'&!*%((A.&"1("*!&'"&,((!!(,(&"!&&!!***)
"!)!&"""".'%!,-)!(*&"!&&!&$&))!(&&'&"""./.,
&"!&&-)!(*%*/*.(%*,*%"('."/'",(!
*)"">$$)&(.(.%/!.*G!)&.(.(&G*)""?*(*%
"&"!&&!&-)!(*>*!&".$+?$((A.&"))!(&').*"'&!
(!(&"!&&-)!(&*&(!"&"!&&,./"&**.&&.&1(!*,*&
/"&""!"%.*'!"!!)"&%"'/'!)!-'.,,("1..9
%"';!.,/"&>.'*".$+?$(A.&"'&!&'.&")"
&%;("/!("/"%!"&,"&/!"!)!(/*"/')(",(*!&*
&"!&&!$.,9!)!"&,)&(.(.&"!&&)!()"&..,(&"-"""1(
*/*.&)!(/(!"-)!(&&&"!&&,.("!..%.**'*$**"
"&.,9!)!"'&!&"!(''))!("'&!"-)&!"&"!&&!&&
"!/1$!&"!&&"!/1&*".*,!'"&(&)!&.*&(.("-"&
!*"((!!(,&"!&&!&&(..("**!"!"!.!&)*"
"!)!""&/&""!&;*1"!(!"-)!(&'")!*"!'*"!&.*&
,!F.,&&"!&&!$/&""!&'.&!"&%;("/!("&%;*"
'"*!*!,&/!"&&("*1"(&"!&&!"%&&,".A.!&)&
,/!)!&"&"!&&!&"((!&"&)(,(("-"1"""A((",
7

"!&)*"H&&%;("/)!()"&,"&"!&&!>*!&".$+?$!&)*"9
%&*>&.,9!)!"?*/&""!9%&*>"!/1?)!*'&!.A."()"!*,,!"
&)("&,&"!&&1('"!!&."*,,!"!."&1")!&."$!,!1
(**"'"*>&.,9!)!"/&$"!/1?&)"".'*!"!$
Type of psychological stress perception scale./!",&(.&1!&*)!/&
!&!("&&&&)&(.(.&"!&&)!()"$'&"(''.&*&"!(/*
"!&&(.>".$@8?1(")&""-"""1(&""&H&.,!
))!&*&&"!&&,.$"!&"*&'&!*!.&"!&&)!()"%**)"
"&"!')("!"&,(&"!&&!((A.&"'&!&$.&"&"('',!
&"*&"'&!)&(.(.&"!&&)!()"%&&.9"''&!>$$1
&"!&&,.&!.,!.B1&"!&&,.1&"-)!(?$")!&"&"*1
-'*1"!"!."&%"1)!&.""!"&*)&(.(.&"!&&)!()"
/!(!&&"&*,,!"")&,&"!&&'&!$
Stressor setting. "*&-')&.(.&"!&&!&)&&&..,(&*
!("&"&)(,(&"!&&!&1"&'&"*&')..%!"!9*(*&"!&&!&>$$
)%.(&)A"&A?"!&"&""!.&"(&"!&&!&>$$,.-'?$"(!!"&"*
1"&"*1"!"&&("&%"1"0/)!&.""!"&*)&.(.
&"!&&!&)&*,,!%"1.%!"!*"!.&"(&"!&&!&""&$
Physiological indicator. &")!(&&,..&"&&*&(!%&'.").!%.(.
&&"'&!/./*)&.(.!("&"&"!&&!&>* E'!++8?$'
(')"&,"..&""(&&"'(.*"E-&(!*/&(.!&&"'"'(
!/&&&"'*''&&"'$!/&!&!(&&&&**,,!"*("!&,"&
!%.(.&&"'&"/.""!!("&"-"!.&"!&&!&$"1&(.!1"!
8

)!&.""!"&*'&"!"*,,!"..A&")&.(.*("!&,*,,!"&&"'&$
")!&"&"*1-'*"'*!"!.,*,,!")&.(.*("!"
&&("&%"1)!&.""!"&*)&.(.&"!&&!&)&$
Physiological reactivity measure type. !/&&"*&")(..&&&&*)&.(.
&"!&&!("/""1,!'&:?"%&../.,)&.(.*("!&"(!""')"
*!"&"!&&,.)!*!"/!././!(!")!*,"',"&"!&&)!(&&
*?(&)&.(.*("!&,!'!&"&"""("/"*&""*!"
&"!&&,.)!*>).".$+8B!&&!".$++?$**""&"!&&-)!(&"
%&../.,&')&.(.*("!&&(&(!"&.(.&%,,("*%"
(!(*!"'$&"(!!"&"*1-'*1"!)!&.""!"&1!.A*
"'&!&,"%&../.,)&.(.*("!&"(!""')"&*!"
&"!&&,.)!**(&)&.(.!&)&*,,!"1&$
Change direction of physiological indicator. ,,!")&.(.&&"'&!&)*
"&"!&&-)!(&*,,!"1&&(""&')&.(.*("!&(!&>$$
!"!"?1."!&*(!&>$$!"!"/!%."?$")!&"&"*1-'*
1"!)!&.""!"&&1*!."&")&.(.*("!&""(*,,!"
*!("&>(!&/&$*(!&?!&)&"&"!&&*,,!"1&$
Method
Literature Search Procedures
".).,!./"&"*&1&%"*%(*("(.&/&!("
'!(&(.(.&&("H&&(0*"%&>887L+@?D.(.!#%
,((*"!M&"&&!""&*&&*"%&,!;!.!"(.&*
)%.&**&&!""&*"&&>&!(1&.'"*".&9.))!&?$
@

&!("*"%&&1&*('%",)!&.""!'*&"!&&"!',!'
",..1A1!*&:)!&."!"(&'G'".&"%."-"!/!&
(&("&&&!%.&&*)&&)!*1"&"!&&&"!&&!.,/"&&&.&
)&.(.&"!&&%.(.&"!&&**,,!")&.(.&"!&&*("!&>(.*
(!"&.!"!"%.*)!&&!!*(!("(.'))!*
!))!?$1&)("*(""&,!'(&%.&"**&"*&""!,!!*"
(&"*,!**".F.,*&"*&*("*"&"!"/)!(&&".1&"*
(.*%,*$"*&!(.**"(!!"'"9.&&,"&&&&*".&",
"0/)!&.""!"&*(.**".&","&"!&&'&!&$&"*&.&
*")!/*,!'"%""(!!."&%"1)!&.""!"&*&"!&&$&*
"(.&(!"!!&!(&!&."*4+&"*&1""".,@8&').&>&'
&"*&(.**&)!"!&."&,!'.").&').&?)%.&*%"1@8*+@$
Coding of Study Variables
(*%A&*"(!!"&"**..".&&&(!)"&(%,*"
"")&:GG&,$G@7F'GN/1O.P%5+@,84*7537@+3((5*(34**8$*".*(*%A
1&*/.)*"!(!*"(!("!&"(&,"&"*&*"&').&$'!)(
,!'"%""&').&(.*"',)!"()"&)!(",,'.
!&)*"&"&').*("!,!1!(**$'%!,)!"()"&
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)!&."/"!&*(&').1!(**$'&&,&"!&&'&!*(
&').1!(**&&"!&&!-)&!)&(.(.&"!&&)!()"'-"!,&"!&&!
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)&.(.&"!&&!&)&$*,&"!&&*'&1&*"!'*%!,!!""
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&&&&'">$$&"!&&,..,/"&*.&&.&?&"!&&!-)&!1&(**,*!&'"
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)&(.(.&"!&&)!()"$&'&"*&**""'&!&,%;("/&"!&&,.
/"&>$$').'"*/!(?"&&&&'",((!!(!,!F(,&"!&&!&
.&(.**"'&"))")&(.(.&"!&&!&)&&>$$((!!(,1!!
)&*&?$0!"&&"*&'-"!,&"!&&!-)&!*)&(.(.&"!&&!&)&1&
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-)&!*)&(.(.&"!&&)!()"$
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)&(.(.&"!&&)!()"1&("!=*"!..,&"!&&>,!)&(.(.&"!&&
)!()".?;%&"!&&"!)!&.&"!&&&"!&&"!*'&>*""&'..'%!
,)!'!&"*&&"!&&*'&&(&)!"&"!&&*,(.&"!&&1!(**&
"!*'&?*'-"!,&"!&&*,,!"*'&>$$((A.&"1((.*&%"
;%&"!&&*"!)!&.&"!&&?$'&(.,-)&*&"!&&!&1&(**")&*(
&"!&&!&>(.*("*/"9%&*&"!&&!&?(!(&"!&&!&*.&&.&*'-"!
,&"!&&!&1"*,,!"./.&,*&(!"&&$0!)&(.(.&"!&&)!()""'&(.,
&"!&&"""!!*)&(.(.!("&""&"!&&!&1&(**1",!'"1&
/.%.$#.&(**'*!"!&!."*"&"**&*'"*.(.*&').9
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1&(**&1&"!/&$&"!$)(,(..(."!,"&').&1&&&*%&*%"
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,!'("!&""/%')("*%%"1&"!*&"!(."!&>$$&').&,!'
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)!()"%&!/""!/.%"1'&!&,)!&.""!"&*'&!&,&"!&&
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'*";*'"%!,!!""!.&"!&&/"!&%&*"("","
&"!&&'&!&$(*)!(*!&1!(')."*%"1!&!(!&*)*".$
"!!"!!'"1&(!&&"/!%.&>H&Q!*,!'+$8"$++QP+$8
,!&"!&&(()".="QP+$88,!&"!&&*'QP+$87,!&"!&&"'&(.*QP,!
"!A'*!"!&?$*&!'""!"&1&!&./*%*&(&&'"
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)!&."9&"!&&(!!."&1(!/.&,"0/)!&.""!"&
!)!&"*!./.&,"/!%..%.&*!/.&,&"!&&/!%.&!)!&"*
!./.&,&"!&&-)&!!!&)&>$$",,("&=&,!"!"(&'9&"!&&.A&
!)!&""(!!."&%"1!./.&,!"(&'*!./.&,&"!&&
-)&!G!&)&&?$
Analytical Procedures
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
"(!!"'"9.&&"(!!."&%"1"0/)!&.""!"&*
&"!&&1!&.("*&",,("&='&!$"".,474,,("&=&1!%"*,!'
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1"9&').*%"19&')./!(%(!)!"*,,!")!*("!&>'*!"!&?$
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"*!*!!!&>?'"*>". (.&+5?""-"*&"!*'9
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,!")"".,!&'..&"*&"!)!".!,,("&=&%"!)!"""!()","
'*.$)!*("!,&"*)!(&1&"!"*"".!!'"!!&&,!'1!A
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-'"&F&"1-(.**,,("&=&,!'&').&1"&').&=&&'..!"74
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./47$53S,"!.*"&"$
Results
Summary of the Literature
1)(.."&F!*&"*!*!!!&(.**&'*!"!"'"*$E1/!&,"
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,,("&=!1&"/.,"&F!*&"*!*!!!*(!&&$0..1"&&"1'**"
))!(%(.*"/!&,&').&=&'*!"!&"*$
4
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'*!"!1,!&"**("*"/!,,("(!&&*,,!"("!&,"'*!"!,!'
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3
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(&&"!1!*&(!)(&%"1"&,((./.,!",..'*.!&."&*""
,!"!&."&,!''*.&(!!("*,!&'..&"*,,("&!.."*!("*"
'"*,",,("&=&1!(&&""(!&&.."'*.&$&1,(&"!&."&
,!'",..'*.&"!""&."&&("$
Overall Associations between Personality Traits and Stress
%.*0!)!&"",,("&=&,!"/!..&&("&%"1"
0/)!&.""!"&*&"!&&$&-)("*!"(&'1&)&"/.!."*"&"!&&>rP
+$U+$@+$V?1""&"!","&&("%&"!!""!)!&.""!"&$
-"!/!&>rP9+$U9+$59+$+@V?!%.&&>rP9+$U9+$49+$+V?*
(&("&&&>rP9+$U9+$49+$+@V?1!"/.&&("*1"&"!&&1"
(')!%.,,("&=&$)&&*&).*&'..%"&,(""/(!!."1"&"!&&
>rP9+$+U9+$+39+$+V?$
Stress Conceptualization
7

#(')!*"&&("&%"1)!&.""!"&*&"!&&&&&&**!
*,,!"(()".="&$,,("&=&,!"!."&%"1"0/)!&."
"!"&*&"!&&!-)&!)&(.(.&"!&&)!()"*)&.(.&"!&&!&)&
!).""*0!5$&&1%./!.."&&("&%"1"0/
)!&.""!"&*&"!&&&,(".*,,!*(!&&*,,!"(()".="&,&"!&&$
)(,(..!"(&'1&,*"*&).&,(".)&"/&&("&1"&"!&&!
-)&!)&(.(.&"!&&)!()"*'-"!*('%",""1$E1/!
&,("&&("%"1!"(&'*)&.(.&"!&&!&)&1&%&!/*$&
%.*)("&!"(&'1&&&("*1"&"!&&!-)&!>rP+$U+$@+$3V?1"
&,(".&'..!,,("&=""/!,,("1.".A%"1!"(&'*
)&(.(.&"!&&)!()">rP+$3U+$5+$8V?1&&.".&"!!""!'
("!&$#'-"!>rP+$7U+$8+$53V?!('%">rP+$4U+$8+$5V?,
&"!&&!-)&!*)&(.(.&"!&&)!()"1&'&!*"!!."&"
!"(&'1!*&"&%.,!'"/!,,("$.A%"1!"(&'*
)&.(.&"!&&!&)&>rP+$+3U+$+++$V?1&&,(".1A!""/!
,,("&$"!&&(()".="-).*&%&"".)!",1"9&').>3$@@S?*
%"19&').>$3S?/!(&$
-"!/!&-%"*"/&&("&1"&"!&&(!&&*,,!"
(()".="&,&"!&&$&%.&1&"!1&1A&&("%"1
-"!/!&*&"!&&!-)&!>rP9+$+5U9+$+89+$++V?1(1&"&,("1
&'..&"*%&1&(!!("*?$&"!","&&("1&.&&,(".&'..!
1(')!*1""","!("!&$/!&."!."%"1-"!/!&*
)&(.(.&"!&&)!()">rP9+$5U9+$79+$V?1&&"!!""/!,,("
8

""*,,!(&&'..'"*$-"!/!&1&!."*""'-*'&!,
&"!&&!-)&!*)&(.(.&"!&&)!()">rP9+$5U9+$79+$+V?&"!"&'.!
""/!,,("$-"!/!&1&,*"%"/.!."*")&.(.&"!&&
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)&.(.&"!&&!&)&1&(')!%.""/!,,("&(!&&&"!&&
(()".="&$/!..&"!&&(()".="(("*,!$@5S*$+S,"
1"9&').*%"19&')./!(&!&)("/.$
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+$+V?(')!%.&"!"$E1/!"!."&%"1!%.&&*"
('%",&"!&&!-)&!*)&(.(.&"!&&)!()">rP9+$+@U9+$8+$+V?
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(()".="$
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Remaining Moderators of the Association between Personality Traits and Stress
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)&(.(.&"!&&)!()"*)&.(.&"!&&!&)&$%.&598*&).!&."&,!
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,!'*.&(!!("*,!&'..&"*,,("&?$%.&5 4*&).!&."&,!"&&("&
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(!!("*,!&'..&"*,,("&?$
Moderators Related to Stress Definition
Stress domain.#"&&("&%"1)!&.""!"&*&"!&&!-)&!
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&,("*,,!(,!'"/!,,(";%&"!&&!&>rP+$4U+$++$+V?*"!
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3$57S,"%"19&')./!($(!&&..,",/)!&.""!"&"!
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;%&"!&&1!&,(".1A!&"!"""/!>&%.&@9?$**"..
"!&."&&&"*"""(("&%"1!"(&'*)!(/*"!)!&.&"!&&
>rP+$+U+$5+$3V?)!(/*&"!&&"!*'&>rP+$+U+$3+$4V?*".A
%"1(&("&&&*)!(/*&"!&&"!*'&>rP9+$+3U9+$+@9+$++V?
1!1A!&"!"1(')!*""/!(!&&..("!&>%.&@ ?$
.""&!.""!.)&(.(.&"!&&)!()"1&&1"%&,(".
&"!!""/!,,("&/!.."&&("&%"1!%.&&*
)&(.(.&"!&&)!()"(.*"%*,,!""*%&"!&&*'&>%.?$
Stress timescale. !"(&'*!%.&&*&).*&,("&&("&1"
&"!&&!-)&!(!&&"'&(.&>%.&5 3?$&"!&."&&&"*!."
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
&&("&%"1",/)!&.""!"&*&"!&&!-)&!**"&1&""&"(..
&,("*,,!""(!&&*,,!"./.&,""'&(.,&"!&&!&$
#"'*!",,("&,&"!&&"'&(.1!"&"*"&&("&%"1
)!&.""!"&*)&(.(.&"!&&)!()"&'.!"&"!&&!-)&!!"(&'
*!%.&&-%"*&,("(("&1")&(.(.&"!&&)!()"(!&&
"'&(.&>%.&@ ?$/*(,!&,("'*!",,("&1&%&!/*"
!."&,!!"(&'*-"!/!&&("""(!!."&,!!"(&'*
)&(.(.!&)&&1")&*(&"!&&!&*,!-"!/!&*)&(.(.!&)&&
"*.&&.&1!&,(".&'..!""/!(!&&.."'&(../.&>%.&@
+?$
Moderators Related to Sample, Study Design, and Methodology
Culture. )"".*,,!".!."&"&"!&&!-)&!*G!)&(.(.
&"!&&)!()"(!&&"1&"!*"&"!("!&1!"&"*,!!"(&'
-"!/!&*(&("&&&$"1&,*""(."!&,(".'*!"*"
!."&"&"!&&!-)&!,!-"!/!&>%.4?%"",!!"(&'!
(&("&&&>%.&5 7?$)(,(..&%.4&1&"/&&("%"1
-"!/!&*&"!&&!-)&!1&%&!/*&').&,!'"&"!%"""1&"!
(."!&>rP9+$U9+$+9+$+V"&"!&').&*rP9+$+U9+$+5+$+V"1&"!
&').&?$
#"'*!",,("&,(."!1!-'*,!".A&%"1"0/
)!&.""!"&*)&(.(.&"!&&)!()"&,("'*!",,("1&,*
,!(&("&&&.$&)!&"*%.&"!!(("%"1
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
(&("&&&*)&(.(.&"!&&)!()"1&%&!/*&').&,!'"&"!
(."!>rP9+$U9+$9+$5V?""&,!'"1&"!(."!>rP9+$U9+$49+$+8V?$
Observation timeframe. #*&').&"-'"((!!"*
)!&)("/&&("&%"1!"(&'-"!/!&!%.&&*
(&("&&&*&"!&&!-)&!$D!..&&&&'""!/.**"))!"%
&,("'*!"!,!".A%"1)!&.""!"&*&"!&&!-)&!>%.&598?$
'.!!&."&1!%&!/*,!".A%"1)!&.""!"&*)&(.(.
&"!&&)!()"$,("'*!",,("&,&&&&'""!/.1!.&1"
!."%"1!"(&'*)&(.(.&"!&&)!()">%.@?&("""
)!&)("/((">rP+$+U+$5+$3V?1&&,(".&'..!&"!"1
(')!*""/!,,(">rP+$3U+$5+$@V,!"(!&&9&(".&&("?$
#(*("***"..&&""&"1"!".","'"!/.>'&!*
1A&?%"1"&&&&'",)!&."*"&&&&'",&"!&&'*!"*"!
&&("&&*",!'"&%&",)!&)("/&"*&$,("'*!",,("&
1!%&!/*")!&)("/.A&%"1(&("&&&*&"!&&!-)&!*
%"1!"(&'*)&(.(.&"!&&)!()"&("""&"!","!!."&
!*(*&""'"!/.(!&*>bP+$+++4U+$++++$+++8V,!(&("&&&*
&"!&&!-)&!bP9+$+++U9+$+++49+$++++V,!!"(&'*)&(.(.&"!&&
)!()"?$
Personality measure. #"&"*"'*!",,("&,*,,!")!&."'&!&
"&&("&%"1"0/)!&.""!"&*&"!&&$&"!&."&*("
2&.&'..'%!,)!&)("/&').&1&/.%.!&."&,!"'*!",,("&,"'"!/.
1!"/.%.,!"&&("&%"1-"!/!&*&"!&&!&-)&!*"&&("&%"1
-"!/!&!%.&&*(&("&&&*)&(.(.&"!&&)!()"*"'*.
(/!($


>%.&598?(!&&",/)!&.""!"&/"!&,)!&.""!"&**"
&,(".'*!""!."%"1)!&.""!"&*&"!&&!-)&!$
"!'&,)&(.(.&"!&&)!()")!&."'&!&,(".'*!"*
"&&("%"1)&&*)&(.(.&"!&&)!()"$)(,(..&&1
%.1(')!*""/!,,("&".A%"1)&&*)&(.(.
&"!&&)!()"1&1A!&"!"1)&&1&&&&&*%/!&&,"
!&."/"!>rP+$+U9+$+5+$+3V?1!&"&&("1&&"!!1
)!&."'&!&""("!=*""!&1!*)"*>rP9+$U9+$89+$+7V?$
'*!",,("&,)!&."'&!"!."&%"1)!&.""!"&
*)&.(.&"!&&!&)&&1!.-'*,!!"(&'*"&').
/.%."$&&1%.5!.."&&("&%"1!"(&'*
)&.(.&"!&&!&)&&**"*,,!(!&&*,,!"0/)!&."/"!&$
Stress assessment method.&*/.%.",&').&"'*!",,("&,
&"!&&&&&&'"'"*"!."&%"1)!&.""!"&*&"!&&!-)&!1!
.-'*,!!"(&'$&"!&."&*("*>%.5?",,("&=&,!".A
%"1!"(&'*&"!&&!-)&!1!"*&"&%.,!&.,9!)!"**
"!/19%&*&&&&'",&"!&&!&$
!!*")&(.(.&"!&&)!()""'*!",,("&,&"!&&&&&&'"
'"*1!"&"*,!!"(&'*-"!/!&$"!!""!&."&,*,!&"!&&!
-)&!&"!&&&&&&'"'"*))!*"%&,("'*!"!,!"&&("
%"1!"(&'*)&(.(.&"!&&)!()"$&&1%.@&,(".
&'..!(!!."1&%&!/*1)&(.(.&"!&&)!()"1&&&&&*"!
"!/1>rP+$U+$5+$@V?1(')!*"&.,9!)!">r P+$7U+$4+$5+V?$E1/!
5

&,("'*!",,("&1!,*,!&"!&&&&&&'"'"*"&&("&
%"1-"!/!&*)&(.(.&"!&&)!()">%.+?$
Type of psychological stress perception scale.#-'*1"!"&&("&
%"1"0/)!&.""!"&*)&(.(.&"!&&!("&/!*%*,,!"
'&!&!(&,)&(.(.&"!&&)!()"$!&."&>%.&@+ ?
&&"*"""),)&(.(.&"!&&)!()"&(.&,(".'*!"*"!."&
%"1)!&.""!"&*)&(.(.&"!&&)!()",!!"(&'-"!/!&
(&("&&&*)&&$)(,(..(!&&",!)!&.""!"&".A&1!
,*"%&,(".&"!!""/!,,("1)&(.(.&"!&&)!()"
1&'&!*&"!(/*"!&&(.$("!&""&&("&%"1
!%.&&*(&("&&&*)&(.(.&"!&&)!()"1!"&,("
1)&(.(.&"!&&)!()"1&&&&&*%&."'>%.& ?$
**""&&("%"1!"(&'*)&(.(.&"!&&)!()"'&!*%
&."'.&*'&"!"*&,(".&'..!,,("&=1(')!*1""/!
,,(">%.@?$&&("&,!)&(.(.&"!&&)!()"'&!*%""'&
"))")!()"&,&"!&&!&((A.&"'&!&1!,*"%&,(".1A!
""/!,,("&!"(&'-"!/!&*)&&>%.&@+ ?$
((!*""!&."&"&&("%"1!%.&&*)&(.(.&"!&&
)!()"1&"'*!"*%""),)&(.(.&"!&&)!()"&(.>%.?$
(!&&",/)!&.""!"&")!)!"&,%"19&')./!((("*,!%
""),)&(.(.&"!&&)!()"&(.!*,!'5$S"3$74S$
Stressor setting.&*/.%.",&').&'*!"!&!."*")&.(.
&"!&&!&)&1&."&"*,!!"(&'*-"!/!&**"".(A,&,,("
4

&').&,!9)1!(!!(".&"'"!1&)).*"(!!("&'..&"*
%&$&%.&5 4*)(""&&("&%"1!"(&'*-"!/!&*
)&.(.&"!&&!&)&&".%!"!9*(*&"!&&!&1!*,,!"%.,!'"&
""!.&"(&"!&&!&$
Physiological indicator type.."".A&%"1!"(&'*-"!/!&
*)&.(.&"!&&!&)&&**"&,(".*,,!""'*,,!"
)&.(.*("!&&&1%.5&,("&&("%"1!"(&'*
)&.(.&"!&&!&)&&1&.,*,!(!*/&(.!*("!&>r P+$U+$+
+$V?$
Physiological reactivity measure type.&(%&,!'%.&5 4!"(&'
*-"!/!&**"*'&"!"&,("&&("&1")&.(.&"!&&!&)&&
""1!"!'&!*&"%&../.,"*("!&"(!""')"&"&"!&&
)!*&!(&)&.(.*("!&*!"&"!&&)!*&$.&"),
)&.(.!("/"'&!")1&",*&&,("'*!"!"!."&
%"1!"(&'*-"!/!&*)&.(.&"!&&!&)&&>%.&5 4?$
Change direction of physiological indicator. &&1%.&5 4"(
*!(",)&.(.*("!&>(!&/&$*(!&?!&)&"&"!&&-)!(&**
"'*!""&&("&%"1!"(&'-"!/!&*)&.(.&"!&&
!&)&&$
Additional Analyses
,!"!-'"!."&%"1"0/)!&.""!"&*&"!&&(!&&
*,,!"(!("!&"(&,&"!&&-)!(&1(*("***"..&&"&%&"&,"
&').&1(11!%."(*"!./",!'"$
3

Stressor dependency. '*!",,("&,*)*(,&"!&&!&1!-'*
.&%&",&').&1("(!!."&,!")!&."9&"!&&.A&1!
!)!"*,!'&!&,*)*"*G!*)*"&"!&&!&>!"!"'-"!,
*)*"**)*"&"!&&!&?$#*&').&""&""&&("&%"1
)!&.""!"&*-)&!"*)*"/&$*)*"&"!&&!&,!!"(&'
!%.&&*(&("&&&*"!&."&!)!&"*"&)).'"!"%.&
>%.5,!!&."&,!'",..'*.&*%.4,!!&."&,!'"'*.&(!!("*
,!&'..&"*,,("&?$&&1%.5"&&("&%"1!"(&'>rP+$+
U+$+5+$3V,!*)*"&"!&&!&rP+$3U+$+$@V,!*)*"&"!&&!&?G
!%.&&>rP9+$+@U9+$49+$+V,!*)*"&"!&&!&rP9+$5U9+$@9+$+V,!
*)*"&"!&&!&?**)*"&"!&&!&1!&'..!""!("!)!"&,!
*)*"&"!&&!&*&"!&&!*)*(*&).*&,("'*!",,("&$."
&"!&&!*)*(1&",*"&1&,("'*!",,("&".A%"1
(&("&&&*&"!&&!-)&!&%.5)!&"&(&("&&&1&
&,(".(("*"*)*"%""*)*"&"!&&!&>rP9+$+5U9+$+$+4V,!
*)*"&"!&&!&rP9+$+U9+$49+$+5V,!*)*"&"!&&!&?$
Psychological stress response type. '*!",,("&,)&(.(.&"!&&
!&)&")1!"&"*&%&",&').&1()&(.(.&"!&&!("&1!
(**&("/!'".!&)&&!"!'-"!G('%",""1$""
/!&'..'%!,F.,*&').&*'*.(/!(&&&>1(!.A."
((!1&'..'%!,&').&!/.%.,!.&&?"'*!",,("&,
)&(.(.&"!&&!&)&")1&"&"*,!-"!/!&.$!&."&&&"*""
-"!/!&&1*&&("&1"("/>rP9+$U9+$79+$+4V?*'".>rP9
7

+$+@U9+$39+$+V?!&)&&"&"!&&(')!%.&"!">Log LikelihoodP+$7pP
+$38,!'*.(')!&?$
Other Moderators
#.&"&"*',"&').)!(","&').""1&,'.*
!,)%.("&)"".'*!"!&"&&("&%"1(,"0/
)!&.""!"&*&"!&&-)&!)&(.(.&"!&&)!()"*)&.(.&"!&&
!&)&$0!".A&%"1)!&.""!"&*&"!&&!-)&!1&,*"/
1A,,("&".A%"1!"(&'*&"!&&!-)&!>bP9+$++U9+$++49+$++V?
&("""&&("1&&"!!!&').&$!,)%.("'*!"*"
(("%"1-"!/!&*)&&*)&(.(.&"!&&)!()">bP9+$++5U9
+$++79+$++V,!-"!/!&bP9+$++3U9+$+9+$++V,!)&&?*)!)!",
,'.'*!"*"&&("%"1!%.&&*)&(.(.&"!&&)!()">b
P+$++U+$++++$++4V?$0..>bP+$++3U+$+++4+$++8V?&1*'*!",,("&
".A%"1)&&*)&.(.&"!&&!&)&$D/"""!&."&1!
.!.&,("1**"-'&'..&"*%&$
Discussion
(!!"&"*&''!=*&"*&(.*&&&&'"&,"0/)!&."
"!"&*&"!&&*)!&"*",!&"'"9."(!/1"&&("&%"1
)!&.""!"&*&"!&&$0(&-(.&/."0/)!&.""!"&*!*&,
&"*&*&').&1!&"&=*$#,*!%&"/*("")!&.""!"&
&)(..!"(&'!(.!..A*"&"!&&$
&."&,")!&"'"9.&&("!%"""."!"!,)!&."*&"!&&
&/!.1&$0!&"&",!&"&"*""-'*"!."&)%"1)!&.""!"&
8

*&"!&&'"9."(!/1"(!!"&"***"(.."/&"")!&."
"!"&&(''*'&&,!&A"&"!&&>'"++3B#..'&".$+?$".&
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Personality Traits and Stress
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')(",&"!&&,.&""&$&*/*.&-"!/!&'%.&&.A."&,,!
,!''".')("&,&"!&&*""!!&.(*!."%."&$.&
-"!/!&&.A*")&"/&(."!("&>#.A1&A 0!&+5?&1..&
!./.&,&(.1..9%>'..".$+4?1('(!&)!(/*&(.
!&!(&,!()1"&"!&&-)!(&$!/&!&!()!)&*""')!'",
5+
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(&("&&&>D!= E%&+4?$!,!"&)&&%.""*&.,9!."
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&"!&&,.-)!(&%(."%/!&&1..&""/)&(.(.
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&"!&&$&("&&&1&&&"*"(&&",%")!("/*%"!
(')">%!"&".$++4?1"",!'!!,!!"")!)&""%.9*!("*
*&"!/"1!*(/'"1."."!"")!&&"%&.,9("!..**/*
'&"A&>(A& %!"&+7?$"&.A.""""1(')"&)!*&)&*/*.&
1"./.&,(&("&&&"!(""/!'".&"'.)&"/'!*
%/!&""!*("((!!(,&"!&&!&$)!)&""%&.,9("!..*
%.&*/*.&1"./.&,(&("&&&"/%""!!.",%/!&
*'"&!&."*(!&*)&(.(.&"!&&)!()"$0!"!'!*""!
.9!"**!*1!A"!*/*.&(&("&&&'/%""!
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1(.1!&"./.,)!(/*&"!&&$
Differential Patterns by Stress Conceptualization
#"&&("&%"1"0/)!&.""!"&*&"!&&1!&(!"=*
%"*,,!"1&&*"(()".=&"!&&*,,!")""!&'!*,!&"!&&!
5
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)!()"$E1/!.!"(&'!%.&&*(&("&&&1!&&("*
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,!&'..&"*%&?$"!'&,)&.(.&"!&&!&)&-"!/!&*&).*"/
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&"*,,("&1!(("*,!$("!&")&&&1*)&"/&&("1"
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&"!&&!-)&!)&(.(.&"!&&)!()"*)&.(.&"!&&!&)&!
!../1*&(')"&,"&"!&&)!(&&""!(.&."*"("!!&."&
,!'"(!!"'"9.&&&&""""'*,,!"&!(&""-).*/*.
*,,!(&"'$
((!*(1""&"!&&!")"&&>E''@@++3?,*&
,!'"(!!"&"*&))!""")!&.""!"&'("!%""&)*/*.&H
/!'").!.-)&*/*.&"(!"&"!&&!&$&."&,!'"(!!"
'"9."(!/1,!"!&&"""(!")!&.""!"&!'!)!"""
*/*.*,,!(&&"!&&!-)&!""!&$&"!&!("!9!*!
&"!("!,"0/&&"&!"(&'!%.&&*(&("&&&!
&%,("!&,"'""!""%."""&!"*"'"&"%.!=",
)&(&(.,("B1!&-"!/!&*)&&%.".&"("""&!%!*
"*("1!*-).!">++3?$!,*&!/."")!&.""!"&!."*
""%.""'"&"%."*/**&!)"&')!"("*/*.&,!'&"!&&!
5

("!&$("!&")!&.""!"&!."*""!."*("1!*-).!*
/."*'&"!".'"*,,("&*/*.&H-)&!"&"!&&,.
-)!(&$.&&&%&",&').&1()!&&&&'"*)*"*G!
*)*"&"!&&!&1&/.%.,!"!&))!"*"!.,!"(&'!%.&&*
(&("&&&"&"!&&!")!(&&$&"!&."&*("*1(')!*"
*)*"&"!&&!&""!"!"*'&*&).*&"!!!."&1"-)&!"
&"!&&!&"((!!(,1(1!".&")!"..*)*"*/*.&H
(!("!&"(&*%/!&$&"(!!"!&."&("!%"""."!"!%&)(,
"""&""!"*'&!."*"*/*.&H%.""'"&"%."""!'&"
!./""")!(&&,&"!&&!"$""!***""",,("&,
)!&.""!"&&"!&&!-)&!&&&"*%"(!!&)&/)!().,)!&."
*/.)'">&)".$++4B%!"& (A.+7?&"!&&-)!(&'.&).
!."*/.)'",")!&.""!"&"".**/*.&""&-)!(&$(
(!!&)&/)!(&&'.&("!%"""%&!/*&&("&%"1)!&.""!"&
*&"!&&-)&!&)(..1"&&("&1!"&"*(!&&9&(".%&&$
1.*&)","!!."/.&'..(("&!"(&'*!%.&&.&
*&).*&,("&&("&1"*)*"&"!&&!&$)&&%."&""(!"
,("!&>&(&,("!&""&("../.?-!",.(&%"*/*.&H)!&."
"!"&*"-)&!""&*)*"&"!&&!&.*""!%&!/*!."&$&"
&%&&"*>"'+?**""("/&.(""!."&%"1
)!&,("!&>$$)!&.""!"&?*/!'".,("!&>$$&"!&&!&?(.&!&."
,!')&&/,,("&>$$-"!.,.(&%")!&."*&"!&&!((!!(?$
5

(!(1"""!&*&().!'*.,&"!&&>).".$+8?"(!!"
,*&*'&"!""")!&.""!"&("!%""*/*.*,,!(&)&(.(.
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*G!'".&"!&&!&)&&(.*%(**1.,*/*(,!-"!/!&&(
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0"!&"*&!**"-'1"!"*,,!".&&("&")&(.(.&"!&&
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)!()"$
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)&(.(.&"!&&)!()"(()".*&"(",&"!&&!-)&!/&$)&(.(.
55
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&"!&&!&)&*&).*.'"*&&("&1"("!>!".$+7B!!.."
.$+3B*&".$++8?!&."&,!'"(!!"&"*&&"**,,!".)""!&
54

"!."&,"0/)!&.""!"&")&(.(.&"!&&!&)&*"
)&.(.&"!&&!&)&$(!&&".&&&.."&').&*"&(!!("*,!
&'..&"*%&((!*(1"",,("&,!)&(.(.&"!&&)!()"&'
/*(1&,*,!"/&&("%"1-"!/!&*)&.(.&"!&&
!&)&$("!&"/*(1&,*,!)&"/&&("%"1)&&*
)&.(.&"!&&!&)&"*!(",1(1&))&"""&("!)!",!
)&(.(.&"!&&)!()"$/*(1&,*,!&&("&%"1!"(&'
!%.&&*(&("&&&*)&.(.&"!&&!&)&$&!(&&1""
*)**/*.&H)!*&)&"./.!%.""&"!&&'%***"!
!%.(.&&"'&-)&!"&"!&&!&'/*,,!",,("&)&.(.
!("/">(+3?$"&)&&%."")!&.""!"&).'!')!""!.
&)*/*.&H'".*("//.!%.""!%.(.&&()"%.""
&"!&&!&.*")!...)""!&"!!."&")&(.(.&"!&&!&)&*"
)&.(.&"!&&!&)&$.&)!/&&"*&*('"*""1.&'*/*.&
*'&"!"*-!"*)&.(.!("/""&"!&&"!&*&).*%."*%.(.
!("&"("&"!&&-)&!&>!!..".$+3?$'.!"-!"*!("/"
%."*)&.(.&"!&&!("/"&.&%,*"%.A*""/%/!.
*.""('&>!!..".$++@+B!!".$++?$.",("!&*
)!(&&&""/!&"%."*)&.(.&"!&&!&)&&!'"%*"!'*
!&!(&!)!"*/*(,!"&&("&%"1-)&!"!.*/!&"*
"/.,&"!&&!&*%."*)&.(.&"!&&!&)&&>!!..".$+3B* 
E'!++8?$&"&)&&%."")!&.""!"&'&1*,,!".)""!&"!
!."&")&.(.!&)&&"("&"!&&!&*)**/*.&H-)!(&,
53

!.*/!&"*"!.,&"!&&!&$#""(&*!"'*!",,("&,"!
,("!&)!&.""!"&(%(("*"%"-!"**%."*)&.(.&"!&&
!&)&&&').&!&."1A/!..&&("&$**"&"*&(.**"
(!!".&&.&&&&*)&.(.!("&".%!"!9*(*!"!.&"(
&"!&&!&""1!("G)&*("!"'&(.$')!*"("!)&*(&"!&&!&
)!&.""!"&'*&).'!%&!/%.,,("&!%.(.&&"'&"!
!&)&&"&"!&&!&""!'!(!("!('."/,,("&$0!"!'!(')!*
"&"!&&&&&&*"!(()".*'&&&"*&-'*"(("&%"1
)!&.""!"&*)&.(.&"!&&!&)&!..*'(&'..!&').&=&
!&."!*(*)1!"*"("",,("&$!/!*""&'..&').&=&"
&"*&%")&.(.&"!&&!&)&&,,("&').&1!/.%."(*("9
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%/1*&)!.'!,*&,!1"0/)!&.""!"&!(("*"
)&.(.&"!&&!&)&$0"!&"*&1")1!!**,!"/*("
(('.",!,!"!-'"$
A""!/!..!&."&,!'"(!!"'"9."(!/1!(&&""1"
""!"/'*.&,!*/*.*,,!(&"&"!&&)!(&&>'"++3B#..'&"
.$+?&("")!&.""!"&).')!""!.&"&"!&&!-)&!*
)&(.(.&"!&&!&)&&"&,")!(&&&$0!"!'!"!&."&.&.""
')!"(,!,"!!&!("/(.!*,",&"!&&*&)!"'&!&,
&"!&&!-)&!*)&(.(.*)&.(.&"!&&!&)&&"(/'!9
*)"*!&"*,*/*./!"&"!&&-)!(&$0"!/&"",
*/*.*,,!(&&"!&&)!(&&&'.&%,",!'&"*&""(.*&&&&'"
57

,%"&"!&&!-)&!*"(!!&)&/)&(.(.*)&.(.!&)&&
1('%."-'",""!).%"1)!&.""!"&**,,!"&"&
,"&"!&&)!(&&$
Other Moderation Effects
&."&,!'"'*!".&&&&"*"""&&("&%"1"
0/)!&.""!"&*&"!&&!-)&!)&(.(.*)&.(.&"!&&!&)&&
1!!..&"%.(!&&*,,!"(!("!&"(&,&"**&&*&"!&&&&&&'"1"
".A&"&"!&&!-)&!*'&"!"!(&&"(""&")&(.(.
&"!&&(!&&"'*!"!&$E1/!&''*!"!&**&1&,(",,("&"
!."&%"1)!&.""!"&*&"!&&!-)&!)&(.(.*)&.(.&"!&&
!&)&&$
Stress domain.&&("&%"1)!&.""!"&*&"!&&!-)&!*
)&(.(.&"!&&)!()"*&).**,,!")""!&1&"!&&*,,!"*'&1&
-'*$!"(&'1&.A*";%&"!&&!&*&"!&&!&"!*'&1"1A!
&"!"1(')!*""/!(!&&*'("!&""(.**"!)!&.
&"!&&!&*'&!&,'-*.,&"!&&!&$-)("*./"!."*(&"1!*
"*!&)&&""!",!&"!"*.&&>(A"" +7B#*!++@?
*/*.&!"(&'!.A.",*"'&./&!(!"&"!&&,.(!('&"(&
(!&&/!",.,*'&$1."&%!*""*/*.&1"./.&
,!"(&'!)!"%.&&!&)&/**&(.&!."&)&"
"/"!)!&.%/!&*"&(.""/,,("*!(,.(">(A'".$
+3?1('!&.""!."/.&"!!(("%"1!"(&'*
("!&,"!)!&.&"!&&!&$
58

."-"!/!&1&,*"%!."*"&"!&&!-)&!!.1
&(!"=*%&"!&&*'&-"!/!&1&%&!/*"*&)."/&&("1"
"!)!&.&"!&&!&$(,*&1!(!"1""&&(.(!&(""-"!/!&
1&&&"*"%!*1")&"/&(."!("&>#.A1&A 0!&+5?
1('.*"*(!&*"!)!&.&"!&&,.("!&$
(!)&(.(.&"!&&)!()"(!&&",/)!&.""!"&!."&"
!.)!()",&"!&&1&&,(".&"!!1(')!*""/!,
)&(.(.&"!&&)!()"&)(,(*'&>-()"!%.&&1&'..&"*
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+?$E1/!"(!!"&"*1**"/&').&,!'"&"!(."!
%(A!*"-'"'*!",,("&,(."!,!)&.(.&"!&&!&)&&$
0"!!&!(&**"-'(."!.*,,!(&"&&("&%"1)!&."
"!"&*)&.(.&"!&&!&)&&$
Observation timeframe. !.((!!".A&%"1)!&.""!"&*
&"!&&!-)&!*)&(.(.&"!&&)!()"**"*,,!,!'"!)!&)("/.A&
&"!"$,*&!(!(1""!'",!)!*("//.*",
)!&.""!"&(!&&"'>&)".$++4?$
Personality measure.!."&%"1)!&.""!"&*&"!&&!-)&!*
)&(.(.*)&.(.&"!&&!&)&&1!!.."*,,!""!'&,
*,,!"'&!&,"0/)!&.""!"&$.&,("'*!",,("&
1!%&!/*".A%"1)&&*)&(.(.&"!&&)!()"$#A!
&&("&1!,*1)&&1&'&!*%/"!&$')!*""!
'&!&,)&&1(!*'"*%("/!."*("""/"!&
.&()"!*"(."!.*-)!".(')"&,)&&>#".$+5?$"&
)&&%."""(."!.*-)!".&)(",)&&'&!*%"/"!&
1&.&&.A."%!."*")&(.(.&"!&&)!()"1(')!*""!,("&,
)&&.*"!*(*&&("%"1)&&*)&(.(.&"!&&)!()"
1/"!&1!').*$
Stress assessment method.&&("&%"1)!&.""!"&*&"!&&!
-)&!*)&(.(.&"!&&)!()"&&&&*/&.,9!)!"/&$"!/11!
4

!..(&&""$.&,("'*!",,("&1!%&!/*"!"(&'9
)&(.(.&"!&&!&)&.A&(""&,(".&'..!(!!."1&%&!/*
1)&(.(.&"!&&)!()"1&&&&&*"!"!/11(')!*"&.,9
!)!"$"&)&&%."""&.,9!)!"'&!,)&(.(.&"!&&)!()"%""!
()"!*"&"!&&9!."*""&'"&*)!()"&""1!&!*1""(!&,
!"(&'$
Type of psychological stress perception scale. "),)&(.(.&"!&&
)!()"&(.').*1&.&&,("'*!"!,"&&("&%"1
)!&.""!"&*)&(.(.&"!&&)!()"$.A&%"1)!&.""!"&
>-()"!%.&&?*)&(.(.&"!&&)!()"&&&&*%"!(/*"!&&
(.1&&,("..!!'"*1(')!*""!")&,)&(.(.&"!&&
!&)&'&!&!/."')!"(,*)"&"*!*=*'&!&1"
!.%.""(/%""!/.*"$("!&",!!"(&'-"!/!&*)&&
"!!."&")&(.(.&"!&&)!()"1!,*"%&,(".&'..!
'"*1"./.,&"!&&)!()"1&&&&&*,!*,,!"&"!&&!&((A.&"
'&!&$#(')!*""!(/*"!&&(.1(&&&&&%"")!()",
*'*&*")!()",("!.((A.&"'&!&&...")"&.&)("
>$$)!(/*"/')(")!(/*&/!"?,)&(.(.&"!&&!&)&$!&."&
.""')!"(,&'&!&""()"!*,,!"&)("&,)&(.(.&"!&&
)!()"$1."&&(",!&.9"''&!&&1*&,("..1!
,,("&,!!"(&'*"(("&%"1!%.&&*(&("&&&*
)&(.(.&"!&&)!()"1!,*"%&,("1)&(.(.&"!&&
4

)!()"1&'&!*%&."'$,*'%-).*%",(""""
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Moderators for physiological stress response.D!.."0/)!&.""!"&
1!"!."*")&.(.&"!&&!&)&(!&&"("!&,*,,!"'*!"!&$
((!*"(!!"!&."&&,(",,("&1!.%&!/*"&&("&%"1
!"(&'>",..'*.?*-"!/!&>"'*.?*)&.(.&"!&&
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,"&&"*&'!,"!!&!(&**"%""!(/!"&&("&%"1"
0/)!&.""!"&*)&.(.*("!&,!!("&,*,,!"%.(.
&&"'&$
Theoretical and practical implications
&1"&"&=*&&("&%"1"0/)!&.""!"&*
&"!&&!-)&!*)&(.(.*)&.(.&"!&&!&)&&(!&&*,,!"&').&
*&"**&&1,*&))!",!""!"(.'*.&""')&="')!"(,
)!&."&"!&&)!(&&&$>).".$+8BE''++3B'"++3B#..'&".$
++?$!!&."&,!"!(.!,"*,,!".!.&,"0/)!&.""!"&("&
)"".&!(&,!*/*.*,,!(&&"!&&!-)&!)&(.(.&"!&&)!()"
*)&.(.&"!&&!&)&1(((!*!&"*,(()".
*&"("&,"*,,!"&"!&&(')"&$#&(!"=*'&"!&&-)!(&
*,,!".,*'&)!&.""!"&'%'!.A."%.A*"(!"")&,
&"!&&,.("!&""!&>$$-"!/!&1&.A*""!)!&.&"!&&!&.?
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"*'9&)(,(1$!&."&,!"&&("&%"1"0/)!&.""!"&
4
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&"!&&!&(&&""1$!")!&.""!"&&(&!"(&'*!%.&&
!!./""&"!&&-)!(&>%"&"!&&!-)&!*)&(.(.&"!&&)!()"?
(!&&&"!&&!&1"*,,!"*!&,(!("$/!..",*&("!%""%""!
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&"!&&)!()"1!"/!,!'"/(.!,")!&."9&"!&&.A$D/""
*/*.*,,!(&&"!&&!-)&!)&(.(.&"!&&)!()"*)&.(.
&"!&&!&)&!&,!'*,,!"*&)&".&!(&"&&&".,!,"!!&!("
*,*'&!"*,,!"(')"&,&"!&&)!(&&&*&"("(&"!("&$.&
!.)!&.""!"&-%"*'!!%&"!."&1")&(.(.&"!&&)!()"
'&!*&"!(/*"!&&(."""&&&&*%"!'&!&$#(')!*
45

""!'&!&,)&(.(.&"!&&)!()""!(/*"!&&(.)&&&&&
%!*!%*1*"()"!*,,!"&)("&,)&(.(.&"!&&>$$)!(/**'*&
*)!(/*("!.?1('!&."&"!!&&("&1")!&.""!"&$
1.((!*""(!!"!/1!&!(!&&.*/**)""&.9"'
'&!,)&(.(.&"!&&)!()"&"&.1!.%.".'"*"%.""*"(""
!."&)$
(!!"'"9.&&.&&)!("(.').("&,!*&&)!/"*
."('"$0!-').",*""*/*.&1"*,,!"./.&"
0/)!&.""!"&'%/.!%."*,,!"&"&G*'&&,"&"!&&)!(&&'
,!'"*",(",*/*.&"!&A,-)!(&"!&&,.(!('&"(&
*G!&,,!"&)&(.(.!("&""-)!(&("!%""(!&*
)!(&"!/"&$**"..&/*(&%,*,!(&)!&."
"!"&&!&.","!/"&>%!"&".$+7?(!&"""&%)*"
*/.))!&."9%&*"!/"&>)'".$+5B*&".$+5?$
)(,(.."!/"&/%*/.)*",(&()!&."*!(".
>.*!".$+@?!)!&."9!."*,!'"&%&*"')!/",,((
,"!/"&>!(=A#&" #..!"++?$&."&,!'"(!!"'"9."(
!/1)!/**"!"(.&))!"*,!'",!"!/"&"%*/.)*""!"
(&!./")!&.""!"&,!&"!&&''"$0!-').1."!/"&
""'"!."'".*("/!&)&&"&"!&&-)!(&'%,",!'
')!/")&"/*/.)'",.."0/)!&.""!"&"&""&"!/,!
.1!*/*.&H&"!&&("!&*..,',(&'!&"..(&
!"(&'(&("&&&*!%.&&$.&",!'"%"".A&%"1
44

&)(,()!&.""!"&**,,!"*'&&G(!("!&"(&,&"!&&-)!(&(%
)).**/./**/.)&"!&&''""!/"&""!".!*"%""!
&!/*/*.*&$
Limitations and Future Directions
!!&/!..'""&"(!!"'"9.&&$0!&"")!&"&"*,(&*
-(.&/.&"*&"&"0/)!&.""!"&$"!)!&.""!"&&(&&.,9
&"'/%&1"%&&("*1"&"!&&!-)&!)&(.(.*
)&.(.&"!&&!&)&&$"&)&&%.""*,,!")""!&,!&."&1..%%&!/*
1'!)!&.""!"&>$$&.,9&"'*!A)!&.""!"&?!(.**$(*"
!."&%"1)!&.""!"&*&"!&&1!.-'*""*'9./.,"
0/$E1/!&"!&&'%&&("*1")!&.""!"&""!./.&$0!-').!
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"!"&*&"!&&%&"!&&(()".="$.&&('&"&"*&**"!)!"!&."&,!
,("&(!&11!"%."(*(".&&"",("./.$0"!&"*&&.*
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)!&.""!"&*&"!&&!"!(("*$!**&)""(.&,'*!"!&
&%&"".%"19&')./!(&"..!'*$0"!!&!('-'"!,("!&
""'("!%"""/!"")!&."9&"!&&.A$0!""'%!,&').&
/.%.1&.'"*&'("!&,"'*!"!&!&."*(!&*)1!"
-'")!&."9&"!&&.A,!&'&)(,(("!&,"'*!"!&$.!!!&."&
'%%"*,!'"'*!"!.&&&'!&"*&(('."$!,"!!&!(
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(!"(()".=",&"!&&$0!-').(.!,"(("&%"1&)(,(
43

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(("!%""*/.)&"!"&"(")!(&*,,((,)!&."9%&*
"!/"&,!&"!&&''"$!/!"("/))!&.,)&(.(.&"!&&
!&)&(%,!"!*,,!""*""/.",&"".*'*&*)!&.
&"A>)!'!))!&.?*"))!&.,)!&.()!&!(&>&(*!))!&.?
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)&.(.&&"'&)!&.""!"&'&1&"!!!."&"*("!&,&"!&&
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)!&.""!"&**("!&,&"!&&!&)&&,!'*,,!")&.(.&&"'&
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&(!($"&)&&%.""(!")&.(.&&"'&!'!!&)&/""!&"(!"
")&,&"!&&!&>$$;%&"!&&!&/&$"!)!&.&"!&&!&)&*(&"!&&!&/&$(!(
&"!&&!&?*"(("&%"1)!&.""!"&*)&.(.&"!&&!&)&&,
&)(,(&&"'&!("")&"!&&!")&$&'!,"!&"*&!**"
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0..&&&&'",&"!&&!-)&!!/1*")!&"&"*1&'.'&!*%
&.,9!)!"&$0"!&"&=1!A&**,!-'".A%"1)!&.""!"&
*/!'"9%&*&"!&&!&&&&&*'!%;("/))!(&$
47

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)!&.""!"&*&"!&&*""*&,"'&"*&!/1*$&*&(&&*,!"
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*!/%"!,("!&"",.(*%"*/*.&H)!&.""!"&*"!-)!(&
,&"!&&$.&&/*(&%,*,!",,("&,.,-)!(&)!&."
*/.)'">.*!".$++?1("!."")&&%."""",,("&,&"!&&
-)!(&)!&."*/.)'")!"..(("*,!"&&("&%"1
)!&.""!"&*&"!&&$((!*""(!!&)&/)!().,)!&."*/.)'"
>&)".$++4B".$)!&&B%!"& (A.+7?"*/.)'".)!(&&&,
")!&.""!"&""-!",,("*/*.&H.,-)!(&(.&%,.(*%
"&-)!(&$
Conclusion
&''!")!&"&"*)!/*&",!&"'"9."(!/1,"&&("&
%"1"0/)!&.""!"&*&"!&&$!,*&&&""0/)!&."
"!"&&')!""&!("*!&"**/*.*,,!(&&"!&&$!/!")!&"
&"*&&"&"')!"(,(.!(()".=",&"!&&,!%""!*!&"*,
"!."&%"1)!&.""!"&*&"!&&$.&".A&%"1)!&.""!"&*
&"!&&'/!*)*&"!&&*'&*&&&&'",&"!&&$0*&"(!!"
&"*'/').("&,!"/&"",*/*.*,,!(&&"!&&-)!(&
&1..&"*",(",*/*.&1!"!&A,&,,!,!'&"!&&*
!."*."&&&$
48

,!(&
,,.(AD$E$2!!1&$ E&$>@@5?$!&*("-".,"!&,
*.&"!&&!("/":*/*.*,,!(&!."&,*&!%.*./"&1"
'**&"!%(*(!()"&"$ Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,
66>?@95+$*:+$+7G++945$33$$@
,!&'$%!'*$.'0!$C"#$&"!9!A$.'!0$$$$
*9;*$>+3?$/.&,&./!''.%.*!)&(.(.&"!&&
*"&!."&)1"!'"*,/)!&.""!"&'*(.&"*"&$The
European Journal of Psychiatry30>?594$
,!&'$*9;*$.'0!$C"#$&"!9!A$.'!0$$$$
C9C&$>+3?$./!"&"&"!./.&*!)&(.(.&"!&&*"&
!."&)1"!'"*,/)!&.""!"&'*(.&"*"&$Psychiatry
investigation13>3?37$*:+$5+3G)$+3$$3$37
.!(D$$*1!*&$$ A$$>+?$"*"%!"*'":"&"
,"(&!/",!&!(&"!$ J.Psychol., 145>?97$
*:+$+8+G++@8+$+$4445
.*1$$/&$$)!$ &&X$>@8@?$&'".")!*("
&"!&&N,*&,!'"!'"/&"*$ Journal of Personality and Social
Psychology, 56>5?38935$*:+$+7G++945$43$5$38
.9&$>++?$%&"!&&*;%&"&,("*"!!.""!"(&'")
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*:+$533G)!+$++$88$($54
4@
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.'*$$"1&A$$ (C$$>+?$'%((A.&"*"!/1
))!(&,!&&&&*.&"!&&!&:*./"!,&"!&&,./"&$ The
Handbook of Stress Science: Biology, Psychology, and Health, 4894@4$
%$!&$(A'$$ '%$$>++?$!.,(()".
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Quality of Life, 5>?89+5$*$!G+$++7G&589++9@+@593
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-)&!$
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&))!"'*.1"/!(!&&"':&",!!()!(."$ Applied Psychology: Health
and Well-being, 4>?739@8$*:+$G;$7489+845$+$++75$-
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Role of Appraisals and Specific Coping Strategies.
77
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Adolescence, 25>?3974$*$!G+$++7G0+475
E..$$E&"$$ C"$0$>@84?$!"(&'.,&"!&&*((!%"
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78
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Psychology Review, 33>?5+3953$*$!G+$+3G;$()!$+$+$++4
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84
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.,$ Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101>?3+937$*:+$+7G++75
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32>4?5++95+7$*:+$+@G+54@+@+5788
83
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Career Development, 43>?5594@$*:+$77G+8@585444@7575
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87
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88
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Personality, 86>?94$*:+$G;)$
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@5
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F&"!&$ Personnel Psychology, 58>?+9@$*:+$G;$7559
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!/1,)!&.""!"("!"!/"$ Psychological Bulletin, 143>?79
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&(!"*!&"!&&$Personality and Individual Differences24>5?4948$
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%$!!$$.'$$)"='..!$ ),$>+?$'*L("!.L
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-)**&"!&&!L&"!'*.$ Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 17>5?5439
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@4
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Psychological Studies, 62>?4953$*:+$++7G&3539+39+893
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Individual Differences, 22>?4947$*$!G+$+3G;$.*,$+$+$++
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Psychology, 72>?@39+3$*:+$+7G++945$7$$@3
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Perceived Stress Experienced by Multiple Myeloma Patients?
(1*C$$ C)&($>++7?$""!&,!"(&'1!A9,'.&"!&&*
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@3
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Summary of studies included in the meta-analysis.
Reference Sample
Mean
Age
Female % Sample Size Personality
Measure Used
Personality Domain
Assessed
Stress Measure
Used
Stress Domain Assessed
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Effect size and moderating effect estimates for relations between the Big Five personality traits and stress by
stress conceptualizations in full models.
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N and Stress
Panel 1: Average effect size
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Panel 2: Stress conceptualization
"!&&!-)&! 5 +$U+$@+$3V 9+$+8U9+$9+$+4V
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E and Stress
Panel 1: Average effect size
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R%& +$+U+$++8+$+8V
Panel 2: Stress conceptualization
"!&&!-)&! 37 9+$+5U9+$+89+$++V +$+7U+$++$V
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'%" 7 9+$+3U9+$4+$+V +$+4U9+$+5+$5V
&.(.&"!&&!&)& + 9+$+@U9+$39+$+V +$+U9+$+4+$+@V
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R%& +$++U+$++3+$+4V
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A and Stress
Panel 1: Average effect size
/!,,("&= +4 9+$U9+$49+$+V
R1& +$++U+$+++$++5V
R%& +$++@U+$++4+$+V
Panel 2: Stress conceptualization
"!&&!-)&! 43 9+$5U9+$79+$+V 9+$+U9+$+4+$+V
&(.(.&"!&&)!()" 7 9+$U9+$49+$+V +$++U9+$++$+V
'%"  9+$+@U9+$8+$+V +$+5U9+$+3+$V
&.(.&"!&&!&)&  +$++U9+$+@+$+@V +$U+$+5+$V
@

R1& +$++U+$+++$++5V
R%& +$++7U+$++5+$+V
Rws2+$++S
Rbs2@$++S
T 8$@4
)9/. +$++
C and Stress
Panel 1: Average effect size
/!,,("&= 4@ 9+$U9+$49+$+@V
R1& +$++3U+$++5+$++@V
R%& +$+7U+$+++$+V
Panel 2: Stress conceptualization
"!&&!-)&! 34 9+$U9+$89+$+8V +$++U9+$+4+$+5V
&(.(.&"!&&)!()" 45 9+$U9+$39+$+V +$++U9+$++$+V
-"!  9+$7U9+$89+$+3V 9+$+5U9+$4+$+7V
&.(.&"!&&!&)& 8 9+$+U9+$+$+3V +$+U+$++$@V
R1& +$++3U+$+++$++8V
R%& +$+4U+$++@+$+V
Rws2+$++S
Rbs27$73S
T 4$4+
)9/. +$@
O and Stress
Panel 1: Average effect size
/!,,("&= 5 9+$+U9+$+39+$+V
R1& +$++5U+$+++$++3V
R%& +$+U+$++7+$+8V
Panel 2: Stress conceptualization
"!&&!-)&! 53 +$+U9+$++$+8V +$+7U+$++$V
&(.(.&"!&&)!()" 5 9+$+7U9+$+9+$+5V 9+$+U9+$+359+$++V
&.(.&"!&&!&)&  +$+8U+$+++$4V +$U+$++$@V
R1& +$++U+$++++$++5V
R%& +$+U+$++7+$+@V
Rws24$@3S
Rbs2+$++S
T $5
)9/. i+$++
Note.-"!!,!&"&"!&&'&!&(.*%"&"!&&!-)&!*)&(.(.&"!&&)!()"B
'%"!,!&"&"!&&'&!&1"&"!&&!-)&!*)&(.(.&"!&&)!()"('%*$
(&'*!"(.&&1&"&"*.1*")"&,!'".&",!*,,!"&"*&1!/.%.
,!""(.&&"&!&,,("&""&"(.((!(&'(&&"'%!&,,,("&=&*,,!"
(.&&&,&"!&&(()".="*"**)""'%!,,,("&=&,!/!,,("&=&$P
,*("!/.B#P#"9').BP"19').BPA.*$
+

%.5$
Effect size and moderating effect estimates for relations between neuroticism and stressor exposure by different
moderators in full models.
'%!,
,,("=&
,,("=
U@4SV
*!",,("
U@4SV
Panel 1: Overall average effect size
/!,,("&= 5 +$+U+$7+$V
R1& +$++U+$+++$++5V
R%& +$++U+$++4+$+4V
Panel 2: Stress domain
/!,,("&= 5 +$+U+$7+$V
-*.,&"!&&!& 33 +$U+$@+$3V +$+U9+$++$+3V
%&"!&&!& 55 +$4U+$++$+V 9+$+4U9+$+9+$+V
"!)!&.&"!&&!& 4 +$U+$3+$+V +$+U9+$+5+$+@V
"!&"!&&!& @ +$+U+$++$8V 9+$+U9+$89+$+V
R1& +$++U+$++++$++V
R%& +$++U+$++4+$+5V
Rws25$75S
Rbs25$+S
T 7$+3
)9/. i+$++
Panel 3: Stress timescale
/!,,("&=  +$+U+$7+$V
)&*(&"!&&!&  +$U+$7+$@V +$+U9+$++$+@V
!(&"!&&!& 5 +$3U+$+$V 9+$+U9+$+@+$+V
.&&.&  +$5U+$@+$+V +$+4U9+$++$+V
-*&"!&&!& 3 +$3U+$+$V 9+$+U9+$+8+$+V
R1& +$++U+$+++$++5V
R%& +$++@U+$++5+$+V
Rws2$@@S
Rbs2$S
T 3$88
)9/. +$+73
Panel 4: Culture
/!,,("&= 3 +$+U+$7+$V
#&"! + +$+U+$7+$V +$++U9+$++$+V
&"! 3 +$8U+$+5+$V 9+$+U9+$3+$V
R1& +$++U+$+++$++5V
R%& +$++U+$++4+$+5V
Rws2+$5@S
Rbs2+$++S
T +$
)9/. +$7
Panel 5: Observation timeframe
/!,,("&= 5 +$+U+$7+$V
!&&9&(".&&&&'" +5 +$U+$8+$5V +$+U9+$++$+5V
!&)("/&&&&'" + +$7U+$+$V 9+$+U9+$+7+$+V
R1& +$++U+$+++$++5V
R%& +$++U+$++4+$+4V


Rws2$7S
Rbs24$S
T $7
)9/. +$+74
Panel 6: Personality measure
/!,,("&= 5 +$+U+$7+$V
0 @ +$5U+$5+$5V +$+5U9+$+3+$5V
 + +$7U+$+$V 9+$+U9+$+@+$+V
900 3 +$U+$3+$8V +$+U9+$+5+$+7V
M  +$5U+$8+$+V +$+5U9+$++$+@V
"!'&!& 3 +$7U+$+$V 9+$+U9+$+@+$+V
R1& +$++U+$+++$++5V
R%& +$++U+$++4+$+5V
Rws2$S
Rbs27$53S
T 5$@
)9/. +$@7
Panel 7: Stress assessment method
/!,,("&= 5 +$+U+$7+$V
.,9!)!" 3 +$U+$8+$V +$++U9+$++$+V
"!/1 8 +$4U+$+3+$5V 9+$+4U9+$5+$+5V
R1& +$++U+$+++$++5V
R%& +$++U+$++4+$+4V
Rws2+$++S
Rbs2$5S
T $53
)9/. +$7
Note.P,*("!/.B#P#"9').BP"19').BPA.*$


%.4$
Effect size and moderating effect estimates for relations between extraversion and stressor exposure by
different moderators in full models.
'%!,
,,("=&
,,("=
U@4SV
*!",,("
U@4SV
Panel 1: Overall average effect size
/!,,("&= 37 9+$+U9+$+3+$++V
R1& +$++5U+$+++$++7V
R%& +$++U+$++++$++3V
Panel 2: Stress domain
/!,,("&= 3 9+$+U9+$+39+$++V
-*.,&"!&&!&  9+$+U9+$+4+$+V +$+U9+$++$+4V
%&"!&&!&  9+$+U9+$+8+$+V +$++U9+$+4+$+4V
"!)!&.&"!&&!& 7 9+$U9+$@9+$+V 9+$+8U9+$3+$+V
R1& +$++U+$++++$++5V
R%& +$++5U+$++++$++7V
Rws2+$++S
Rbs2$57S
T $5
)9/. +$8+
Panel 3: Stress timescale
/!,,("&= 3+ 9+$+U9+$+5+$+V
)&*(&"!&&!&  9+$+5U9+$++$+V 9+$+U9+$+8+$+V
!(&"!&&!& + 9+$+U9+$+8+$+V 9+$+U9+$+3+$+V
.&&.& 5 9+$+U9+$+3+$+4V +$+U9+$+4+$+3V
-*&"!&&!&  +$+U9+$++$+8V +$+5U9+$++$+@V
R1& +$++4U+$+++$++@V
R%& +$++U+$++++$++V
Rws2+$++S
Rbs23$4S
T $7+
)9/. +$5@
Panel 4: Culture
/!,,("&= 34 9+$+U9+$+3+$++V
#&"! 48 9+$+U9+$+5+$+V +$+U9+$++$+5V
&"! 7 9+$U9+$+9+$+V 9+$+@U9+$7+$++V
R1& +$++5U+$+++$++8V
R%& +$++U+$++++$++4V
Rws2+$++S
Rbs2+$7S
T 5$@
)9/. +$+5
Panel 5: Observation timeframe
/!,,("&= 37 9+$+U9+$+3+$++V
!&&9&(".&&&&'" 4@ 9+$+U9+$+359+$++5V +$++U9+$++$+V
!&)("/&&&&'" 8 +$++U9+$+7+$+7V +$+U9+$+5+$+V
R1& +$++5U+$+++$++8V
R%& +$++U+$++++$++3V
Rws2+$++S


Rbs2$8S
T +$@5
)9/. +$
Panel 6: Personality measure
/!,,("&= 3 9+$+U9+$+3+$++V
  +$+U9+$+4+$+7V +$+5U9+$++$+V
900 7 9+$+5U9+$++$+V 9+$+U9+$+7+$+4V
M 8 9+$+4U9+$+$+V 9+$+U9+$++$+4V
"!'&!& 3 9+$+5U9+$+@+$+V 9+$+U9+$+3+$+4V
R1& +$++4U+$+++$++8V
R%& +$++U+$++++$++3V
Rws2+$++S
Rbs28$7S
T $+4
)9/. +$43
Note.P,*("!/.B#P#"9').BP"19').BPA.*$
5

%.3$
Effect size and moderating effect estimates for relations between agreeableness and stressor exposure by
different moderators in full models.
'%!,
,,("=&
,,("=
U@4SV
*!",,("
U@4SV
Panel 1: Overall average effect size
/!,,("&= 43 9+$U9+$79+$+@V
R1& +$++U+$++++$++5V
R%& +$++7U+$+++$+V
Panel 2: Stress domain
/!,,("&= 44 9+$U9+$79+$+@V
-*.,&"!&&!& 5 9+$+@U9+$59+$+5V +$+5U9+$++$+@V
%&"!&&!&  9+$4U9+$9+$+@V 9+$+U9+$+8+$+5V
"!)!&.&"!&&!& @ 9+$U9+$@9+$V 9+$+8U9+$3+$+V
R1& +$+++U+$++++$++V
R%& +$++7U+$+++$+V
Rws2$@3S
Rbs2$+8S
T 3$4
)9/. +$+55
Panel 3: Stress timescale
/!,,("&= 44 9+$U9+$39+$+@V
)&*(&"!&&!& @ 9+$7U9+$49+$+V 9+$+4U9+$+$+V
!(&"!&&!&  9+$3U9+$9+$+V 9+$+U9+$+@+$+V
.&&.&  9+$+8U9+$39+$+V +$+5U9+$+5+$V
-*&"!&&!&  9+$+7U9+$59+$++V +$+3U9+$++$V
R1& +$++U+$++++$++V
R%& +$++4U+$++++$++@V
Rws25$3S
Rbs28$4@S
T 3$7
)9/. +$+@@
Panel 4: Observation timeframe
/!,,("&= 43 9+$U9+$79+$+@V
!&&9&(".&&&&'" 58 9+$U9+$79+$+@V +$++U9+$+5+$+5V
!&)("/&&&&'" 8 9+$U9+$@9+$+3V +$+U9+$+3+$+7V
R1& +$++U+$++++$++5V
R%& +$++7U+$+++$+V
Rws2+$++S
Rbs2$4S
T +$+7
)9/. +$7@
Panel 5: Personality measure
/!,,("&= 4+ 9+$U9+$79+$+8V
 4 9+$U9+$89+$+V +$+U9+$+3+$+V
900 7 9+$+@U9+$49+$+V +$+5U9+$++$+V
"!'&!& 8 9+$7U9+$9+$V 9+$+4U9+$+$+V
R1& +$++U+$++++$++5V
R%& +$++3U+$++++$+V
4

Rws2+$++S
Rbs2$4S
T $43
)9/. +$3@
Note.P,*("!/.B#P#"9').BP"19').BPA.*$
3

%.7$
Effect size and moderating effect estimates for relations between conscientiousness and stressor exposure by
different moderators in full models.
'%!,
,,("=&
,,("=
U@4SV
*!",,("
U@4SV
Panel 1: Overall average effect size
/!,,("&= 34 9+$U9+$79+$+7V
R1& +$++4U+$+++$++@V
R%& +$+4U+$++5+$+3V
Panel 2: Stress domain
/!,,("&= 3 9+$U9+$79+$+7V
-*.,&"!&&!& 7 9+$U9+$89+$+5V +$+U9+$+3+$+8V
%&"!&&!& 7 9+$5U9+$9+$+3V 9+$+U9+$+@+$+7V
"!)!&.&"!&&!& 7 9+$U9+$3+9+$++V 9+$+U9+$5+$V
R1& +$++5U+$++++$++7V
R%& +$+3U+$++4+$+8V
Rws2+$++S
Rbs2$8S
T +$
)9/. +$@+
Panel 3: Stress timescale
/!,,("&= 3+ 9+$U9+$79+$+3V
)&*(&"!&&!&  9+$U9+$9+$+V 9+$+U9+$+$+V
!(&"!&&!& 7 9+$U9+$9+$+4V 9+$+U9+$++$+3V
.&&.& 7 9+$+U9+$5+$+V +$+U9+$+$4V
-*&"!&&!&  9+$+8U9+$@+$+V +$+U9+$+8+$V
R1& +$++4U+$+++$++@V
R%& +$+5U+$+++$+3V
Rws2+$++S
Rbs25$+S
T +$4
)9/. +$@3
Panel 4: Culture
/!,,("&= 34 9+$U9+$79+$+7V
#&"! 47 9+$+U9+$49+$+4V +$+U9+$+5+$+7V
&"! 8 9+$U9+$39+$+@V 9+$U9+$5+$+V
R1& +$++4U+$+++$++8V
R%& +$+U+$+++$+5V
Rws2$+S
Rbs2@$45S
T $8
)9/. +$+@
Panel 5: Observation timeframe
/!,,("&= 34 9+$U9+$79+$+7V
!&&9&(".&&&&'" 44 9+$U9+$89+$+7V 9+$+U9+$+3+$+4V
!&)("/&&&&'" + 9+$+@U9+$779+$++V +$+U9+$+3+$V
R1& +$++4U+$+++$++@V
R%& +$+5U+$+++$+3V
Rws2+$S
7

Rbs2$5@S
T +$35
)9/. +$5
Panel 6: Personality measure
/!,,("&= 34 9+$U9+$79+$+7V
0 @ 9+$+@U9+$+$+5V +$+U9+$++$3V
 4 9+$+3U9+$7+$+4V +$+3U9+$+4+$7V
900 7 9+$U9+$+9+$+V +$+U9+$+8+$+V
"!'&!& 5 9+$3U9+$59+$+@V 9+$+5U9+$+$+5V
R1& +$++4U+$+++$++@V
R%& +$+U+$+++$+5V
Rws2+$++S
Rbs2$35S
T $54
)9/. +$585
Note.P,*("!/.B#P#"9').BP"19').BPA.*$
8

%.8$
Effect size and moderating effect estimates for relations between openness and stressor exposure by different
moderators in full models.
'%!,
,,("=&
,,("=
U@4SV
*!",,("
U@4SV
Panel 1: Overall average effect size
/!,,("&= 53 +$+U9+$++$+7V
R1& +$++U+$++++$++V
R%& +$+U+$+++$+V
Panel 2: Stress timescale
/!,,("&= 5 +$+U9+$+5+$+@V
!(&"!&&!& 3 9+$+U9+$+$+7V 9+$+4U9+$4+$+5V
.&&.& 7 +$+U9+$++$4V +$++U9+$+$V
-*&"!&&!&  +$+U9+$++$V +$+8U9+$++$@V
R1& +$+++U+$++++$++V
R%& +$+5U+$++++$+8V
Rws2+$++S
Rbs2+$4S
T $8
)9/. +$53
Panel 3: Personality measure
/!,,("&= 5 +$+U9+$+5+$+8V
 5 +$+4U9+$+3+$3V +$+U9+$+8+$5V
900 7 +$+4U9+$+5+$V +$+U9+$+3+$V
"!'&!& + 9+$+4U9+$4+$+3V 9+$+7U9+$7+$+5V
R1& +$++U+$++++$++5V
R%& +$+U+$+++$+5V
Rws2$S
Rbs2$@S
T $+
)9/. +$7
Note.P,*("!/.B#P#"9').BP"19').BPA.*$
@

%.@$
Effect size and moderating effect estimates for relations between neuroticism and psychological stress
perception by different moderators in full models.
'%!,
,,("=&
,,("=
U@4SV
*!",,("
U@4SV
Panel 1: Overall average effect size
/!,,("&= 3 +$3U+$+$8V
R1& +$++7U+$++5+$++@V
R%& +$+U+$+4+$+7V
Panel 2: Stress domain
/!,,("&= 3 +$3U+$+$8V
D!..,&"!&& 3 +$58U+$55+$4V +$U+$+8+$7V
%&"!&& 78 +$@U+$4+$V 9+$+7U9+$9+$+V
"!)!&.&"!&& 8 +$+U+$5+$3V 9+$+3U9+$89+$++V
"!&"!&& 83 +$+U+$3+$4V 9+$+3U9+$+9+$+V
-"! 8 +$4U+$+$@V 9+$+U9+$+4+$+V
R1& +$++3U+$++5+$++8V
R%& +$+3U+$++$+V
Rws2@$S
Rbs2$87S
T 57$@
)9/. i+$++
Panel 3: Stress timescale
/!,,("&= 74 +$U+$8+$5V
)&*(&"!&& 44 +$4U+$++$+V 9+$+3U9+$9+$+V
!(&"!&& 4 +$U+$8+$5V +$++U9+$++$+V
.&&.& 5+ +$5U+$8+$5+V +$+U9+$++$+@V
-"! 7 +$U+$7+$5+V +$+U9+$+5+$+@V
R1& +$++7U+$++5+$++@V
R%& +$+U+$++7+$+8V
Rws2$@4S
Rbs24$3+S
T 7$4
)9/. +$+35
Panel 4: Culture
/!,,("&= +5 +$3U+$+$8V
#&"! 78 +$4U+$+$8V +$++U9+$++$+V
&"! 3 +$@U+$+$53V +$+U9+$+5+$V
R1& +$++7U+$++5+$++V
R%& +$++U+$+5+$+7V
Rws2+$++S
Rbs2+$73S
T +$74
)9/. +$88
Panel 5: Observation timeframe
/!,,("&= 3 +$3U+$+$8V
!&&9&(".&&&&'" + +$3U+$5+$@V +$+U9+$++$+V
!&)("/&&&&'" 4 +$+U+$5+$3V 9+$+3U9+$39+$++5V
R1& +$++7U+$++5+$++@V
5+

R%& +$+U+$+5+$+7V
Rws2$+S
Rbs2$@S
T 4$5
)9/. +$++
Panel 6: Personality measure
/!,,("&= 3 +$3U+$+$8V
0 4 +$@U+$5+$54V +$+U9+$++$+@V
 3@ +$4U+$++$5+V 9+$+U9+$+3+$+5V
900 7 +$4U+$@+$5V +$++U9+$+7+$+3V
M 5@ +$U+$3+$5+V 9+$+U9+$++$+5V
"!'&!& @4 +$3U+$+$5+V +$++U9+$+5+$+4V
R1& +$++7U+$++5+$++@V
R%& +$++U+$+5+$+7V
Rws2+$++S
Rbs2$47S
T $7
)9/. +$7+4
Panel 7: Stress assessment method
/!,,("&= 3 +$3U+$+$8V
.,9!)!" @5 +$7U+$4+$5+V +$+U9+$++$+5V
"!/1 5 +$U+$5+$@V 9+$4U9+$9+$+7V
R1& +$++7U+$++5+$++@V
R%& +$+@U+$++$+4V
Rws2+$43S
Rbs2+$+S
T 4$3
)9/. i+$++
Panel 8: Type of stress scale
/!,,("&= 3 +$3U+$+$8V
!(/*&"!&&&(. @ +$4U+$57+$47V +$3U+$+$V
(A.&" 57 +$+U+$3+$V 9+$+3U9+$+9+$+V
.9"''&! 8 +$U+$3+$+V 9+$U9+$+9+$+3V
"!'&!&  +$7U+$5+$5V +$+U9+$++$+4V
R1& +$++7U+$++5+$++@V
R%& +$+U+$++8+$+8V
Rws2+$++S
Rbs23$74S
T 47$34
)9/. i+$++
Note.P,*("!/.B#P#"9').BP"19').BPA.*$
5

%.+$
Effect size and moderating effect estimates for relations between extraversion and psychological stress
perception by different moderators in full models.
'%!,
,,("=&
,,("=
U@4SV
*!",,("
U@4SV
Panel 1: Overall average effect size
/!,,("&= +3 9+$4U9+$79+$V
R1& +$++5U+$+++$++3V
R%& +$+U+$++3+$+4V
Panel 2: Stress domain
/!,,("&= +3 9+$4U9+$79+$V
D!..,&"!&& 8 9+$U9+$89+$8V 9+$+8U9+$9+$+5V
%&"!&& 3+ 9+$+8U9+$9+$+5V +$+7U+$++$V
"!)!&.&"!&&  9+$7U9+$9+$V 9+$+U9+$+8+$+5V
"!&"!&& 34 9+$3U9+$+9+$V 9+$+U9+$+4+$+V
-"!  9+$5U9+$89+$+V +$+U9+$++$+4V
R1& +$++U+$+++$++4V
R%& +$++8U+$++5+$+V
Rws28$7@S
Rbs24$8S
T 3$4
)9/. i+$++
Panel 3: Stress timescale
/!,,("&= 78 9+$U9+$49+$+@V
)&*(&"!&& 8 9+$U9+$89+$+7V 9+$+U9+$+3+$+4V
!(&"!&& +7 9+$5U9+$79+$+V 9+$+U9+$+4+$+V
.&&.&  9+$+4U9+$+$+V +$+7U+$++5+$5+V
-"!  9+$U9+$+9+$+4V +$++U9+$+8+$+7V
R1& +$++5U+$+++$++3V
R%& +$++@U+$++5+$+4V
Rws2$++S
Rbs24$54S
T 4$
)9/. +$47
Panel 4: Culture
/!,,("&= 8 9+$4U9+$89+$V
#&"! 34 9+$5U9+$79+$V +$+U9+$++$+V
&"! 8 9+$+U9+$79+$V 9+$+4U9+$+$+V
R1& +$++5U+$+++$++7V
R%& +$++U+$++4+$+4V
Rws2$85S
Rbs2$75S
T $7
)9/. +$5
Panel 5: Observation timeframe
/!,,("&= +3 9+$4U9+$79+$V
!&&9&(".&&&&'" @5 9+$4U9+$79+$V +$++U9+$++$+V
!&)("/&&&&'"  9+$+8U9+$3+$++V +$+7U9+$++$4V
R1& +$++5U+$+++$++3V
5

R%& +$++U+$++4+$+4V
Rws2+$++S
Rbs25$73S
T $73
)9/. +$+@3
Panel 6: Personality measure
/!,,("&= +3 9+$4U9+$79+$V
0 4 9+$3U9+$9+$+V 9+$+U9+$+7+$+4V
 4 9+$U9+$39+$+7V +$+U9+$++$+8V
900 47 9+$U9+$@9+$+7V +$+U9+$+5+$+7V
M 3 9+$U9+$+9+$+4V +$+U9+$+4+$+@V
"!'&!& 53 9+$@U9+$59+$4V 9+$+5U9+$+@+$++V
R1& +$++5U+$+++$++3V
R%& +$++U+$++4+$+5V
Rws2$+4S
Rbs27$47S
T 4$83
)9/. +$+@
Panel 7: Stress assessment method
/!,,("&= +3 9+$4U9+$79+$V
.,9!)!" @4 9+$4U9+$79+$V +$++U9+$++$+V
"!/1  9+$4U9+$79+$+5V +$++U9+$+$V
R1& +$++5U+$+++$++3V
R%& +$+U+$++3+$+4V
Rws2+$++S
Rbs2+$+S
T +$++
)9/. +$@4+
Panel 8: Type of stress scale
/!,,("&= +3 9+$4U9+$79+$V
!(/*&"!&&&(.  9+$U9+$89+$3V 9+$+7U9+$9+$+V
(A.&" 8 9+$+@U9+$9+$+3V +$+4U+$++$+@V
.9"''&! 3 9+$4U9+$9+$+8V +$++U9+$+8+$+7V
"!'&!& 83 9+$7U9+$+9+$V 9+$+U9+$+3+$+V
R1& +$++5U+$+++$++3V
R%& +$++@U+$++5+$+V
Rws25$S
Rbs27$4S
T 5$75
)9/. +$++
Note.P,*("!/.B#P#"9').BP"19').BPA.*$
5

%.$
Effect size and moderating effect estimates for relations between agreeableness and psychological stress
perception by different moderators in full models.
'%!,
,,("=&
,,("=
U@4SV
*!",,("
U@4SV
Panel 1: Overall average effect size
/!,,("&= 7 9+$U9+$39+$+V
R1& +$++U+$++++$++5V
R%& +$++8U+$+++$+V
Panel 2: Stress domain
/!,,("&= 7 9+$U9+$39+$+V
D!..,&"!&& @ 9+$8U9+$9+$V 9+$+4U9+$+39+$++V
%&"!&& 5 9+$+U9+$49+$+4V +$+U9+$++$+7V
"!)!&.&"!&& 8 9+$U9+$@9+$+5V +$+U9+$+3+$+8V
"!&"!&& 58 9+$+@U9+$59+$+4V +$+U9+$++$+8V
-"! 8 9+$U9+$79+$+7V +$+U9+$+4+$+3V
R1& +$++U+$++++$++5V
R%& +$++7U+$+++$+V
Rws2$88S
Rbs2$5S
T 3$3+
)9/. +$4@
Panel 3: Stress timescale
/!,,("&= @ 9+$U9+$59+$+7V
)&*(&"!&& 7 9+$+8U9+$59+$+V +$+U9+$++$+@V
!(&"!&& 44 9+$U9+$39+$+7V 9+$+U9+$+4+$+5V
-"!  9+$U9+$@9+$+4V 9+$+U9+$+8+$+4V
R1& +$++U+$++++$++4V
R%& +$++8U+$+++$+5V
Rws2+$++S
Rbs23$78S
T $5
)9/. +$47
Panel 4: Culture
/!,,("&= +3 9+$U9+$39+$+V
#&"! @5 9+$U9+$49+$+@V +$+U9+$++$+5V
&"!  9+$@U9+$79+$V 9+$+3U9+$5+$+V
R1& +$++U+$++++$++4V
R%& +$++8U+$+++$+V
Rws2+$47S
Rbs27$S
T $4
)9/. +$
Panel 5: Observation timeframe
/!,,("&= 7 9+$U9+$39+$+V
!&&9&(".&&&&'" +7 9+$U9+$39+$+V +$++U9+$++$+V
!&)("/&&&&'" + 9+$U9+$+9+$+5V +$++U9+$+8+$+@V
R1& +$++U+$++++$++5V
R%& +$++8U+$+++$+V
55

Rws2+$+S
Rbs2+$++S
T +$+
)9/. +$@
Panel 6: Personality measure
/!,,("&= 7 9+$U9+$39+$+V
0  9+$4U9+$9+$+@V 9+$+U9+$+8+$+5V
 + 9+$5U9+$@9+$+8V 9+$+U9+$+3+$+5V
900 4 9+$+@U9+$49+$+V +$+5U9+$++$+V
"!'&!& + 9+$U9+$89+$+8V +$++U9+$+4+$+4V
R1& +$++U+$++++$++5V
R%& +$++8U+$+++$+V
Rws2+$73S
Rbs24$4@S
T $88
)9/. +$4@7
Panel 7: Type of stress scale
/!,,("&= 7 9+$U9+$39+$+V
!(/*&"!&&&(. 3 9+$8U9+$59+$V 9+$+4U9+$+$+V
(A.&" 5 9+$+@U9+$59+$+4V +$+U9+$++$+8V
.9"''&! 7 9+$+7U9+$8+$+V +$+4U9+$+4+$4V
"!'&!& 3+ 9+$U9+$79+$+@V +$++U9+$+5+$+5V
R1& +$++U+$++++$++5V
R%& +$++7U+$+++$+V
Rws2+$++S
Rbs25$S
T 4$3
)9/. +$
Note.P,*("!/.B#P#"9').BP"19').BPA.*$
54

%.$
Effect size and moderating effect estimates for relations between conscientiousness and psychological stress
perception by different moderators in full models.
'%!,
,,("=&
,,("=
U@4SV
*!",,("
U@4SV
Panel 1: Overall average effect size
/!,,("&= 45 9+$U9+$39+$+V
R1& +$++7U+$+++$+V
R%& +$+4U+$++7+$+V
Panel 2: Stress domain
/!,,("&= 45 9+$U9+$39+$+V
D!..,&"!&& 3 9+$3U9+$9+$+V 9+$U9+$@9+$+8V
%&"!&& 5 9+$+@U9+$9+$+5V +$+5U9+$++$+@V
"!)!&.&"!&& 8 9+$+4U9+$5+$+5V +$+8U9+$++$7V
"!&"!&& 45 9+$+3U9+$+@9+$++V +$+7U+$++$V
-"!  9+$U9+$89+$+4V +$+U9+$+4+$+8V
R1& +$++3U+$+++$++@V
R%& +$+U+$++4+$+7V
Rws28$3S
Rbs2@$+S
T 7$7
)9/. i+$++
Panel 3: Stress timescale
/!,,("&= 8 9+$+8U9+$9+$+5V
)&*(&"!&&  9+$+U9+$++$+4V +$+4U9+$++$V
!(&"!&& 78 9+$+8U9+$9+$+5V 9+$+U9+$+3+$+5V
.&&.& 3 9+$+5U9+$@+$+V +$+U9+$+$7V
-"!  9+$U9+$+9+$+V 9+$+5U9+$+$+4V
R1& +$++3U+$+++$++@V
R%& +$+U+$++4+$+V
Rws2$+4S
Rbs2+$++S
T $8
)9/. +$5@
Panel 4: Culture
/!,,("&= 5 9+$U9+$39+$+@V
#&"! 7 9+$U9+$49+$+8V +$+U9+$++$+4V
&"! 3 9+$U9+$9+$5V 9+$+@U9+$89+$+V
R1& +$++8U+$+++$+V
R%& +$+5U+$++4+$+V
Rws2+$++S
Rbs2@$@@S
T 4$
)9/. +$+
Panel 5: Observation timeframe
/!,,("&= 45 9+$U9+$39+$+V
!&&9&(".&&&&'" 5 9+$U9+$39+$+@V +$++U9+$++$+V
!&)("/&&&&'"  9+$4U9+$59+$+4V 9+$+U9+$+$+8V
R1& +$++7U+$+++$+V
53

R%& +$+4U+$++7+$+V
Rws2+$++S
Rbs2+$7+S
T +$8
)9/. +$37
Panel 6: Personality measure
/!,,("&= 45 9+$U9+$39+$+V
0 5 9+$8U9+$39+$V 9+$+4U9+$+$+V
 3 9+$U9+$@9+$+7V +$++U9+$+7+$+3V
900 4 9+$+3U9+$5+$+V +$+3U9+$++$5V
"!'&!& 5 9+$5U9+$@9+$+8V 9+$+U9+$+3+$+4V
R1& +$++7U+$+++$+V
R%& +$+5U+$++3+$+V
Rws2+$S
Rbs28$7S
T 4$+7
)9/. +$37
Panel 7: Type of stress scale
/!,,("&= 45 9+$U9+$39+$+V
!(/*&"!&&&(.  9+$3U9+$9+$@V 9+$U9+$+9+$+3V
(A.&" 4 9+$U9+$39+$+4V +$+U9+$++$+7V
.9"''&! 5 +$++U9+$+@+$+V +$U+$+5+$V
"!'&!& 33 9+$U9+$39+$+3V +$+U9+$++$+7V
R1& +$++3U+$+++$++V
R%& +$+U+$++4+$+8V
Rws2$83S
Rbs2$5S
T $
)9/. i+$++
Note.P,*("!/.B#P#"9').BP"19').BPA.*$
57

%.$
Effect size and moderating effect estimates for relations between openness and psychological stress perception
by different moderators in full models.
'%!,
,,("=&
,,("=
U@4SV
*!",,("
U@4SV
Panel 1: Overall average effect size
/!,,("&= 5 9+$+3U9+$+@9+$+V
R1& +$++U+$++++$++V
R%& +$+U+$++3+$+7V
Panel 2: Stress domain
/!,,("&= 5 9+$+3U9+$+@9+$+V
D!..,&"!&& + 9+$5U9+$@9+$+@V 9+$+8U9+$9+$+V
%&"!&&  +$++U9+$+4+$+4V +$+4U+$++$+V
"!)!&.&"!&& + 9+$+4U9+$+$+V +$+U9+$+4+$+7V
"!&"!&& 4@ 9+$+U9+$+8+$+V +$+U9+$++$+7V
-"! @ 9+$+4U9+$++$++V +$+U9+$+5+$+3V
R1& +$++U+$++++$++V
R%& +$++@U+$++5+$+V
Rws2+$++S
Rbs23$57S
T $3
)9/. +$++
Panel 3: Stress timescale
/!,,("&= 7 9+$+U9+$+3+$+V
)&*(&"!&& + 9+$+4U9+$+$+V 9+$+U9+$+@+$+V
!(&"!&& 73 9+$+U9+$+7+$+V +$++U9+$+5+$+5V
-"!  +$++U9+$+3+$+7V +$+U9+$+5+$+V
R1& +$++U+$++++$++V
R%& +$++@U+$++5+$+4V
Rws2+$++S
Rbs27$34S
T $44
)9/. +$53+
Panel 4: Culture
/!,,("&= + 9+$+3U9+$+@9+$+V
#&"! 3 9+$+4U9+$+89+$+V +$+U9+$++$+5V
&"! 5 9+$+U9+$89+$+V 9+$+5U9+$+$+V
R1& +$++U+$++++$++V
R%& +$+U+$++3+$+7V
Rws2+$@4S
Rbs2+$7+S
T $4
)9/. +$@
Panel 5: Observation timeframe
/!,,("&= 5 9+$+3U9+$+@9+$+V
!&&9&(".&&&&'"  9+$+3U9+$+@9+$+V +$++U9+$++$+V
!&)("/&&&&'" + 9+$+4U9+$+$+V +$+U9+$+7+$+@V
R1& +$++U+$++++$++V
R%& +$+U+$++3+$+7V
58

Rws2+$++S
Rbs2+$4@S
T +$+4
)9/. +$84
Panel 6: Personality measure
/!,,("&= 5 9+$+3U9+$+@9+$+V
0 5 9+$+8U9+$9+$+V 9+$+U9+$+8+$+V
  +$+U9+$+5+$+3V +$+7U+$++$V
900 53 9+$+U9+$++$+V +$+U9+$+5+$+8V
"!'&!& + 9+$U9+$89+$+7V 9+$+7U9+$9+$+V
R1& +$++U+$++++$++V
R%& +$++U+$++4+$+5V
Rws27$7+S
Rbs2@$3@S
T $8@
)9/. +$++8
Panel 7: Type of stress scale
/!,,("&= 5 9+$+3U9+$+@9+$+V
!(/*&"!&&&(. 7 9+$U9+$89+$+3V 9+$+3U9+$9+$++5V
(A.&" 55 +$+U9+$++$+3V +$+7U+$++$V
.9"''&! @ 9+$+U9+$@9+$+V 9+$+5U9+$+$+4V
"!'&!& 7 9+$+7U9+$9+$+V 9+$+U9+$+3+$+V
R1& +$++U+$++++$++V
R%& +$++@U+$++4+$+5V
Rws24$7+S
Rbs2+$5S
T $@
)9/. +$++5
Note.P,*("!/.B#P#"9').BP"19').BPA.*$
5@

%.5$
Effect size and moderating effect estimates for relations between neuroticism and physiological stress response
by different moderators in full models.
'%!,
,,("=&
,,("=
U@4SV
*!",,("
U@4SV
Panel 1: Overall average effect size
/!,,("&= 57 +$+8U9+$++$7V
R1& +$+++U+$++++$++V
R%& +$+5U+$+++$+75V
Panel 2: Physiological indicator
/!,,("&= 57 +$+8U9+$++$7V
!"&. 5 +$+U9+$+8+$V 9+$+4U9+$3+$+4V
!*/&(.!*("!&  +$U+$++$V +$+5U9+$+7+$5V
"!*("!&  +$+U9+$++$V +$+U9+$+@+$5V
R1& +$+++U+$++++$++V
R%& +$+5U+$++@+$+7V
Rws2++S
Rbs2$8S
T 5$
)9/. +$3
Panel 3: Stressor setting
/!,,("&= 57 +$+8U9+$++$7V
%!"! 5 +$+8U9+$++$8V +$++U9+$++$+V
"!.&"( 5 +$+7U9+$8+$V 9+$+U9+$3+$5V
R1& +$+++U+$++++$++V
R%& +$+5U+$+++$+75V
Rws2+$S
Rbs2+$++S
T +$+
)9/. +$@5
Panel 4: Personality measure
/!,,("&= 5 +$+U+$+++$+V
  9+$+U9+$+$7V 9+$U9+$+$+7V
900 3 +$4U9+$+7+$7V +$+4U9+$7+$7V
M  +$U+$+5+$8V +$U9+$+3+$@V
"!'&!&  +$+5U9+$4+$V 9+$+3U9+$5+$V
R1& +$++U+$++++$++3V
R%& +$+3U+$++4+$+33V
Rws2$3S
Rbs23$7S
T $7
)9/. +$@
Panel 5: Physiological reactivity measure type
/!,,("&= 57 +$+8U9+$++$7V
*("!%&../.& 4 +$U9+$++$4V +$+U9+$++$7V
&*("!&  +$+3U9+$+4+$7V 9+$+U9+$+$+@V
R1& +$+++U+$++++$++V
R%& +$+5U+$+++$+7V
Rws2$S
4+

Rbs2$5+S
T +$5
)9/. +$4
Panel 6: Indicator change direction
/!,,("&= 57 +$+8U9+$++$7V
(!& 5+ +$+7U9+$++$7V +$++U9+$++$+@V
(!& 7 +$+U9+$++$V +$+U9+$++$4V
R1& +$+++U+$++++$++V
R%& +$+5U+$+++$+7V
Rws23$S
Rbs2$7S
T +$+
)9/. +$48
Note.P,*("!/.B#P#"9').BP"19').BPA.*$
""&'..'%!,&').&/.%.*!."/..!&"*!*!!!&1""&').&,!"
!."&%"1!"(&'*)&.(.&"!&&!&)&&"&"'"&&.*%"!)!"*1"
("&$
4

%.4$
Effect size and moderating effect estimates for relations between extraversion and physiological stress response
by different moderators in full models.
'%!,
,,("=&
,,("=
U@4SV
*!",,("
U@4SV
Panel 1: Overall average effect size
/!,,("&= + 9+$+3U9+$++$+@V
R1& +$+4U+$++++$++V
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Figure 1. The conceptual dimensions of stress examined in the current study. Due to insufficient number of qualified samples, the relations between
the Big Five personality traits and primary and secondary appraisals of the cognitive stress response were not tested in the current study.
45
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Figure 2. Summary of the analyses and moderators tested in the current study.
44
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Figure 3. Overall effect sizes for the associations between the Big Five personality traits and stress.
43
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Figure 4. Effect sizes for the associations between the Big Five personality traits and stress by stress conceptualization.
... While negative emotionality is negatively associated with life satisfaction, a high level of extraversion is understood as a protective factor since it relates positively to life satisfaction. Similar links to stress perception were also found (Luo et al., 2023). Furthermore, negative emotionality is strongly and positively associated with perceived stress. ...
... A recent meta-analytical review on the relationship between personality and stress revealed that neuroticism/ negative emotionality was positively associated with stress, and the strength of this association was found to be 10 of 16 -LACKO ET AL. more robust than with other personality traits, which exhibited significant negative correlations with stress (Luo et al., 2023). Similar findings were reported in a meta-analysis focused on predicting psychological and subjective well-being from personality traits (Anglim et al., 2020). ...
... Meta-analyses confirmed that the association of independent stressors with negative emotionality and agreeableness was smaller than with dependent stressors (Luo et al., 2023). Conscientiousness was significantly linked to dependent stressors but not to independent stressors. ...
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This article investigates the links between the Big Five personality traits and self‐efficacy, perceived stress, and life satisfaction during the COVID‐19 pandemic on a large sample of Czech university students and lecturers ( N = 11,824). The study's findings indicate that during the pandemic, negative emotionality was strongly associated with both perceived stress and life satisfaction. The study also reveals a positive link between extraversion and perceived stress across the entire sample, and in the student group specifically, extraversion was negatively associated with life satisfaction. This suggests that a high level of extraversion may not act as a protective factor in situations of limited social contact, for example, under the social restriction mandates during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Additionally, self‐efficacy was associated with higher satisfaction with life but also higher perceived stress. This finding contradicts previous research conducted before and during the pandemic and warrants further investigation. Interestingly, the links between personality traits, self‐efficacy, perceived stress, and life satisfaction were not significantly moderated by professional position. Both lecturers and students experienced similar disruptions to their daily routines, social isolation, and financial concerns during the pandemic.
... Derakhshan believes that psychological factors encompass a range of dynamic psycholo gical processes. These factors intricately intertwine with an individual's mental, emotional (Derakhshan et al., 2023;Simpson et al., 2023), personal characteristics (Luo et al., 2023), and attitudes (Leung & McPherson, 2011), personal characteristics (Luo et al., 2023), and more, shaping the complex landscape of their thoughts, feelings, and reactions to various stimuli. Internal factors influencing musical performance improvement also include physiological factors (Xu & Xu, 2023), especially innate physical conditions (Belingheri et al., 2023) and psycho-physiological differences (Delleli et al., 2023). ...
... Derakhshan believes that psychological factors encompass a range of dynamic psycholo gical processes. These factors intricately intertwine with an individual's mental, emotional (Derakhshan et al., 2023;Simpson et al., 2023), personal characteristics (Luo et al., 2023), and attitudes (Leung & McPherson, 2011), personal characteristics (Luo et al., 2023), and more, shaping the complex landscape of their thoughts, feelings, and reactions to various stimuli. Internal factors influencing musical performance improvement also include physiological factors (Xu & Xu, 2023), especially innate physical conditions (Belingheri et al., 2023) and psycho-physiological differences (Delleli et al., 2023). ...
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Musical performance is the key content in the process of music education. Therefore, it is important for us to explore the current situation and factors affecting musical performance and further develop relevant skills for prospective music teachers. This study surveying 586 prospective music teachers using a questionnaire, the results indicate that physiological factors are the most important factors affecting musical performance, followed by psychological factors.
... Neuroticism, characterized by a predisposition to negative emotions such as anger, anxiety, self-consciousness, irritability, emotional instability, and depression (McCrae and Costa Jr., 2008), has been extensively studied in relation to stress (Luo et al., 2023). Individuals with high neuroticism often struggle to cope with stress, perceiving routine situations as threatening and minor challenges as overwhelmingly distressing (Luo et al., 2023). ...
... Neuroticism, characterized by a predisposition to negative emotions such as anger, anxiety, self-consciousness, irritability, emotional instability, and depression (McCrae and Costa Jr., 2008), has been extensively studied in relation to stress (Luo et al., 2023). Individuals with high neuroticism often struggle to cope with stress, perceiving routine situations as threatening and minor challenges as overwhelmingly distressing (Luo et al., 2023). This trait is well-researched and validated, demonstrating hereditary roots, childhood origins, consistency over time, and widespread prevalence (McCrae and Costa Jr., 2008). ...
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... While multiple personality models have been developed, the most widely used is the five-factor model of personality, also known as the Big Five (McCrae & Costa, 2003). The Big Five traits, namely, openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism, are widely documented to be associated with numerous health-related outcomes such as stress (Luo et al., 2023) and work-life balance (Sirgy & Lee, 2018). These traits are displayed through individualized patterns in our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors and reveal individual differences (Allport, 1961). ...
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Prior studies have highlighted the influence of personality traits and socio-demographics on one’s receptiveness towards healthcare technological innovations. As Singapore moves towards telehealth services, it is essential to understand people’s perceptions towards embracing telehealth concerning these factors. A profiling technique was conducted to identify profiles of telehealth receptiveness with personality traits and socio-demographics. This study used a nationally representative sample of 527 Singaporean participants. A latent profile analysis explored how receptiveness towards telehealth relates to different Big-Five personality traits and socio-demographics (age, education, prior telehealth usage). Three profiles were identified: early majority (Profile 1 –29.2%), early adopters (Profile 2 –46.3%), and late majority (Profile 3 –24.5%). The entropy value for this three-profile model indicated a good model fit (.83), and the Support Vector Machine revealed that this model has achieved high accuracy (96.94%). The findings contributed to the growing telehealth literature by identifying three profiles of Singaporeans regarding their receptiveness and elucidating the influence of personality traits and socio-demographics on one’s receptiveness towards telehealth.
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Measuring Stress is the definitive resource for health and social scientists interested in assessing stress in humans. With contributions from leading experts, this work provides for the first time a unified conceptual overview of the intricate relationship between stress and a variety of disorders. Its interdisciplinary approach to the selection of appropriate environmental, psychological, and biological measures includes comprehensive evaluations and practical advice regarding a wide range of measurement approaches. For environmental stress, techniques such as checklists and interviews that measure life event, daily event, and chronic stress are discussed. An analysis of psychological measurements includes methods for assessing stress appraisal and affective response. Neuroendocrine, cardiovascular, and immune measures are examined as important biological stress assessments. Contributors also uncover the conceptual underpinnings of each approach as well as the various costs and benefits of available assessment techniques. Reflecting the diversity of theoretical conceptions of stress, Measuring Stress masterfully provides integrative, incisive guidelines that will prove invaluable to students, clinicians, and researchers in health and social psychology, medicine, nursing, epidemiology, sociology, and psychiatry.