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Reliability and validity of Chinese version of discrimination and stigma scale in Patients with mental disorder

Authors:
  • The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, China

Abstract

Objective: To evaluate reliability and validity of the discrimination and stigma scale(DISC) for people with mental disorders in China. Method:DISC was introduced from team of Professor Thornicroft.G, to assess stigma and discrimination with mental illness from a behavioral perspective. The scale was forward translated,back-translated and subsequently adapted using the multi-step methods to form the Chinese version of DISC. A total of 242 people with mental disorders were interviewed with the scale. Results:The internal consistency(Cronbach alpha)of DISC Chinese version was 0.70 and the Spearman-Brown split-half coefficient was 0.85. The test-retest reliability of total score of DISC was 0.83, The DISC subscale 1 showed a positive correlation with the discrimination experience subscale of the internalized stigma of mental illness scale( ISMI)( r =0.417,P ﹤0.01),and subscale 2 was associated with the social withdrawal subscale of the ISMI( r = 0.332,P ﹤0.01)and with the total score of self-esteem scale( SES)( r = 0.250,P ﹤0.01),respectively. The DISC subscale 3 showed a negative correlation with the total score of SES(r = -0.187,P ﹤0.01),and the DISC subscale4 showed a positive correlation with objective support of social support rating scale(SSRS)and availability of support of SSRS(r =0.177,0.170,all P ﹤0.01),demonstrating that the DISC had good convergent validity. Conclusion:The Chinese version of DISC has good psychometrically validated properties,and it is recommended for measuring experienced and anticipated stigma and discrimination of people with mental disorders in China.
·论著·
歧视与病耻感量表中文版在精神
障碍患者中的信度和效度研究
李洁,李海燕,黄远光,刘靖雯,杨慧, 
摘要:评估歧视与病耻感量表在中国精神障碍患者中的信度和效度。方法
 团队研发的 按初译、回译等步骤形成  中文版, 例精神障碍患者作为受访对
象,验证量表的信度和效度。 
α系数为  分半信度为  总分重测信度
  分量表 总分与精神疾病内在病耻感调查表歧视经历因子分呈正相关 r .
P  分量表 总分与  社会退缩因子分呈正相关 r .P  分量表 总分与自尊
量表总分 呈正 相关r . P  分量总分与  总分呈负相关 r  .P
 分量表 总分与社会支持评定量表客观支持分以及对支持的利用度分均呈正相关r
..P   结论 中文版具有较好的信度和效度,可作为评估精神障碍患者歧
视与病耻感的临床工具。
关键词:精神障碍;歧视与病耻感量表;心理测量
中图分类号:   文献标识码:文章编号: 
Reliability and validity of Chinese version of discrimination and stigma scale in Patients with mental dis-
orderLI JieLI Hai-yanHUANG Yuan-guangLIU Jing-wenYANG HuiGraham Thornicroft. Guangzhou
Brain HospitalGuangzhou China
AbstractObJective          
       Method       
               
             
              Results  

             
                   
             
r
.P              r .
P         r  .P    
           
r  .P     
              
   
r    P          
Conclusion            
              
Key words        
  近年来,国内开始关注精神障碍患者的病耻感,
但对精神障碍病耻感的研究侧重于公众对精神障碍
的态度或是患者感受到的病耻感缺乏从行为学角
度研究因病耻感对精神障碍患者带来的歧视问题。
在征得原作者的同意,本研究引进、翻译歧视与病耻
感量表  主要用于评估精神障碍患者实
作者单位广州市脑 科医 院( 李 洁,李海 燕,黄远 光,
靖雯杨慧英国伦敦国王学院精神医学研究所 

通讯作者李洁,  
际体验到的和预期性的歧视,为深入开展抗病耻感
运动”提供依据。前该量表广泛应用于全球精神
卫生领域,具有良好的心理测量特性

。现将该量
表中文版的信度、效度报告如下。
1 对象和方法
  对象
  月至  月选取广州市脑
科医院住院和门诊中的精神障碍患 者,且须符合
下纳入标准:
符合国际疾病分类》 
··
临床精神医学杂志  年第  卷第
精神分裂症、分裂情感性障碍、分裂型障碍和妄
想性障碍,或双相障碍或抑郁障碍的诊断标准;
 岁;
能够理解本问卷和量表;
自愿签署
知情同意书。排除:
现在或既往曾被诊断为谵妄
痴呆或其他认知功能障碍、明显智力发育障碍;
体疾病所致精神障碍或精神活性物质所致精神障
碍;
严重躯体疾病,且病情不稳定者
有过脑外
伤、癫痫或其他已知的中枢神经系统器质性疾病者;
有严重自杀或暴力倾向者。本研究获得医院伦理
委员会审核批准,全部受访者签署知情同意书。
  方法
   评估工具一般人口学问卷 自编)如年
龄、性别和婚姻等;
歧视与病耻感量表
该量表共有  个条目,包含 个分量表,分量表
不公平对待,条目 ~了解患者因精神卫生问
而受到不公平对待的次数,分值越高,表明遇到的歧
视越多;分量表 自我终止,条目  ~ 了解患者
担心因自身的精神卫生问题而终止做事情的次数,
分值越高表明终止做事情的次数越多;分量表
克服病耻感, ~了解患者克服病耻 感的
方法分值越高,表明克服病耻感的方法越多分量
积极对待 ~了解患者因精神卫生
问题而受到更加积极对待的次数,分值越高,表明获
得积极对待的次数越多。~级计分:
点没有, 有一点, 有一些, 有很多。时间框
架为过去  个月内。本研究采用从 完全不理解
完全理解的 级评分来评估患者对该量表的
理解程度;
简明 精神 病量表
用于评定
精神障碍患者的病情严重程度,~分计分,
总分越 高, 重。功能大体评定量表

用于评定精神障碍患者的心理、社会和
业功能,采用 个等级计分,总分越高表明病情越
轻。精神疾病内在病耻感调查表由美
加州大学旧 山分 
评估精神障
碍患者及其家属对病耻感的主观内心感受为自评
量表,该量表已在国内广泛应用具有良好的信度和
效度
自尊量表
于评定患者自我
值和自我接纳的总体感 受,为自评量表。有学者
为,精神障碍患者较高的病耻感可能会带来其较低
的自尊,反之亦然。表明两者之间有关联;
社会支
持评定量表
评估精神障碍患者的社会支
持;为自评量表,其量表分值越高患者获得相应的
支持越多,尤其是该量表主观支持分和客观支持分
可以基本反映患者获得社会层面的积极对待。
   翻译量表先由 名精神科教授将 
表翻译 成中 文歧视与病耻感量表”
然后由一个包括 名人员在内的翻译小组对 
进行逐词逐句讨论,形成 。然后由香港大学
名精神科副教授将  回译成英文 
个包括  名人员在内的焦点小组对  进行逐
词逐句讨论并对量表  条目措辞和易懂性进
行评论,在此过程中全程录音会后对主要的观点和
小结做摘要性概述。最后,主要研究者在此基础上
最终形成歧视与病耻感量表,中文版)
   查方法研究者在测试前向受访者说明
所有资料均保密,在调查过程中先宣读  中文版
指导语,必要时对量表内容进行解释,后由患者进行
自我评定,对于不能完全理解的患者,研究者给予适
当的解释。并当场回收量表。周后对愿意接受再
次访谈的患者进行重测 以分析其重测信度。
   计学方法采用   进行数据分
析。采用内部一致 性信 度即  α数、
间及条目与总分的相关性、条目删除后相关系数等
来评定  信度;用斯皮曼布郎公式计算 
分半信度;采用第 次与第 次时量表总分以及各分
量表总分各自的相关性来评定 重测信度;采用
相关分析对 相容效度进行探讨;根据数据分布
的特点,统计方法包括描述性统计、信度分析、
积差相关分析、 等级相关分析、t检验等。
2 结果
  一般人口学及临床特征
入组  例,回收有效问卷及量表  例,有效
应答率  。患者平均年龄    岁,
均受教育程度    年,其余人口学及临床
特征见表
  信度
1 242 例精神障碍患者一般人口学及临床特征
变量 例数 百分数
性别 男   
  
受教育程度 大专及以上   
高中 中专    
初中   
小学   
文盲  
民族 汉族   
其他  
婚姻 未婚   
已婚   
丧偶 离异    
病种 精神分裂症   
双相障碍   
其他精神障碍   
接诊方式 住院患者   
门诊患者   
··     
内部一致性信度: 
α系数为
 各条目删除后的  α  ~ 
分半信度:使用斯皮曼布郎公式计算 
半信度,其分半相关系数 r   测信 度:
周后对  例患者  行重测, 分相
关性 r  P   各分量表总分的相关
r依次为    P  
  效度( 表
表面效度:从该量表测量内容来看,涉及到精
神障碍患者在工作、婚姻、抚养子女、房、社交等方
面受到歧视以及歧视的程度故有较好的表面效度。
相容效度: 设计者选择相容效度验证该量
表的结构效度。本研究显示, 分量表 总分与
 歧视经历因子分值呈正相关r .P
  分量总分  社会退缩因子
分值呈正相关 r .P    总分呈
正相关r .P   分量总分
 总分呈负相关r  .P   
 分量表 总分与  客观支持分以及对支持
的利用度用度分值呈正相关 r ..P
  
  可接受性
完成  的时间为    

各条目的缺失值    的理解程度:
例被访者中     表示完全理解或理解该
量表。以上表明该量表在实际的临床工作中易于被
使用。
  其他( 表
2 12 分量表与相关量表的相关性-
x±s
 分量表 相关量表 rP
不公平对待 歧视经历因子分   
终止自我 社会退缩因子分   
终止自我 自尊量表总分   
克服病耻感 自尊量表总分    
积极对待 客观支持分   
积极对待 对支持的利用度分   
3 双相障碍与精神分裂症患者的 12
分量表和  分值比较-
x±s

分量表
精神分裂症
n 
双相障碍
n tP
不公平对待                
终止自我                
克服病耻感                  
积极对待                
 总分                 
  双相障碍与精神分裂症患者在  分量表
及在  总分方面差异有统计学意义 t  .
P .t .P  
3 讨论
本研究显示, 中文版具有心理测量学上可
接受的内部一致性信度与重测信度 具有良
好的相容效度且该量表长度适中简便易行,具有
良好的可接受性。本研究还发现双相障碍患者的
抗病耻感能力要显著高于精神分裂症患者的这可
能与双相障碍的疾病特点如缓解期社会功能保持良
好等特点有关。
综上,
 中文版是一个简便易行的心理评估
工具,具有良好的心理测量特性可与其他相关量表
 同时使用,达到更全面研究精神障碍患者病
耻感的目的 ,亦为进一 步的“ 抗病耻 感运 动”提供 参
考依据,促进精神障碍患者更好地回归社会。
致谢本研究依附于英国国立健康研究所应用
研究计划:通过降低病耻感与歧视改善精神卫生结
局:
感谢以下同行对本研究的大
力支持:国加州大学旧金山分校  香港
学社会工作及社会行政学系冉茂盛乡医学院
二附属医院李娟。
参考文献:
       
        
 
        
       
   

        
        
    

] 汪向东,王希 林,马 弘,心理卫生评定量表手册
北京:中国心理卫生杂志社,
张明园精神科评定量表手册 长沙:湖南科学技术出版
社,
        
     
 
] 李强,高 文白炳清心理疾病内化污名量表初步应用
国临床心理学杂志  
收稿日期:  修回日期:
··
临床精神医学杂志  年第  卷第
... Upon logistic regression analysis, persons diagnosed with mood disorders may display higher levels of selfstigma, which is inconsistent with previous studies reporting persons with schizophrenia struggling more with stigma (Karidi et al., 2015;Li et al., 2016;Ran et al., 2018). The discrepancy might be explained by a noteworthy finding that compared with the specific types of disorders, the phase and episode of illness are probably more considerable, but warrant further investigation (Grover et al., 2017;Sahoo et al., 2018). ...
... Without quantitative assessment, there can be no effective services (Thornicroft and Tansella, 2010). From 2013 to 2020, in cooperation with King's College London and other internationally renowned universities, Professor Jie Li's team completed introduction, social-cultural adaptation and psychometric evaluation of a set of questionnaires/checklist on attitudes towards mental illness, barriers access to mental health care, stigma-related behaviour/discrimination, stigma stress, including RIBS, MAKS, MICA-4, DISC-12/DISCUS, BACE V3, SSS (Li et al., 2014a(Li et al., , 2014b(Li et al., , 2016(Li et al., , 2017bBrohan et al., 2022). These measurements are increasingly used in clinical research among Chinese academics (Li et al., 2014c(Li et al., , 2017a(Li et al., , 2018(Li et al., , 2019Fang et al., 2021). ...
... Upon logistic regression analysis, persons diagnosed with mood disorders may display higher levels of selfstigma, which is inconsistent with previous studies reporting persons with schizophrenia struggling more with stigma (Karidi et al., 2015;Li et al., 2016;Ran et al., 2018). The discrepancy might be explained by a noteworthy finding that compared with the specific types of disorders, the phase and episode of illness are probably more considerable, but warrant further investigation (Grover et al., 2017;Sahoo et al., 2018). ...
Article
Background Self-stigma exerts a range of adversities for persons with severe mental illness (SMI), however, little is known about the association between peer contact, social support and self-stigma. Aims This study aimed to explore the mediating role of social support on the relationship between peer contact and self-stigma among persons with SMI in Hong Kong. Methods A total of 159 persons with SMI (schizophrenia and mood disorder) in community service centres participated in the study through completing a survey on self-stigma, social functioning, social support, perception of peer contact and mass media. Logistic regression was utilised to explore the influencing factors of self-stigma among the participants. Results The results showed that 81.1% of participants reported moderate to severe levels of self-stigma. Self-stigma was significantly associated with diverse factors (e.g. social functioning). Importantly, positive peer contact was significantly associated with lower self-stigma of persons with SMI. Social support acted as a mediator between peer contact and self-stigma. Conclusion The results of this study suggest that contact-based interventions, such as enhancing positive peer-to-peer contact, should be conducted for reducing self-stigma among persons with SMI.
... The scale consists of four subscales (Brohan et al., 2013): experienced discrimination, which including 21 items, a higher score indicates greater experienced discrimination; anticipated discrimination, which including 4 items, a higher score indicates greater limitation in their daily life; overcoming stigma, which including 2 items, a higher score indicates knowing more strategies to overcome discrimination; positive treatment, which including 5 items, a higher positive treatment score indicates more positive treatment being reported. For further information about this Chinese version of DISC-12 see Li et al (2016). ...
Article
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Comprehensive interventions including components of stigma and discrimination reduction in schizophrenia in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are lacking. We developed a community-based comprehensive intervention to evaluate its effects on clinical symptoms, social functioning, internalized stigma and discrimination among patients with schizophrenia. A randomized controlled trial including an intervention group (n = 169) and a control group (n = 158) was performed. The intervention group received comprehensive intervention (strategies against stigma and discrimination, psycho-education, social skills training and cognitive behavioral therapy) and the control group received face to face interview. Both lasted for nine months. Participants were measured at baseline, 6 months and 9 months using the Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness scale (ISMI), Discrimination and Stigma Scale (DISC-12), Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF), Schizophrenia Quality of Life Scale (SQLS), Self-Esteem Scale (SES), Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) and PANSS negative scale (PANSS-N). Insight and medication compliance were evaluated by senior psychiatrists. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-test, chi-square test or Fisher's exact test. Linear Mixed Models were used to show intervention effectiveness on scales. General Linear Mixed Models with multinomial logistic link function were used to assess the effectiveness on medication compliance and insight. We found a significant reduction on anticipated discrimination, BPRS and PANSS-N total scores, and an elevation on overcoming stigma and GAF in the intervention group after 9 months. These suggested the intervention may be effective in reducing anticipated discrimination, increasing skills overcoming stigma as well as improving clinical symptoms and social functioning in Chinese patients with schizophrenia.
... The Discrimination and Stigma Scale (DISC-12): developed by Thornicroft et al., was used to assess the patients' past experiences of stigma since the first appearance of a mental health problem by the research psychiatrist at the 12 month endpoint visit (Brohan et al., 2013). The scale has been translated into Chinese and has good validity and test-retest reliability (Li et al., 2016). The scale consists of 32 items, four subscales and scores on a 4-point scale from 0 (not at all) to 3 (a lot). ...
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The aims of this study were to investigate experienced stigma and discrimination and their associated factors in people with schizophrenia who live in the community in Guangzhou, China. A total of 384 people with schizophrenia were randomly recruited from four districts of Guangzhou and completed the scales and questionnaires: Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness scale (ISMI), Self-Esteem Scale (SES) Discrimination and Stigma Scale (DISC-12), Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), PANSS negative scale (PANSS-N), Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) and Schizophrenia Quality of Life Scale (SQLS). Insight and medication compliance were evaluated by psychiatrists. Data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation and multivariable linear regression. We found a significant positive correlation between BPRS score and PANSS-N score, GAF score was significantly negative correlated with SQLS score, Insight score was significantly negative correlated with medication compliance score, ISMI score was significantly positive correlated with SES score and experienced discrimination score. Multivariable linear regression found SQLS, SES and experienced discrimination were the main independent variables of ISMI and experienced discrimination was the most important factor of ISMI. Our findings suggest that people with schizophrenia often experienced stigma and discrimination in this Chinese population, and more anti-stigma interventions should be provided.
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